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Lecture Exam 1
Chapters 17, 18, 19, & 20
427
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/23/2012

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Term
neutrophil
Definition
most common white blood cell found in whole blood
Term
lymphocyte
Definition
mounts an immune response by direct cell attack or via antibodies
Term
eosinophil
Definition
kills parasitic worms
Term
monocyte
Definition
becomes a macrophage
Term
neutrophil
Definition
main bacteria killer during acute infections
Term
eosinophil
Definition
nucleus has two lobes; contains granules of lysosomal enzymes; functions in attacking parasitic worms
Term
neutrophil
Definition
nucleus is multilobed; functions as a phagocyte; contains fine indistinct granules
Term
erythrocyte
Definition
transports CO2 and oxygen
Term
basophil
Definition
contains a U- or an S-shaped nucleus; granules stain very dark; releases histamine and heparin
Term
monocyte
Definition
largest of the WBCs; crucial in defense against viruses; associated with chronic infections
Term
albumin
Definition
the major contributor to plasma osmotic pressure
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
thrombin catalyzes the activation of these molecules present in plasma
Term
fibrinogen
Definition
forms the structural framework of a blood clot
Term
albumin
Definition
makes up most of plasma protein
Term
beta globulins
Definition
transport proteins that bind to lipids and fat-soluble vitamins
Term
embolus
Definition
floating intravascular clot
Term
anemia
Definition
any decrease in oxygen-carrying ability of the blood
Term
clotting
Definition
coagulation
Term
neutrophil
Definition
polymorphonuclear leukocyte
Term
monocyte
Definition
white blood cell with dark-staining nucleus
Term
hemoglobin
Definition
protein capable of changing shape and color in the presence of O2
Term
agglutination
Definition
adverse reaction of donor blood cells with recipient plasma
Term
Factor VIII
Definition
lacking in hemophilia type A
Term
water
Definition
constitutes 90% of plasma volume
Term
whole blood
Definition
plasma and formed elements
Term
plasma
Definition
liquid portion of the blood
Term
spectrin
Definition
a fibrous protein that gives shape to an RBC plasma membrane
Term
thrombus
Definition
a clot that develops in an unbroken blood vessel
Term
hematopoietic stem cell
Definition
stem cell from which all formed elements arise
Term
heparin
Definition
interferes with blood-clotting ability
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
a hormone-stimulating erythropoiesis
Term
heparin
Definition
found in basophils
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
deficient erythrocyte production due to lack of intrinsic factor and failure to absorb vitamin B12
Term
prostaglandin derivatives
Definition
released from platelets
Term
false
Definition
the primary source of RBCs in the adult human being is the bone marrow in the shafts of the long bones
Term
true
Definition
leukemia refers to cancerous conditions of white blood cells
Term
false
Definition
the immediate response to blood vessel injury is clotting
Term
false
Definition
the process of fibrinolysis disposes of bacteria when healing has occurred
Term
false
Definition
the RBC "graveyard" is the liver
Term
true
Definition
hemorrhagic anemias result from blood loss
Term
true
Definition
white blood cells are produced through the action of colony-stimulating factors
Term
false
Definition
hemoglobin is made up of the protein heme and the red pigment globin
Term
true
Definition
each heme contains an atom of iron and can transport one molecule of oxygen
Term
false
Definition
each hemoglobin molecule can transport two molecules of oxygen
Term
false
Definition
diapedesis is the process by which red blood cells move into tissue spaces from the interior of blood capillaries
Term
true
Definition
positive chemotaxis is a feedback system that signals leukocyte migration into damaged areas
Term
true
Definition
a condition of leukocytosis indicates over 11,000 white blood cells per cubic millimeter in the blood
Term
false
Definition
basophils increase in number when parasitic invasion occurs
Term
true
Definition
leukopenia is an abnormally low number of leukocytes
Term
true
Definition
a person with type B blood could receive blood from a person with either type B or O blood
Term
false
Definition
leukocytes move through the circulatory system by amoeboid motion
Term
true
Definition
granulocytes called neutrophils are phagocytic and the most numberous of all white blood cell types
Term
true
Definition
all lymphocytes are leukocytes, but not all leukocytes are lymphocytes
Term
false
Definition
myelocytic leukemia involves a cancerous condition of lymphocytes
Term
PF3
Definition
__ is a pivotal molecule associated with the external surfaces of aggregated platelets and is involved in the intrinsic and extrinsic mechanisms of blood clotting
Term
7.4
Definition
what is the average normal pH of blood
Term
hemoglobin F
Definition
the special type of hemoglobin present in fetal red blood cells is __
Term
1
Definition
together, leukocytes and platelets comprise approximately __ percent of total blood volume
Term
O
Definition
which blood type is called the universal donor
Term
maintenance of normal pH in body tissues
Definition
which of the following is a regulatory function of blood?
