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Lecture 4
Embryology
30
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2012

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Term
Germinal period
Definition
~0-2 weeks
Involves the processes of fertilization, cell cleavage, implantation, and placental formation.
Term
Embryonic period
Definition
~3-8 weeks.
Involves the processes of germ cell layer formation, gastrulation neurulation and organogenesis.
Term
Fetal period
Definition
~9-36 weeks.
Involves the further development and maturation of all organ systems.
Term
Testosterone
Definition
Produced by the testes.
*Helps to regulate the production of sperm cells.
Term
Semen
Definition
Sperm cells along with protective chemicals and nutrients that are added by ducts during ejaculation.
Term
Embryo
Definition
Formed from three groups of cells called germ layers that are arranged as layers.
Term
Ectoderm
Definition
The outermost layer of the embryo.
Term
Mesoderm
Definition
The middle layer of the embryo.
Term
Endoderm
Definition
The innermost layer of the embryo.
Term
Ovaries
Definition
Release a single ovum during ovulation.
Term
Zygote
Definition
Formed during fertilazation by fusion of egg and sperm.
Term
Fertilization
Definition
Often termed as conception. Occurs in uterine tubes before implantation in uterine wall.
*Fusion of egg and sperm.
Term
Blastocyst
Definition
Formed from the zygote during a rapid process of cell division (mitosis) called blastulation.
Term
Trophoblast
Definition
One of the three structures of the Blastocyst.
*Develops into the chorion (part of the placenta).
Term
Blastocoel
Definition
One of the three structures of the Blastocyst.
*Eventually is detroyed by the developing embryo.
Term
Inner cell mass
Definition
One of the three structures of the Blastocyst.
*Develops into the embryo.
Term
Endometrium
Definition
The lining of the uterine wall in which the blastocyst implamts.
Term
Differentiation
Definition
The inner mass cells of the Blastocyst divide and form distinct germ layers that will eventually become the tissues that form the embryo.
Term
Cell Cleavage
Definition
Occurs through the process of mitosis — duplication and replication of all genetic material
Term
Implantation
Definition
Occurs ~3 days after morula enters the uterine cavity and completed about 10 days after fertilization
Term
Placenta
Definition
— Supplies embryo and fetus with nutrients
— Removes waste products from embryo and fetus
Term
chorionic villi
Definition
Finger-like projections into the wall of the uterus.
— anchors embryo and fetus
— increases surface area to volume ratio
— secretes the hormone human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Term
Neurulation
Definition
-Formation of the Central Nervous System (CNS) — i.e. brain and spinal cord
-Formation of associated structures — e.g. eyes, ears, nose
Term
Organogenesis
Definition
Formation of all the major organ systems begins, e.g. respiratory, cardiovascular, etc.
Term
Gastrulation
Definition
Mesoderm formation.
There are two different types of mesoderm that form most of the structures of the body.
Term
Mesenchyme
Definition
One of the two types of mesoderm.
forms most connective tissue structures
Term
Somites
Definition
One of the two types of mesoderm that developes in paired blocks.
Term
Morula
Definition
a solid ball of cells that forms as a result of successive mitotic divisions (about 32-cell stage)
Term
Embryonic mass
Definition
2-cell stage that takes ~ 30 hours to complete
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG)
Definition
Produced by the chorion. Stimulates the ovaries to produce estrogen and progesterone that help grow and maintain the placenta.
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