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Lecture 17-20 Maternal recognition
Exam 2
75
Veterinary Medicine
Professional
09/24/2016

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Term
In the bitch ______ drops and ______ rises prior to ovulation coincident with the LH peak.
Definition
-estradiol
-progesterone
Term
What event must occur at the end of diestrus for a female to continue to cycle?
Definition
-luteolysis
Term
What is the number one rule out for female with failure to cycle?
Definition
-pregnancy
Term
What is maternal recognition of pregnancy? What is its goal? What hormone is high during this time?
Definition
-seiries of events by which the conceptus signals its presence to the dam to prevent luteolysis
-preservation of hte primary CL
-P4 remains high
Term
How is timing key for maternal recognition of pregnancy?
Definition
-mstt occur before sufficient luteolytic pulses of PGF2a can act upon CL
Term
What are the two primary mechanisms by which maternal recognition of pregnancy occurs? Which species do which?
Definition
-Dec synth and release of PGF2a from the endometrium: rums, horses
-alter direction of PGF2a so that it cannot reach ovary: pigs
Term
How do we suppress estrus in the horse?
Definition
-oxytocin admin days 7-14
Term
How do ruminants decrease PGF2a synth to prevent luteolysis?
Definition
-flastocyst produces interferon T => binds to endometrium and inhibits oxytocin Rc synth
-pregnancy maintained
Term
In the sow, on what day does luteolysis begin?
Definition
-day 15
Term
What must occur for maternal recognition of pregnancy to occur in the sow?
Definition
-must have 2 embryos present in each uterine horn
Term
In the sow, the conceptus produces ______ as signal for MRP.
Definition
-estradiol
Term
What is the effect of estradiol production by the conceptus in the sow?
Definition
-causes PGF2a to be rerouted toward the uterine lumen => luminal PGF2a has no access to circulation and thus cannot cause luteolysis (thus not absorbed in the lungs)
Term
Using 3 words, describe luteolysis in the horse.
Definition
-systemic pathway only
Term
Do non-fertilized oocytes enter the uterus in the mare? Why or why not?
Definition
-no
-PGE2 production by the embryo is required for transprot into the uterus, causes the lcoal relaxation of smooth muscle
Term
What happens in the horse at day 6 that is unique to this species? Why does it occur?
Definition
-capsule formation by the embryo
-maintains spherical shape of embryo during its mobility phase
Term
How is luteolysis prevented in the horse?
Definition
-embryo is mobile and bounces around secreteing something that prevents the release of PGF2a
-traverses the uteirne horns 12-14 times
Term
What signals MRP in the dog?
Definition
-Nothing, it is CL dependent for the entire pregnancy
Term
What is the CL lifespan in the pregnant dog? Non-pregnant?
Definition
-2 months in both cases
Term
What is the MRP signal in a cat?
Definition
-none
Term
What is the gestation length of a cat?
Definition
-63-65 days
-hormone profile less than 40 days is similar regardless of pregnancy status
Term
For luteolysis to be prevented, the MRP signal from the ______ must be present prior to the required luteolytic surges of ______.
Definition
-conceptus
-PGF2a
Term
True or False: If the embryo is developmentally immature when MRP must occur, the embryo may not be capable of rpoducing the MRP signal prior to luteolysis.
Definition
-TRUE
Term
Synchrony between embryo donor (stage of embryo development) and embryo recipient is important during embryo transfer. In the mare, when is the best time for this to be done?
Definition
-best pregnancy rates occur when the embryo receipient ovulates 1 day before to 3 days after the embryo donr
Term
What must occur for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis?
Definition
-embryo must be tranferred into the tip of the horn ipsilateral to the CL for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis
Term
Where must equine embryos be placed during embryo transfer?
Definition
-embryo can be palced anywhere within the uterus for the conceptus to prevent luteolysis
-mobility of the equine conceptus is critical for MRP in the horses thus it will not remain where it is placed
Term
Do cows or horses utilize systemic luteolytic pathway? What about a local luteolytic pathway?
Definition
-horses
-cows
Term
Which of the domestic animals have a chorioallantoic placental origin?
Definition
-all
Term
What are the different types of placenta shapes?
Definition
-diffuse
-zonary
-cotyledonary
Term
What are the two different origins of the placenta?
Definition
-chorioallantoic (allantochorial)
-yolk sac
Term
What are he 4 degrees of placenta degree of invasiveness?
Definition
-epitheliochorial
-syndesmochorial
-endotheliochorial
-hemochorial
Term
What are the two structure types of placental vasculature?
Definition
-villous
-labyrinthine
Term
What are the two types of placentation degree of intimacy?
Definition
-deciduate
-adeciduate
Term
Definition: Diffuse placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta?
Definition
-almost the entire surface of the allantochorion is involved in formation of the placenta
-horses and pigs
Term
Definition: Cotyledonary placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta?
Definition
-multiple discrete areas of attachment are formed by interaciton of patches of allantochorion with endometrium
-ruminants
Term
With cotyledonary placentas, the fetal portion of this type are called ______ and the maternal contact sites are called _____ and these complexes are called a ______.
Definition
-cotyledons
-caruncles
-placentome
Term
Definition: Zonary placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta?
Definition
-placenta takes the form of a complete or incomplete band of tissue surrounding the fetus
-carnivores like dogs and cats
Term
Definition: Discoid placenta
-which animals have this kind of placenta?