Term
maintenance of body temperature
Definition
which of the following is a protective function of blood
Term
production of ribosomes
Definition
which of the following is not a phase of erythropoiesis
Term
hypoxia of EPO-producing cells
Definition
which of the following might trigger erythropoiesis
Term
membranes "wear out" and the cells become damaged
Definition
as red blood cells age __
Term
can receive any blood type in moderate amounts except that with the Rh antigen
Definition
an individual who is blood type AB negative ___
Term
albumin
Definition
the most abundant plasma protein is __
Term
O
Definition
when neither anti-A nor anti-B clots on a blood plate, the blood is type __
Term
red marrow is the main site of blood cell formation throughout adult life
Definition
select the correct statement regarding blood cell formation
Term
packed cells
Definition
blood volume restorers include all of the following except __
Term
within the normal range
Definition
james has a hemoglobin measurement of 16g/100ml blood. this is __
Term
thromboplastin
Definition
which of these is not a normal plasma protein
Term
low blood viscosity
Definition
all of the following can be expected with polycythemia except __
Term
monocytes
Definition
no visible cytoplasmic granules are present in __
Term
fibrinolysis
Definition
which of the following is not a phase of hemostasis
Term
Carson
Definition
which of the following are not currently known red blood cell anitgens
Term
2,4,3,1
Definition
place the following in correct development sequence:
1. reticulocyte
2. proerythroblast
3. normoblast
4. late erythroblast
Term
pernicious anemia
Definition
a lack of intrinsic factor, leading to a deficiency of vitamin B12 and large pale cells called macrocytes, is characteristic of __
Term
formation of prothrombin activator
Definition
the slowest step in the clotting process is __
Term
include embolus formation, a clot moving within the circulatory system
Definition
thromboembolic disorders ___
Term
excess secretion of platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)
Definition
which of the following is not a cause of bleeding disorders?
Term
they are nucleated
Definition
which of the following is characteristic of all leukocytes
Term
it is about 90% water
Definition
which of the following is true about blood plasma
Term
stick to the damaged area of a blood vessel and help seal the break
Definition
platelets __
Term
they include anemias and thromboembolic disorders
Definition
select the correct statement regarding age-related blood disorders
Term
3,4,1,2
Definition
which sequence is correct for the following events?
1. fibrinogen --> fibrin
2. clot retraction
3. formation of thromboplastin
4. prothrombin --> thrombin
Term
there are no antibodies to A, to B, or to Rh antigens in the plasma
Definition
Fred's blood was determined to be AB positive. what does this mean?
Term
myeloblast
Definition
which of the following is a precursor of a basophil
Term
travel at high altitude and vigorous exercise
Definition
sickling of red blood cells can be produced in those with sickle-cell anemia by __
Term
vascular spasm
Definition
all of the following conditions impair coagulation except __
Term
if the father is Rh-
Definition
when can erythroblastosis fetalis not possibly happen in the child of an Rh negative mother?
Term
increase of leukocytes as a result of erythrocyte loss
Definition
complications of aplastic anemia generally do not include __
Term
suspension
Definition
blood is a __
Term
kidney
Definition
what organ in the body regulates erythrocyte production
Term
35
Definition
the shelf life of whole collected blood at 4 degrees Celsius is about __ days
Term
eosinophil
Definition
the formed element __ can kill parasitic worms
Term
myeloblast
Definition
a __ is a committed granular leukocyte stem cell which produces neutrophils
Term
basophil
Definition
the rarest leukocyte is the __
Term
adenosine diphosphate (ADP)
Definition
the potent platelet aggregate that attracts more platelets to the site of an injury is __
Term
aspirin
Definition
__ is an antiprostaglandin drug that inhibits thromboxane A2 formation (platelet plug formation).
Term
AB
Definition
the universal recipient blood type is __
Term
macrophages
Definition
when monocytes migrate into the interstitial spaces, they are called __
Term
aplastic anemia
Definition
destruction of the hematopoietic components of red marrow leads to a condition called
Term
normoblast
Definition
__ is the stage of development in the life of an erythrocyte during which the nucleus is ejected
Term
four
Definition
hemoglobin is composed of __ polypeptide chains
Term
rapid removal of coagulation factors and inhibition of activated clotting factors
Definition
list the general factors that limit normal clot growth
Term
when there is rapid and substantial blood loss
Definition
when are whole blood transfusions routinely given?
