Term
| What is the difference between signs & symptoms? |
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Definition
Signs - something someone else other than the affected animal can detect
Symptom - things that the affected individual experiences |
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Term
| What are some important considerations when determining if a disease is inherited? |
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Definition
| Clinical history (family members affected, how closely related) |
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Term
| If both parents are affected with a heritable disease, and they have normal offspring, is the mutation autosomal dominant or autosomal recessive? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is genetic counseling? |
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Definition
| Assessing the client's family history, their concerns and their own genetic risks and conveying this information to the client, along with support services that are available to them. |
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Term
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Definition
| They are numbered from shortest to longest |
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Term
| What is the normal cell cycle? |
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Definition
G0 - cell doing its regular thing
G1 - cell grows, contents are duplicated
S - Sister chromatids are formed
G2 - proofreading & corrections
Mitosis - nucleus divides
Cytokinesis - cytoplasm divides |
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Term
| What are the phases of mitosis? |
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Definition
IPPMAT
Interphase
Prophase
Prometaphase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase |
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Term
| How do chemotherapy drugs work? |
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Definition
They target various stages in the cycle of an overactive cell.
-inhibit cell growth
-inhibit DNA duplication
-inhibit cell division |
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Term
| Do germ cells divide by mitosis or meiosis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| the probability of loci being passed between homologous chromatids together. Directly related to the distance between two loci on the same chromosome |
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Term
| When does homologous recombination occur? |
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Definition
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Term
| Products of mitosis are (haploid/diploid) while products of meiosis are (haploid/diploid). |
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Definition
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Term
| Primary spermatocytes/oocytes will be (n / 2n) |
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Definition
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Term
| Spermatogonia are (n / 2n) |
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Definition
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Term
| Secondary spermatocytes/oocytes will be (n / 2n) |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| non-functional remnant of a daughter cell produced during meiosis |
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Term
| What are some ways you can assess embryo health before implantation in the uterus? |
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Definition
Examine polar bodies
-identifies gene defects from the mother
-can ID autosomal dominant disease from the mother's side, and X-linked disorders
Biopsy of embryo
-examines genotype of the actual individual |
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Term
| If a mitochondrial genetic defect is present, would this be associated with the mother or the father? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is monogenic mode of inheritance? |
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Definition
-disease passed from parent to offspring in a 'Mendelian' fashion, with distinct patterns of inheritance
-includes autosomal & x-linked disease |
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Term
| What is mitochondrial inheritance? |
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Definition
| -genetic information passed to offspring strictly from mother's mitochondria |
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Term
| What are the modes of inheritance? |
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Definition
Monogenic
Polygenic (multifactorial)
Mitochondrial |
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Term
| What is the law of segregation? |
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Definition
| Alleles from the same loci will separate into separate germ cells |
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Term
| When do homologous chromosomes separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| When do sister chromatids separate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the law of independent assortment? |
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Definition
| Segregation at loci are each independent events |
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Term
True or False
Autosomal dominant traits never skip generations |
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Definition
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Term
| The average risk of offspring being affected by autosomal recessive traits is ____ |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitors of DNA duplication would target what phase of the cell cycle of a cancerous cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitors of cell division would target what phase of the cell cycle of a cancerous cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Inhibitors of cell growth would target what phase of the cell cycle of a cancerous cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| Mitosis produces how many daughter nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| Meiosis produces how many daughter nuclei? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be ruled out if you look at a pedigree and see a trait is skipping generations? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be ruled out if two affected parents have normal offspring? |
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Definition
| not autosomal recessive (could be x-linked recessive) |
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Term
| What can be ruled out if an affected male has a normal daughter? |
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Definition
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Term
| What can be deduced if a disease affects males more than females? |
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Definition
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Term
True or False
All genetic conditions are hereditary |
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Definition
| False. Can be due to random mutation |
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Term
| What is internal regulation of the cell cycle? Give some examples |
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Definition
regulation that ensures daughter cells are precise copies of their parent
e.g. increase in cell size |
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Term
| What is external regulation of the cell cycle? Give some examples |
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Definition
factors that trigger a cell to enter/exit the phase of cell division
e.g. hormone stimulation, death of a nearby cell |
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Term
True or False
Larger cells are less efficient than smaller ones |
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Definition
true!
(this can trigger a cell to begin mitosis) |
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Term
| The G1 checkpoint ensures... |
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Definition
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Term
| The G2 checkpoint ensures.... |
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Definition
| chromosomes have duplicated properly |
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Term
| The M checkpoint ensures... |
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Definition
| spindle fibers are properly attached to kinetochores to ensure daughter cells separate normally |
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Term
| What are cyclin-dependent kinases? What is their role? |
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Definition
Enzymes which phosphorylate other proteins to activate them.
-this process is triggered by the binding of cyclins to Cdks |
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Term
______ concentrations fluctuate within a cell, while ______ concentrations remain relatively constant
(cyclin / Cdks) |
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Definition
cyclin fluctuates
Cdks remain constant |
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Term
| What are the two main negative cell regulators? What do they do? |
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Definition
RB (binds to transcription factors such as E2F in response to changes in cell size, halting transcription)
p53 & p21 (halt division at G1 in response to DNA damage, allow division to proceed when damage is repaired) |
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Term
| What is the difference between genetic vs hereditary? |
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Definition
"genetic" simple means that a trait is influenced at some level by the genetic makeup of the individual. Almost everything is genetically influenced in some way!
whether a trait is inherited is an entirely different story, and depends on using pedigree charts, molecular techniques etc |
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Term
| In what order do cyclin proteins begin to be expressed? |
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Definition
Dad Eats A Bagel (DEAB)
D - start in G1, peak in S, end in mitosis
E - peaks at start of S
A - starts in G1 peaks in G2
B - starts at S, peaks at start of mitosis |
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