Definition
-single placenta is formed and is discoid in shape
-seen in primates and rodents
Term
What kind of cotyledons do mares have?
Definition
-microcotyledons
Term
Which kinds of animals have convex cotyledons?
Definition
-cow, giraffe
Term
Which kinds of animals have concave cotyledons?
Definition
-sheep, goat
Term
What is the significance of dark pigment in ewe caruncles?
Definition
-means nothing in black-faces sheep
Term
In which animals do we see binucleate biant cells?
Definition
-cows
Term
What is an epitheliochorial placenta? Which animals have that?
Definition
-least intimate, both maternal and fetal epithelium are intact
-pig, horse, cow, ewe, and doe
Term
What is an endotheliochorial placenta? Which animals have that?
Definition
-complete erosion of endometrial epithelium
-dog, cat
Term
What is a hemochorial placenta? Which animals have that?
Definition
-chorionic epithelium is in direct apposition to maternal pools of blood
-primates and rodents
Term
What are the six layers between the fetal and maternal blood?
Definition
-fetal endothelial cells
-fetal connective tissue
-chorionic epithelial cells
-endometrial epithelial cells
-maternal connective tissue
-maternal endothelial cells
Term
Where do we see binucleate giant cells? What do they express?
Definition
-appear in trophoblastic tissues just before implantation
-express placental lactogen, prolactin-related proteins, pregnancy-associated glycoproteins (like pregnancy specific protein B), steroid hormones, prostaglandins, heparanase, etc
Term
When is pregnancy specific protein B secreted? When does it become diagnostic?
Definition
-secreted approx d15
-diagnostic by d28
Term
What layers does an epitheliochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind?
Definition
-endometrial epi, conenctive tissue, & endothelial epithelium
-horse, swine, ruminant
Term
What layers does an endotheliochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind?
Definition
-endothelial epithelium only
-dog, cat
Term
What layers does a hemochorial placenta have? Which animals have this kind?
Definition
-none really
-humans, rodents
Term
Which animals have a villous placental vasculature structure?
Definition
-pig, horse, cow
Term
Which animals have an avillous (labyrinthine) placental vasculature structure?
Definition
-dog, cat
Term
What is a deciduate placenta? Which kinds of animals have this degree of intimacy?
Definition
-portion of endothelium is shed with placenta
-dog, cat, rodents, primate
Term
What is an adeciduate placenta? Which kinds of animals have this degree of intimacy?
Definition
-endometrium is left intact at time of placenta expulsion
-pig, horse, cow, sheep, goat
Term
What kind of placenta do horses and pigs have?
Definition
-diffuse, epitheiochorial
Term
What kind of placenta do ruminants have?
Definition
-cotyledonary, epitheliochorial/syndesmochoorial
Term
What kind of placenta do carnivores (Dog, cat) have?
Definition
-zonary, endotheliochorial
Term
What kind of placenta do humans and rodents have?
Definition
-discoid, hemochorial
Term
What kind of placenta does a horse have? (include all 5 classifications)
Definition
-diffuse/microcotyledonary
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic
Term
What kind of placenta does a cow have? (include all 5 classfications)
Definition
-cotyledonary (convex)
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic
Term
What kind of placenta does a sow have? (include all 5 classifications)
Definition
-diffuse
-epitheliochorial
-adeciduate
-villous
-chorioallantoic
Term
What kind of placenta does a ewe/doe have? (include all 5 classifications)
Definition
-cotyledonary (concave)
-syndesmochorial
-adeciduate (Qualified)
-villous
-chorioallantoic
Term
What kind of placenta does a bitch/queen have? (include all 5 classifications)
Definition
-zonary
-endotheliochorial
-deciduate
-labyrinthine
-chorioallantoic
Term
What are the hormonal functions of the placenta?
Definition
-stimulate ovarian function
-maintain pregnancy
-stimulate mammary function
-assist in delivery of fetus
Term
In which animals does the placenta not play a maintenance role in pregnancy?
Definition
-bitch, queen, camels, ow, and goat
Term
The placenta takes over from primary ovarian source in the cow, ewe, and mare at various times. When does that occur in each of these animals?
Definition
-cow: 6-8 months
-ewe: 50d
-mare: 70 days
Term
What happens during stage I in parturition?
Definition
-initiation of myometrial contractions
-P4 block has been removed via PGF => P4 converted to estrogen
Term
What happens during stage II in parturition?
Definition
-expulsion of fetus: strong myometrial and abdominal contractions expel fetus
Term
What happens during stage III in parturition?
Definition
-expulsion of fetal membranes
Term
What is the physiology behind parturition?
Definition
-fetus triggers parturition
-maturation of fetal pituitary-adrenal axis
-stressed placed on fetus
-increased fetal cortisol
-initiates cascade of events
Term
What hormone causes the progression from progesterone to estradiol? Where does it come from?
Definition
-cortisol
-fetus
Term
How does fetal cortisol cause parturition?
Definition
-fetal cortisol =? E2 => myometrial contractions => inc pressure => inc cervical stim => inc oxytocin
Term
In addition to fetal expulsion, what does fetal cortisol do in parturition?
Definition
-E2 => inc secretions = lubrication
-PGF2a => luteolysis
-PGF2a => relaxin => pelvic ligament stretching
Term
What are the 5 post partum events?
Definition
-passage of fetal membranes
-lactation
-involution of the repro tract
-return of ovarian cyclicity
-return to breeding
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