Term
platelet deficiency (thrombocytopenia); deficiency of procoagulants due to liver disorders; or certain genetic conditions (hemophilias)
Definition
list the most common causes of bleeding disorders
Term
endocardium
Definition
the inner lining of the heart
Term
myocardium
Definition
heart muscle
Term
epicardium
Definition
serous layer covering the heart muscle
Term
parietal layer
Definition
the outermost layer of the serous pericardium
Term
SA node
Definition
the pacemaker of the heart
Term
AV bundle
Definition
found in the interventricular septum
Term
purkinje fibers
Definition
network found in the ventricular myocardium
Term
AV node
Definition
the point in the conduction system of the heart where the impulse is temporarily delayed
Term
Aortic valve
Definition
prevents backflow into the left ventricle
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
prevents backflow into the right atrium
Term
mitral valve
Definition
prevents backflow into the left atrium
Term
pulmonary valves
Definition
prevents backflow into the right ventricle
Term
mitral valve
Definition
AV valve with two flaps
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
AV valve with three flaps
Term
true
Definition
the myocardium receives its blood supply from the coronary arteries
Term
false
Definition
cardiac muscle has more mitochondria and depends less on a continual supply of oxygen than does skeletal muscle
Term
false
Definition
proper function of the heart is dependent upon blood levels of ionic sodium
Term
true
Definition
congestive heart failure means that the pumping efficiency of the heart is depressed so that there is inadequate delivery of blood to body tissues
Term
true
Definition
tissues damaged by myocardial infarction are replaced by connective tissue
Term
true
Definition
the left side of the heart pumps the same volume of blood as the right
Term
true
Definition
chronic release of excess thyroxine can cause a sustained increase in heart rate and a weakened heart
Term
false
Definition
the mitral valve has chordae but the tricuspid valve does not
Term
true
Definition
trabeculae carneae are found in the ventricles and never the atria
Term
false
Definition
the "lub" sounds of the heart are valuable in diagnosis because they provide information about the function of the heart's pulmonary and aortic valves
Term
false
Definition
autonomic regulation of heart rate is via two reflex centers found in the pons
Term
false
Definition
the dicrotic notch refers to the brief rise in pressure caused by the closure of the AV valves during ventricular systole
Term
false
Definition
an ECG provides direct information about valve function
Term
true
Definition
as pressure in the aorta rises due to atherosclerosis, more ventricular pressure is required to open the aortic valve
Term
true
Definition
proxysmal atrial tachycardia is characterized by bursts of atrial contractions with little pause between them
Term
closure of the heart valves
Definition
normal heart sounds are caused by which of the following events
Term
can be improved by regular exercise
Definition
cardiac reserve ___
Term
a lowering of blood pressure due to change in cardiac output
Definition
hemorrhage with a large loss of blood causes ___
Term
pump blood with greater pressure
Definition
the left ventricular wall of the heart is thicker than the right wall in order to ___
Term
AV node
Definition
damage to the __ is referred to as heart block
Term
atrial depolarization
Definition
the P wave of a normal electrocardiogram indicates __
Term
left atrium
Definition
blood within the pulmonary veins returns to the __
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
small muscle masses attached to the chordae tendineae are the __
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
the term for pain associated with deficient blood delivery to the heart that may be caused by the transient spasm of coronary arteries is __
Term
in the second intercostal space to the right of the sternum
Definition
to auscultate the aortic valve, you would place your stethoscope __
Term
coronary arteries
Definition
the source of blood carried to capillaries in the myocardium would be the __
Term
0.8
Definition
when the heart is beating at a rate of 75 times per minute, the duration of one cardiac cycle is __ second(s).
Term
skin color
Definition
which of the following factors does not influence heart rate?
Term
thinning of the valve flaps
Definition
which of the following is not an age-related change affecting the heart?
Term
decreased delivery of oxygen
Definition
if cardiac muscle is deprived of its normal blood supply, damage would primarily result from __
Term
have I and A bands
Definition
cardiac muscle cells are like skeletal muscle cells in that they __
Term
5.25
Definition
cardiac output is about __ L/min
Term
contains a lubricating fluid called serous fluid
Definition
the pericardial cavity __
Term
tetanic contractions might occur, which would stop the heart's pumping action
Definition
if the length of the absolute refractory period in cardiac muscle cells was the same as it is for skeletal muscle cells __
Term
causing threshold to be reached more quickly
Definition
norepinephrine acts on the heart by __
Term
the heart rate would increase by about 25 beats per minute
Definition
if the vagal nerves of the heart we cut, the result would be that ___
Term
connects the two artia in the fetal heart
Definition
foramen ovale __
Term
70
Definition
the stroke volume for a normal resting heart is __ ml/beat
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
which vessel of the heart receives blood during right ventricular systole
Term
both the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Definition
blood ejected from the ventricles enters which of these vessels during ventricular systole?
Term
AV valve
Definition
which of the following is not part of the conduction system of the heart?
