Term
| Cellular respiration vs body respiration |
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Definition
Cellular: oxygen is used to burn various fuels, generating CO2, water, and the ATP needed to power all the activities associated with a living cell
Body: taking CO2 out of the body via alveoli/capillaries in lungs, and oxygenated blood is returned to pulmonary veins and left atrium to be used by the body |
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Term
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Definition
-warms, moistens, and filters incoming air
-houses olfactory receptor cells
-nasal cavity lined with mucous membrane which contain olfactory epithelium |
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Term
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Definition
Nasopharynx: 2 nostrils
Oropharynx: stratified squamous epithelium and receives opening of the mouth. common passage for air, food, and drink
Laryngopharynx: lined with stratified squamous epithelium and then divides posteriorly into esophagus and anteriorly into larynx, or voice box |
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Term
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Definition
| connects pharynx with trachea. Houses vocal cords |
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Term
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Definition
-thyroid
-epiglottis
-cricoid
-arytenoid
-cuneiform
-corniculate |
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Term
| trachea and bronchial tree lined with? |
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Definition
| pseudostratified ciliated epithelium containing goblet, clara, and neuroendocrine cells |
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Term
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Definition
| carry out mucous from trachea. ciliated epithelium serves to sweep inhaled particles out of the respiratory tract into the pharyn |
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Term
| non-ciliated clara (club) cells |
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Definition
secrete a surfactant like material that coats and protects the bronchiolar lining.
-serve as epithelial stem cells
-detoxify noxious gases in inhaled air using cytochrome P-450 enzymes in the rough endoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
| pressure around them is lower than the alveolar pressure |
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Term
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Definition
| give lungs blood supply and other metabolic needs and warms inspired air |
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Term
| 4 major components of the respiratory membrane |
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Definition
1.Pulmonary Surfactant within alveolar fluid helps lower surface tension. W/o it, inflation of lungs is impossible
2.Alveolar Epithelium consisting of squamous epithelial cells on their own basement membrane
3.Thin interstitial space between the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary capillary
4.Vascular Endothelial cells of the capillary wall on basement membrane |
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Term
V/Q=0
(Q: flow of blood through lungs) |
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Definition
inadequate ventillation
adequate blood flow
-Hypoventilation (narcotics)
-atelectasis: airway blockage and alveolar collapse/inadequate ventilation of lungs. Elevated surface tension at the alveolar air interface which makes it difficult to inflate lungs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| pulmonary embolism. poor perfusion and adequate ventilation. results in reduced blood flow through part of a lung |
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Term
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Definition
pulmonary arteries branch from pulmonary trunk and supply deoxygenated blood from the right ventricle to the pulmonary arteries and capillaries. Pulmonary capillaries become flattened and sandwhiched between adjacent alveoli so that blood flow is in form of thin sheets. Oxygenated blood from pulmonary capillaries is collected by the pulmonary venules and veins which drain to left atrium.
LOW RESISTANCE AND LOW PRESSURE |
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Term
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Definition
1.increase in hydrostatic pressure in pulmonary capillaries due to an increase in left atrial and pulmonary venous pressure caused by left heart failure
2.increase in capillary permeability due to release of endotoxins by bacteria infecting the lungs or by breathing gases |
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Term
| enzyme found on surfaces of the vascular endothelial cells of the pulmonary capillaries |
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Definition
| ACE: angiotensin-converting enzyme converts angiotensin I to angiotensin II. ANGII is a vasoconstrictor and stimulates adrenal cortex to secrete mineralocorticoid aldosterone |
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Term
| what cells secrete pulmonary surfactant |
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Definition
| Type II Alveolar Epithelial cells |
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Term
| composition of pulmonary surfactant |
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Definition
90% lipids (DPPC)
10% proteins (SP-A,B,C,D)
-plus small amounts of carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
V/P
-lungs that are less stretchy have LOW compliance. so have strong elastic recoil and are more difficult to inflate.
Fibrosis: low compliance cause pulmonary surfactant lacking
Emphysema: more complaint lungs. very stretchy and easy to inflate. |
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Term
| function of pulmonary surfactant |
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Definition
| reduce surface tension of fluid wetting interior surfaces of the alveoli, which help to INFLATE lungs easier allowing for adequate oxygen exchange. |
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Term
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Definition
| caused by circulatory shock, various infections, and trauma conditions. cause abnormalities in surfactant properties and functions |
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Term
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Definition
cant manufacture adequate amounts of surfactant. causes death since lungs cant inflate,
Treatment: corticosteroids, synthetic surfactants (contain DPPC) |
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