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Lecture 1
Anatomy
89
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
09/12/2010

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

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Term
anatomy
Definition
the study of internal and external structures, and the physical relationships between body
Term
3 main approaches to anatomical study
Definition

  1. systematic: the study of the structure of the major organ systems
  2. regional: deals with the structural relationships of the parts of the body being studied
  3. clinical: emphasizes structures and functions that are clinically relevant in the health sciences

Term
6 structural and functional organization of the human body
Definition

  1. chemical or molecular level
  2. cellular level
  3. tissue level
  4. organ levelĀ 
  5. organ system
  6. organism
each level is completely dependent on the other levels
anything that has a negative impact on the components individually through feedback loops, therefore there is an absolute interdependence of the levels

Term
chemical or molecular level
Definition

  • 99% of atoms are one of 4 elements (hydrogen, oxygen, carbon and nitrogen)
  • stoms interact to form compounds of carious properties
  • the major compounds include: water, protein, lipids, and carbs
  • function related to structure (protein in collagen)

Term
cellular level
Definition

  • cells are the smallest living unit of the human body
  • organelles (defined as the functional subunits of cells) are internal structures which are composed of complex chemicals or molecules

Term
tissue level
Definition

  • at this level, similar types of cells are joined together to form tissue with specific properties
  • classified into 4 distinct categories

Term
organ level
Definition
this level is the organization of different types of tissues in a complex fashion to perform specific functions
Term
organ system
Definition

this system is made up of more than one organ element; together they create a functional system (ie. different organs work together)

major organ systems include (11): integumentary, skeletal & articular, muscular, nervous, cardiovascular, lymphatic & immune, digestive, respiratory, urinary, reproductive, and endocrine

Term
integumentary system
Definition
the skin, hair, nail, and sweat glands
Term
skeletal & articular systems
Definition
the bones, joints and supporting cartilage and ligaments
Term
muscular system
Definition
the muscles
Term
nervous system
Definition
the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) and the peripheral nervous system (cranial and spinal nerves)
Term
cardiovascular system
Definition
the heart and blood vessels
Term
lymphatic & immune systems
Definition
lymph vessels, nodes, and corresponding immune components
Term
digestive system
Definition
the organs associated with ingestion, mastication, deglutition, digestion, absorption of food and the elimination of feces
Term
respiratory system
Definition
the lungs and air passages
Term
urinary system
Definition
the kidneys, ureters, urinary bladder, and urethra
Term
reproductive system
Definition
the genital organs; gynecology in females and andrology in males
Term
the highest level of organization is the...
Definition

organism

(reflects the interaction/sum total of organ systems working together, in which when normal = homeostasis)

Term

all organisms share the following 6 essential characteristics of life...

(omrgdr)

Definition

  1. organization
  2. metabolism
  3. responsiveness
  4. growth
  5. development
  6. reproduction

Term
organization
Definition
the specific inter-relationships among parts of the organism and how they interact to perform specific functions
Term
metabolism
Definition
all the chemical reactions taking place in the organism
Term
responsiveness
Definition
the ability to sense change in the external and internal environments and adjust to those changes
Term
growth
Definition
an increase in the size and/or number of cells, which will overall increase the size of the organism
Term
development
Definition
changes the organism undergoes over a duration of time, from fertilization to death
Term
reproduction
Definition
formation of new cells or new organisms
Term
anatomical position
Definition

  • standard reference position
  • body upright (supine), palms forward, eyes ahead, feet together and forward
  • structural relationships are always made as if the body is in a.p.

Term
anatomical planes
Definition
all anatomical descriptions are based on 4 imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomical position. these planes are the median, sagittal, coronal, and horizontal planes
Term
directional terms
Definition
further descriptive terms that includes adjectives in pairs of opposites
Term
terms of movement
Definition
descriptions of normal motions produced by muscles acting on the skeleton and various joints
Term
median plane
Definition

(or midsagittal)

the vertical plane passing longitudinally through the body into right and left halves

Term
sagittal plane
Definition
the vertical planes passing through the body parallel to the median plane
Term
coronal/frontal plane
Definition
the vertical planes passing through the body at right angles to the median plane, dividing the body into front (anterior) and back (posterior) portions
Term
horizontal/transverse plane
Definition
the planes that pass through the body at right angles to the median and coronal planes, dividing the body into upper (superior) and lower (inferior) portions
Term
oblique planes
Definition
any plane or surface or section of a plane that is not at a right angle
Term
superior
Definition
meaning above; cranial; cephalad (towards the head)
Term
inferior
Definition
meaning below; caudal; toward the tail
Term
anterior
Definition
belly side; ventral
Term
posterior
Definition
backside; dorsal
Term
medial
Definition
toward the middle of the body or median plane
Term
lateral
Definition
toward the side of the body, right or left, away from the midline
Term
proximal
Definition
close to the trunk or point of origin (of a limb)
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the trunk or point of origin (of a limb)
Term
superficial
Definition
on or near the surface
Term
deep
Definition
internal; further in from the surface
Term
flexion/extension
Definition
occurs in the sagittal plane. flexion decreases the angle and extension increases the angle between the bones of a joint
Term
hyperextension
Definition

extension beyond anatomical position (not always allowed)