Term
when the ventricular is in systole
Definition
the tricuspid valve is closed __
Term
noticing the thickness of the ventricular walls
Definition
when viewing a dissected heart, it is easy to visually discern the right and left ventricles by __
Term
The AV valves are supported by chordae tendineae so that they do not blow back up into the atria during ventricular contraction
Definition
select the correct statement about the heart valves
Term
the all-or-none law as applied to cardiac muscle means that the entire heart contracts as a unit of it does not contract at all
Definition
select the correct statement about the function of myocardial cells
Term
the myocardium is the layer of the heart that actually contracts
Definition
select the correct statement about the structure of the heart wall
Term
has gap junctions that allow it to act as a functional syncytium
Definition
compared to skeletal muscle, cardiac muscle __
Term
has sarcomeres with A bands and I bands
Definition
cardiac muscle __
Term
the T wave, which indicates ventricular repolarization
Definition
the deflection waves in an ECG tracing include ___
Term
blood flows passively through the atria and the open AV valves
Definition
during the period of ventricular filling __
Term
is caused by hypertrophy of the heart muscle
Definition
the effect of endurane-type athletic training may be to lower the resting heart rate. this phenomenon __
Term
isovolumetric relaxation
Definition
the second heart sound is heard during which phase of the cardiac cycle
Term
morning
Definition
the time of day most hazardous for heart attacks is __
Term
interference with normal mechanical cardiac activity
Definition
if a significant amount of connective tissue were to develop connecting the visceral and parietal pericardial layers together, which of the following would be a likely consequence?
Term
threshold is reached more quickly and heart rate would increase
Definition
if we were able to artifically alter the membrane permeability of pacemaker cells so that sodium influx is more rapid, ___
Term
a slow heart rate increases end diastolic volume, stroke volume, and force of contraction
Definition
select the correct statement about cariac output
Term
some calcium enters the cell from the extracellular space and triggers the release of larger amounts of calcium from intracellular stores
Definition
during contraction of heart muscle cells __
Term
refers to the short period during ventricular systole when the ventricles are completely closed chambers
Definition
isovolumetric contraction __
Term
relatively mild blow to the chest
Definition
commotio cordis is heart failure due to a __
Term
decrease heart rate
Definition
negative chronotropic factors are factors that ___
Term
coronary sinus
Definition
the enlarged coronary vessel outside the heart that empties blood into the right atrium is the __
Term
ovale
Definition
in the fetal heart there is a foramen __ that allows blood to flow from the right atrium directly to the left atrium
Term
autorhythmic
Definition
the __ cells of the heart do not maintain stable resting membrane potentials; therefore, they continually depolarize
Term
purkinje
Definition
specialized conductive cells of the ventricles are called __ fibers
Term
ventricular repolarization
Definition
the ECG T wave interval represents __
Term
HR or heart rate
Definition
CO = __ x SV
Term
visceral layer of the serous pericardium
Definition
the __ membrane covers the heart
Term
tricuspid
Definition
the __ valve of the heart rate has three valves with chordae tendineae
Term
aortic; pulmonary
Definition
the __ and __ valves of the heart have no chordae tendineae attached
Term
systole
Definition
__ is contraction of the muscle (ventricles)
Term
diastole
Definition
__ is relaxation of the muscle (ventricles)
Term
aorta
Definition
largest artery of the body
Term
renal artery
Definition
supplies the kidney
Term
common hepatic artery
Definition
supplies the duodenum and stomach
Term
inferior mesenteric artery
Definition
supplies the distal areas of the large intestine
Term
internal iliac artery
Definition
supplies pelvic structures
Term
renal artery
Definition
artery that does not anastomose
Term
brachiocephalic trunk
Definition
gives rise to the right common carotid and right subclavian artery
Term
external iliac artery
Definition
supplies the lower limbs
Term
radial artery
Definition
common site to take the pulse
Term
internal carotid artery
Definition
major supply to the cerebral hemispheres
Term
celiac trunk
Definition
large unpaired branch of the abdominal aorta
Term
common iliac artery
Definition
abdominal aorta spilts to form two
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
receives blood from all areas superior to the diaphragm, except the heart wall
Term
pulmonary trunk
Definition
carries oxygen-poor blood to the lungs
Term
external jugular vein
Definition
drains the scalp
Term
axillary artery
Definition
runs through the armpit area
Term
subclavian vein
Definition
drains the upper extremities, deep vein
Term
brachial artery
Definition
artery usually palpated to take the blood pressure
Term
femoral artery
Definition
major artery of the thigh
Term
superior mesenteric artery
Definition
supplies the small intestine
Term
pulmonary vein
Definition
carries oxygen-rich blood from the lungs
Term
great saphenous vein
Definition
longest vein in the body, superficial
Term
arterioles
Definition
site where resistance to blood flow is greatest
Term
capillaries
Definition
site where exchanges of food and gases are made
Term
large veins
Definition
site where blood pressure is lowest
Term
large arteries
Definition
site where the velocity of blood flow is fastest
Term
capillaries
Definition
site where the velocity of blood flow is slowest
Term
large veins
Definition
site where the blood volume is greatest
Term
large arteries
Definition
site where the blood pressure is greatest
Term
arterioles
Definition
site that is the major determinant of peripheral resistance
Term
true
Definition
the adjustment of blood flow to each tissue is proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation
Term
false
Definition
arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart
Term
false
Definition
osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane
Term
true
Definition
the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis) is an arterial anastomosis
Term
false
Definition
the outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima
Term
false
Definition
The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries
Term
true
Definition
Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg.
