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Lecture 3
Cells and Cellular Processes
37
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
02/03/2012

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Term
Intracellular Environment
Definition
Composed of all of the molecules and organelles within the cell
Term
Extracellular Environment
Definition
Comprises all of the molecules that occur outside of the cell
Term
Negative Feedback Mechanisms
Definition
Abundant in the body and are used by cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems to help maintain homeostasis
Term
Positive Feedback Mechanisms
Definition
Typically move the body away from homeostasis. Much less common than negative feedback mechanisms.
Term
Chromosomes
Definition
Composed of the genetic material called DNA that contains all of the information to construct and run the body's functions
Term
Organelles
Definition
Function as miniature factories that have specialized tasks within the cell and essentially create an efficient division of labor within the cell
Term
Selectively Permeable (semi-permeable) Membrains
Definition
Will allow only certain molecules in and out of the cell (usually based on the size of the molecule).
Term
Metabolism
Definition
The sum total of all chemical reactions in the body. Consists of two types of chemical reactions — catabolism and anabolism
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum (ER)
Definition
A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials
Term
Golgi Apparatus
Definition
Processes and packages proteins inside of the cell before they make their way to their destination
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
Like small energy factories that burn glucose to prodcue chemical energy for the cell's various metabolic activities
Term
Lysosomes
Definition
Contain digestive enzymes. May remain in the cell or fuse with the cell membrane and expell materials.
Term
Passive Transport
Definition
Requires no energy source. Works with a gradient, materials will always move from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
Term
Filtration
Definition
A process in which materials move from an area of high pressure to low pressure. Passive transport.
Term
Simple diffusion
Definition
A process in which material move from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport.
Term
Osmosis
Definition
A special instance of simple diffusion in which water moves from an area of high concentration to low concentration. Passive transport.
Term
Facilitated Diffusion
Definition
A carrier-mediated transport process that utilizes an embedded plasma membrane protein to move molecules from an area of high concentration to low concentration.
*Passive transport
Term
Active Transport
Definition
A carrier-mediated transport mechanism that utilizes embedded plasma membrane proteins to move molecules against a concentration gradient
Term
Vesicular Transport
Definition
Function to move large materials into and out of the cell. Require large amounts of energy and form membrane-bound vesicles to accomplish this function
Term
Exocytosis
Definition
*Materials are packaged within vesicles (small sacs)
*Vesicles fuse with cell membrane and release contents outside of cell
Term
Endocytosis
Definition
Cellular membrane invaginates around material, fuses into a circle within the cell, and becomes a vesicle (small sac) within the cytoplasm
Term
Phagocytosis
Definition
The cell forms extensions called 'pseudopodia' that surrounds a particle or organism and brings it into the cell. A type of endocytosis.
Term
Receptor-mediated endocytosis
Definition
In this process specific receptor proteins bind with specific molecules from the extracellular fluid
Term
Pinocytosis
Definition
Is often called 'cell drinking' and occurs in every living cell in the body. The process is much like endocytosis except that receptor proteins are not involved
Term
Tight Junctions
Definition
Occur in certain epithelial cells that help to seal off the intercellular space so that materials cannot pass easily between cells
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
Intercellular junctions that do not seal off the intercellular space and are scattered throughout the apposing membrane surfaces. They are especially important in areas that require resistance to strong mechanical stress
Term
Gap Junctions
Definition
Occur in a few types of tissues and are particularly important in cardiac muscle tissue. They are formed from six proteins, called a connexon, that create a cytoplasmic channel between adjacent cells.
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
Based on negative feedback mechanisms that help to keep physiological parameters within relatively narrow limits through a variety of compensating mechanisms
Term
Efferent Pathway
Definition
Pathway in the negative feedback loop moving away from the integrating center
Term
Afferent Pathway
Definition
Pathway in the negative feedback loop moving towards the integrating center from the receptor
Term
Positive feedback mechanisms
Definition
Move away from homeostasis. Much less common than negative feedback mechanisms
Term
Nucleus
Definition
Directs activities of the cell. Contains DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid)
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
Involved in protein synthesis (synthesis=production)
*Two kinds: Free or attached to Rough ER
Term
Rough ER
Definition
A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materials the has ribosomes on walls.
*Synthesizes and distributes proteins.
Term
Smoothe ER
Definition
A network of tubules used to transport and synthesize (produce) materialsthat has no ribosomes.
*Synthesizes lipids, mainly steriods
*Detoxify drugs and alcohol
Term
Cilia
Definition
Found on the outside of some cell membranes.
*Help move materials along.
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Found on the outside of some cell membranes.
*Help increase surface area.
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