(ie. head rolls back)

Term
lateral flexion
Definition
Term
rotation
Definition
Term
abduction
Definition
moving away from the center of the body
Term
adduction
Definition
moving towards the center of the body
Term
circumduction
Definition
the rotation of a limb around axis while reducing or increasing an angle at a joint (arm circles)
Term
internal/medial and external/lateral rotation
Definition
hands/feet toward or away median/lateral line
Term
supination and pronation (ulna/radius)
Definition
twisting of the forearm
Term
pronation
Definition
medial rotation towards the center
Term
supination
Definition
lateral rotation of the forearm away from the center
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
flexion of the ankle, elevation of the dorsum of the foot
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
extension of the ankle, elevation of the heel
Term
opposition
Definition
thumb movement across the palm of the hand to allow grasp
Term
shoulder protraction 
Definition
shoulder moves forward in the horizontal plane
Term
shoulder retraction
Definition
shoulder moves backward in the horizontal plane
Term
shoulder elevation
Definition
shoulder moves superiorly in the coronal plane
Term
shoulder depression
Definition
shoulder moves inferiorly in coronal plane
Term
protrusion/retrusion
Definition
chin movement (out/in)
Term
main body cavities (2)
Definition

dorsal cavity and ventral cavity

*many organs are suspended in chambers that protect and cushion and allow organs to grow or to change shape

Term
the cavities within the dorsal cavity are...
Definition

  1. cranial cavity: houses the brain
  2. spinal cavity: houses the spinal cord

Term
the ventral cavity
Definition

  • surrounds the respiratory, cardiovascular, digestive, urinary and reproductive organ systems

Term
the "diaphragm" further divides the ventral cavity into...
Definition
thoracic cavity and the abdomino-pelvic cavity
Term
the abdominal and pelvic cavities are...
Definition
continuous with one another
Term
thoracic cavity
Definition

 

  • superior cavity of the ventral cavity
  • contains 2 pleulral cavities and 1 pericardial cavity
  • also contains the mediastinum (a region between the 2 pleural cavities that contains the thymus, esophagus, trachea, large arteries and veins to/from the heart, nerves and the pericardial cavity

 

Term
abdomino-pelvic cavity
Definition

  • inferior cavity
  • contains the pertoneal cavity which contains the organs housed by this cavity -> abdominal/pelvic portion
  • abdominal cavity houses the stomach, intestines, liver and other organs
  • the pelvic cavity houses the bladder, some reproductive organs, and the rectum

Term
for the ventral cavity organs are referred to as
Definition
viscera
Term
the sub-cavities are lined with...
Definition
serous membrane (or serosa) that is smooth, slick and delicate in nature
Term
ventral cavity can be described as a sac with its sides very close to one another. it appears as...
Definition
2 layers with a thin cavity or space in between (both layers are made of serous membrane and secrete a serous fluid into the space between them
Term
visceral serosa
Definition
the layer that is closest to or covers the organs
Term
parietal serosa
Definition
the layer that is closest to or lines the body wall
Term
sub-cavities of the ventral cavitiy
Definition
pericardial cavity, pleural cavity, peritoneal cavity
Term
pericardial cavity
Definition

within the pericardial cavity; the visceral pericardium covers the heart; parietal pericardium is the outer serosal layer.

outer fibrous layer that lines the mediastinum around the heart

Term
pleural cavity
Definition
in this cavity, visceral pleura covers the lungs; parietal pleura lines the body wall, mediastinum and diaphragm 
Term
peritoneal cavity
Definition
visceral peritoneum covers abdomino-pelvic organs; parietal peritoneum lines the body wall
Term
mesenteries
Definition
doubled-over peritoneum (4-layers) that suspends the stomach, small intestine, and portions of the large intestine
Term
retroperitoneal organs
Definition

  • organs that lie in the dorsal aspect of the abdomino-pelvic region and are only in partial contact with the peritoneal cavity on their anterior surface
  • includes: kidneys, part of colon, pancreas, adrenals, and urinary bladder
  • these organs do NOT have mesenteries, but are instead partially covered by parietal peritoneum

 

Term
oral cavity
Definition
mouth, continuous with the rest of digestive tract
Term
nasal cavity
Definition
within and posterior to the nose; within the respiratory system
Term
orbital cavities
Definition
houses the eyes in the anterior position
Term
middle ear cavities
Definition
medial to eardrum and cared into skull bone; contains tiny bones that transmit sound vibrations to organ of hearing in inner ear
Term
synovial cavities
Definition
one type of joint cavity; enclosed within fibrous capsules that surround joints; synovial fluid within to reduce friction
Term
ct: how can an organ be located within the abdomino-pelvic cavity but not be within the peritoneal cavity?
Definition

  1. can be surrounded by mesenteries
  2. can be a retroperitoneal organ

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