Term
true
Definition
A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the
capillaries.
Term
false
Definition
Thoroughfare channels connect a metarteriole to a venule
Term
false
Definition
Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction
Term
true
Definition
The pulmonary circulation does not directly serve the metabolic needs of body tissues
Term
true
Definition
In infants and young people, congenital vascular problems are less common than congenital
heart disease.
Term
true
Definition
The most common form of shock is hypovolemic shock.
Term
true
Definition
Every minute, about 1.5 ml of fluid leaks out of the capillaries
Term
false
Definition
The pancreas is an example of an organ with arteries that do not anastomose.
Term
true
Definition
An obstruction in the superior vena cava would decrease the flow of blood from the head and
neck to the heart.
Term
true
Definition
Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial
anastomoses.
Term
true
Definition
An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance
Term
false
Definition
The first major branch of the femoral artery is the dorsalis pedis artery
Term
true
Definition
The azygos vein originates in the abdomen
Term
emotional state
Definition
Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure?
Term
nitric acid
Definition
Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure?
Term
All carry blood away from the heart.
Definition
Which statement best describes arteries?
Term
tunica intima
Definition
Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium?
Term
capillaries
Definition
Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the
primary function of ________.
Term
hepatic portal circulation
Definition
The circulatory route that runs from the digestive tract to the liver is called ________.
Term
muscular arteries
Definition
The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________.
Term
promote an increase in blood pressure
Definition
Aldosterone will ________.
Term
systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure
Definition
The pulse pressure is ________.
Term
rapidly falling blood pressure
Definition
Which of the following signs of hypovolemic shock is a relatively late sign?
Term
Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood
Definition
Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise?
Term
are abundant in the skin and skeletal muscles
Definition
Continuous capillaries ________.
Term
Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs
Definition
Which of the following is true about veins
Term
form more freely than arterial anastomoses
Definition
Venous anastomoses ________.
Term
increases as blood viscosity increases
Definition
Peripheral resistance ________.
Term
is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist
Definition
Brain blood flow autoregulation ________.
Term
increases when environmental temperature rises
Definition
Blood flow to the skin ________.
Term
Carbon dioxide moves from its production site into the interstitial fluid.
Definition
Select the correct statement about the movement of materials at the capillary level
Term
vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone
Definition
Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock?
Term
tunica media
Definition
Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous
blood circulation?
Term
significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel
radius
Definition
The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________.
Term
shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or
diarrhea
Definition
The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________.
Term
is the same as capillary blood pressure
Definition
In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________.
Term
carries nutrient-rich blood to the liver
Definition
The hepatic portal vein ________.
Term
a special fetal vessel that allows blood to bypass the liver
Definition
The term ductus venosus refers to ________.
Term
embryonic masses of mesodermal cells that give rise to the endothelial lining of blood
vessels
Definition
The term blood islands refers to ________.
Term
heart
Definition
Which of the following has anastomosing vessels
Term
the vessel selected to palpate
Definition
Which of the following do not influence arterial pulse rate?
Term
right ventricle, pulmonary artery, and left atrium
Definition
Which of the following are involved directly in pulmonary circulation?
Term
tunica intima
Definition
Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue
layer.
Term
arterioles
Definition
The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________.
Term
are not found in the brain
Definition
Fenestrated capillaries ________.
Term
sinusoids
Definition
Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________.
Term
urinary output
Definition
Factors that aid venous return include all except ________.
Term
170/96 in a 50-year-old man
Definition
Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension
Term
Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase
Definition
Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure
Term
the dural sinus reflex
Definition
Mechanisms that do not help regulate blood pressure include ________.
Term
is slowest in the capillaries since the total cross-sectional area is the greatest
Definition
The velocity of blood flow ________.
Term
Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.
Definition
Select the correct statement about blood flow.
Term
right side of the head and neck and right upper arm
Definition
A thrombus (blood clot) in the first branch of the arch of the aorta would affect the flow of
blood to the ________.
Term
intrinsic autoregulatory mechanisms
Definition
Cerebral blood flow is regulated by ________.
