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Lecture 15
The Lymphatic System
39
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
04/21/2012

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Term
lymph capillaries
Definition
closely approximate blood capillaries in size, shape, and number but they lack a basal lamina
Term
lymphatics
Definition
lymph vessels that are afferent as they course toward lymph nodes and efferent as they exit lymph nodes
Term
R lymphatic duct
Definition
drains the right head, neck, arm and thorax
Term
thoracic duct
Definition
drains the left side of the head, neck, arm, thorax, and the entire abdominopelvic cavity, and both legs
Term
spleen
Definition
destroys dying red blood cells, acts as a blood reservoir, and contains lymphocytes and monocytes that respond to foreign antigens
Term
thymus
Definition
-a bilobed gland located in the upper portion of the mediastinum
-primary function is to sensitize and activate populations of B-cells to mature into T-cells
Term
Monocytes
Definition
act primarily as macrophages (enlarged, activated cells that undergo phagocytosis) where they actively attack and destroy microorganisms that invade the body
Term
Lymphocytes
Definition
varied and complex cells with a large number of subpopulation types. They can be divided into three general groups: B-cells, T-cells, and Natural Killer (NK) cells
Term
B-cells
Definition
when activated, produce antibodies that bind with antigens to de-activate them in a few different ways
-They also send chemical signals to other immune cells that aid in their destruction
Term
T-cells
Definition
help to activate B-cells, kill cancer and virus-infected cells directly, and produce chemicals that help other immune cells attack harmful microorganisms
Term
Natural Killer cells
Definition
patrol throughout the body looking for virus-infected or cancerous cells. They are able to destroy these cells directly
Term
antigens
Definition
a foreign particle on the surface of a microorganism or a foreign chemical
Term
antibodies
Definition
complex proteins that have the ability to attach to the antigens by having a complementary shape on their binding sites
Term
endocrine system
Definition
composed of ductless glands that produce hormones
Term
Hormones
Definition
-regulatory chemicals that are secreted either into the bloodstream or onto the surface of an organ
-induce a change in cellular metabolism
Term
paracrine and autocrine molecules
Definition
hormone-like substances that act more locally than hormones and can have remarkable effects
Term
Tropic hormones
Definition
act on another endocrine gland to produce a hormone that affects a target cell
Term
Non-tropic hormones
Definition
act directly on a target cell.
Term
Non-tropic hormones
Definition
act directly on a target cell.
Term
Non-tropic hormones
Definition
act directly on a target cell.
Term
Peptides
Definition
Relatively small proteins.
Produced by pineal and thymus glands, pancreas, kidney, heart, liver, portions of the gastrointestinal tract
Term
Amines
Definition
Derived from amino acid tyrosine.
Thyroid amines (T3 and T4) are hydrophobic.
Adrenal medulla amines (epinephrine and norepinephrine) are hydrophilic.
Term
Steroids
Definition
Derived from cholesterol
Produced by adrenal cortex, testes, ovaries, and placenta.
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
composed of glandular tissue that develops from a group of cells that migrate from the palate region to the brain
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
composed of nervous tissue and forms as an extension of the brain
Term
hypothalamus
Definition
releases hormones that either help stimulate or inhibit the release of hormones from the anterior pituitary
Term
nerve tracts
Definition
deliver hormones from the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary for storage and release
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
synthesizes, stores, and secretes six hormones
Term
pancreas
Definition
often called a 'double gland' because it acts as an exocrine gland and an endocrine gland
Term
six hormones synthesized, stored, and secreted by the anterior pituitary
Definition
1. Adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH)
2. Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
3. Luteinizing hormone (LH) in females and Interstitial cell stimulating hormone (ICSH) in males
4. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)
5. Prolactin (PRL)
6. Growth hormone (GH)
Term
two hormones stored and secreted by the posterior pituitary
Definition
1. Antidiuretic hormone (ADH) also known as vasopressin
2. Oxytocin (OT)
Term
infundibulum
Definition
A stalk that extends from the hypothalamus in which neurons carry hormones produced in the hypothalamus to the posterior pituitary
Term
islets (of Langerhans)
Definition
Areas of the pancreas that contain 3 principle groups of cells:
1. alpha cells
2. beta cells
3. delta cells
Term
alpha cells
Definition
secrete the hormone glucagon that stimulates the liver to release and break down glycogen into glucose so that it may be released into the bloodstream
Term
beta cells
Definition
secrete insulin that aids in the uptake and utilization of glucose by cells
Insulin also stimulates glycogen synthesis and lipid storage.
Term
delta cells
Definition
secrete somatostatin. This hormone inhibits the release of both insulin and glucagon in the pancreas and so maintains blood glucose levels.
Term
thyroid gland
Definition
lies just inferior to the larynx and sits on, and partially surrounds, the trachea. It is bi-lobed and the lobes are conjoined by an isthmus.
Term
parafollicular cells (= C cells)
Definition
produce the hormone calcitonin. Calcitonin is responsible for calcium regulation in the blood.
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
essentially a 'double-gland' in that there are cortical and medullary regions that differ developmentally, histologically, and chemically.
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