Term
decreased size of the heart muscle
Definition
A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This
hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________.
Term
altering blood volume
Definition
The short-term controls of blood pressure, mediated by the nervous system and bloodborne
chemicals, do not primarily operate via ________.
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
Secondary hypertension can be caused by ________.
Term
lungs
Definition
Where in the body would you find low oxygen levels causing vasoconstriction and high levels
causing vasodilation?
Term
90/55
Definition
Normal blood pressure for a newborn baby is ________.
Term
brachiocephalic trunk
Definition
The first major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ branch.
Term
blood islands
Definition
The embryonic mesodermal cells that will eventually form the endothelial lining of blood
vessels are called ________.
Term
hypovolemic
Definition
The most common form of shock is ________.
Term
endothelins
Definition
Released by the endothelium, a family of peptides called ________ are among the most potent
vasoconstrictors known.
Term
fenestrated
Definition
A ________ capillary has many oval holes in it.
Term
anastomoses
Definition
Arterial ________ provide alternate pathways for blood to get to an organ
Term
baroreceptors
Definition
The ________ in the carotid sinuses and aortic arch detect increases in blood pressure
Term
brachial
Definition
The ________ artery is a blood vessel on the arm used as a pressure point
Term
Vascular
Definition
________ shock is due to abnormal expansion of blood vessels and a rapid drop in blood
pressure
Term
left subclavian
Definition
The third major branch of the aortic arch is the ________ artery.
Term
internal carotid arteries
Definition
The ________ supply the brain with blood
Term
Pulse
Definition
________ pressure is the difference between systolic and diastolic pressure
Term
peripheral resistance
Definition
Blood flow equals the difference in blood pressure divided by ________.
Term
venae cavae
Definition
The lowest venous blood pressure is found in the ________.
Term
Korotkoff
Definition
As a cuff is deflated on the arm, sounds of ________ can be heard
Term
Lymph
Definition
Protein-containing fluid
within lymphatic vessels.
Term
Spleen
Definition
Stores blood platelets
Term
Peyerʹs patches
Definition
Part of MALT.
Term
Thoracic duct
Definition
Receives lymph from most of
the body.
Term
Lymph nodes
Definition
Small organs intimately
associated with lymphatic
vessels.
Term
Spleen
Definition
Largest lymphatic organ.
Term
Peyerʹs patches
Definition
Isolated clusters of lymph
follicles found in the wall of
the small intestine.
Term
false
Definition
Peyerʹs patches are clusters of lymphoid tissue found primarily in the large intestine
Term
true
Definition
The lymphatics function to absorb the excess protein-containing interstitial fluid and return it
to the bloodstream.
Term
false
Definition
Lymph always flows away from the heart
Term
true
Definition
Lymphatic capillaries are permeable to proteins.
Term
true
Definition
Digested fats are absorbed from the intestine by the lymph capillaries
Term
true
Definition
Chyle is delivered to the blood via the lymphatic system
Term
false
Definition
All lymphoid organs develop from mesoderm
Term
true
Definition
About 3 liters of fluid are lost to the tissue spaces every 24 hours and are returned to the
bloodstream as lymph
Term
true
Definition
Because lymph vessels are very low-pressure conduits, movements of adjacent tissues are
important in propelling lymph through the lymphatics
Term
true
Definition
Lymphoid tissue is mainly reticular connective tissue.
Term
true
Definition
Lymphocytes reside temporarily in lymphoid tissue, then move to other parts of the body.
Term
false
Definition
All the lymphoid organs are well developed before birth
Term
true
Definition
An infected lymph gland is called a bubo.
Term
false
Definition
The largest lymphatic vessels are called lacteals.
Term
false
Definition
The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the lumbar trunks draining the upper limbs and from
the intestinal trunk draining the digestive organs.
Term
true
Definition
If even a small part of the spleen is left in a ten-year-old child, it will most likely regenerate
itself.
Term
false
Definition
The thymus lacks T cells.
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
Small organs associated with lymphatic vessels are termed ________.
Term
pancreas
Definition
Which of the following would not be classified as a lymphatic structure?
Term
Peyerʹs patches
Definition
The distal portion of the small intestine contains clumps of lymph follicles called ________.
Term
skeletal muscle contractions and differences in thoracic pressures due to respiratory
movement
Definition
Both lymph and venous blood flow are heavily dependent on ________.
Term
childhood
Definition
The thymus is most active during ________.
Term
right lymphatic duct
Definition
Which lymphatic structure drains lymph from the right upper limb and the right side of the
head and thorax?
Term
The thymus initially increases in size and then decreases in size from adolescence
through old age.
Definition
What effect does age have on the size of the thymus?
Term
more permeable than blood capillaries
Definition
The lymphatic capillaries are ________.
Term
plasma cells
Definition
Antibodies that act against a particular foreign substance are released by ________.
Term
efferent lymphatic vessels
Definition
Lymph leaves a lymph node via ________.
Term
lymphocytes
Definition
By secreting hormones, the thymus causes what cells to become immunocompetent
Term
crypts that trap bacteria
Definition
Functions of the spleen include all of those below except ________.
Term
severe localized edema distal to the blockage
Definition
When the lymphatics are blocked due to tumors, the result is ________.
Term
Lymph transport depends on the movement of adjacent tissues, such as skeletal muscles
Definition
Select the correct statement about lymph transport.
Term
B cells produce plasma cells, which secrete antibodies into the blood.
Definition
Select the correct statement about lymphocytes.
Term
Lymphoid tissue is predominantly reticular connective tissue
Definition
Select the correct statement about lymphoid tissue.
Term
tonsil
Definition
A ring of lymphoid tissue that appears as a swelling of the mucosa in the oral cavity is called
a(n) ________.
Term
thymus
Definition
Which is not a mucosa-associated lymphatic tissue?
Term
small intestine
Definition
Peyerʹs patches are found in the ________
Term
cisterna chyli
Definition
Lymph collecting or pooling from the lower extremities would first pool in the ________
before moving on up.
Term
an infected lymph node
Definition
What is a bubo?
Term
directly fight antigens
Definition
The thymus is the only lymphoid organ that does not
Term
lower extremities
Definition
Particularly large clusters of lymph nodes occur in all of the following locations except the
________.
Term
islets of Langerhans
Definition
Digestive tract-associated lymphatic tissue includes all of the following except ________.
Term
transport of excess tissue fluid to the blood vascular system
Definition
Functions of the lymphatic system include _______
Term
lingual tonsils
Definition
The tonsils located at the base of the tongue are the ________.
Term
red blood cells
Definition
Which of the following is not a normal component of lymph?
Term
the first node to receive lymph from an area suspected to be cancerous
Definition
A sentinel node is ________.
Term
tonsils
Definition
The ________ are the simplest lymphoid organs and are found at the entrance to the pharynx.
Term
MALT
Definition
The appendix, tonsils, and Peyerʹs patches are examples of ________.
Term
lacteals
Definition
Highly specialized lymph capillaries called ________ are present in the villi of the intestinal
mucosa.
Term
left subclavian vein
Definition
The thoracic duct of the lymphatic system empties into the ________.
Term
afferent; efferent
Definition
Lymph nodes have more ________ lymphatic vessels than ________ lymphatic vessels
Term
thymus
Definition
Of the organs in the lymphatic system, only the ________ becomes less important as you get
older.
Term
crypts
Definition
Tonsils have blind-ended structures called ________.
Term
medullary
Definition
Hassallʹs corpuscles are always found in the lighter-colored ________ regions of the thymus.
Term
white
Definition
The ________ pulp of the spleen forms cuffs around the central arteries
Term
trunks
Definition
Lymphatic ________ are formed from the union of the largest collecting vessels
Term
5-6
Definition
A healthy adult male has approximately ___ liters of blood.
Term
albumin
Definition
A major plasma protein that maintains the blood osmotic pressure is:
Term
the escape of leukocytes from blood vessels into tissue spaces.
Definition
Diapedesis refers to:
Term
monocytes.
Definition
Granulocytes do NOT include:
Term
hemoglobin molecules.
Definition
Mature red blood cells in the circulating blood are filled with:
Term
the lack of vitamin B12 in diet or deficiency of intrinsic factor needed to absorb B12.
Definition
Pernicious anemia may result from:
Term
fibrinogen → fibrin.
Definition
The final step in clot formation is:
Term
neutrophil.
Definition
The most numerous leukocyte is the:
Term
red blood cells.
Definition
The terms biconcave and anucleated apply to:
Term
Basophils
Definition
Which leukocyte contains histamine in its granules?
Term
Preventing infection
Definition
Which of the following is a protective function of blood?
Term
The life span of platelets is between 30 to 60 days.
Definition
Which of the following statements about platelets is INCORRECT?
Term
WBCs are nucleated and have a protective function.
Definition
Which property do white blood cells have in common?
Term
Sickle-cell anemia
Definition
Individuals with malaria have a better chance of surviving if they have which type of anemia?
Term
Eosinophils
Definition
Which of the following types of white blood cells kills parasitic worms, destroys antibody complexes, and inactivates some inflammatory chemicals of allergy?
Term
Phagocytize bacteria
Definition
Which of the following is a function of neutrophils?
Term
Transport oxygen and carbon dioxide
Definition
Which of the following is a function of erythrocytes?
Term
Release histamine during allergic reaction
Definition
Which of the following is a function of basophils?
Term
Destruction of virus-containing cells
Definition
Which of the following is a function of lymphocytes?
Term
hematocrit
Definition
The percentage of total volume used to determine the number of erythrocytes in a blood sample is referred to as the:
Term
WBCs.
Definition
The buffy coat that appears after a sample of blood has been centrifuged contains:
Term
They generate ATP by anaerobic mechanisms and do not consume any of the oxygen they carry.
Definition
Which of the following factors has the greatest effect on making RBCs very efficient oxygen transporters?
Term
deoxyhemoglobin.
Definition
Another term for reduced hemoglobin is:
Term
Athlete's anemia
Definition
____________ is an illustration of iron deficiency seen in individuals who have expanded their blood by increased activity.
Term
respiratory burst.
Definition
The process of actively metabolizing oxygen to produce bleach and hydrogen to kill bacteria is known as:
Term
Prostacyclin
Definition
Which of the following substances is responsible for limiting a platelet plug to the immediate area of damage?
Term
Rh incompatibility between an Rh-negative mother and her Rh-positive baby during pregnancy.
Definition
Erythroblastosis fetalis is caused by:
Term
Ringer's solution
Definition
Which of the following plasma expanders would be associated with the least complications?
Term
D
Definition
Eighty-five percent of Americans carry the ______ Rh agglutinogen on their RBCs.
Term
Neither anti-A nor anti-B antibodies
Definition
Which antibodies would be found in the serum of a person with AB blood?
Term
SA node, AV node, AV bundle of His, right and left bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Definition
Choose the correct sequence of current flow through the heart wall.
Term
right ventricle and moves to the lungs.
Definition
During pulmonary circulation blood leaves the:
Term
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta.
Definition
During systemic circulation blood leaves the:
Term
Right atrium, right ventricle, lungs, left atrium, left ventricle
Definition
Identify the correct sequence of blood flow through the chambers of the heart.
Term
the muscle cell is not in a position to respond to a stimulus of any strength.
Definition
The absolute refractory period refers to the time during which:
Term
the number of times the heart beats in one minute.
Definition
The cardiac cycle includes all of the following events, except:
Term
aorta.
Definition
The coronary arteries arise from the:
Term
simple squamous epithelium.
Definition
The endocardium is composed of:
Term
right atrium.
Definition
The inferior vena cava brings blood from the lower regions of the body and empties into the:
Term
parietal layer of serous pericardium.
Definition
The inner lining of the fibrous pericardium is formed by the:
Term
left and right ventricles.
Definition
The interventricular septum forms a dividing wall between the:
Term
SA node.
Definition
The pacemaker of the heart is the:
Term
right atrium and right ventricle.
Definition
The tricuspid valve is located between the:
Term
left ventricle into the left atrium.
Definition
When the mitral valve closes, it prevents the backflow of blood from the:
Term
Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium
Definition
Which is the correct sequence of layers in the heart wall, starting with the outer layer?
Term
The heart is enclosed in a double-layered sac called the pleural membrane.
Definition
Which of the following statements is NOT true about the shape, position, and location of the heart?
Term
coronary arteries.
Definition
The vessels that carry oxygen to the myocardial cells are called:
Term
functional syncytium
Definition
The cells of the myocardium behave as a single, coordinated unit called a:
Term
automaticity.
Definition
The ability of some cardiac muscle cells to initiate their own depolarization and cause depolarization of the rest of the heart is called:
Term
mesoderm.
Definition
Guided by powerful signaling molecules, the human heart develops from:
Term
the epicardium
Definition
Which of the following structures lies on the outside surface of the heart and is an integral part of the cardiac wall?
Term
ventricles
Definition
The trabeculae carneae are located in the:
Term
The left ventricle
Definition
What part of the heart is considered the systemic circuit pump?
Term
chordae tendineae.
Definition
The __________ are attached to the AV valve flaps.
Term
The mitral, or bicuspid, valve
Definition
Which of the following valves is most often faulty in the heart?
Term
A very large number of mitochondrion in the cytoplasm
Definition
Which of the following factors gives the myocardium its high resistance to fatigue?
Term
vagus
Definition
The _________ nerve carries parasympathetic fibers to the SA node.
Term
an enlarged ventricle.
Definition
An enlarged R wave on an ECG would indicate:
Term
Incompetent cardiac valve
Definition
A doctor puts his stethoscope on a patient's chest over the location of the heart and hears a swishing sound. Which of the following conditions is the best diagnosis for the patient's condition?
Term
the amount of blood pumped out of each ventricle in one minute.

Cardiac Output = Heart Rate × Stroke Volume
Definition
Cardiac output is:
Term
right ventricle and moves to the lungs.
Definition
During pulmonary circulation blood leaves the:
Term
left ventricle and goes directly to the aorta.
Definition
During systemic circulation blood leaves the:
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