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Lecture 15
Terms, Vocabulary & Concepts
22
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
03/06/2012

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Term
voluntary movements
Definition
main motor cortex
Term
involuntary facial movements
Definition
caudal cingulate motor cortex
Term
neuroglia
Definition

Cells that support, nourish, and protect neurons.

 

Do not generate or propagate action potentials (e.g. Schwann Cells)

Term
CNS Nervous System: astrocytes
Definition

Most common neuroglial cell. Helps control the chemical flux around neurons by supporting endothelial cells of the BBB. 

 

  • Connect to one another with gap junctions
  • Release gliotransmitters.
  • Only cells in the braincontaining insulin receptors.
Term
CNS Nervous System:  gliotransmitters
Definition
 chemicals released from glial cells that facilitate neuronal communication between neurons and other glial cells and are usually induced from Ca2+ signaling
Term
CNS Nervous System: microglia
Definition
A type of neuroglial in the brain and spinal cord. It is a specialized macrophage and may be the source of B-amyloid plaques found in diseases such as Alzheimers.
Term
CNS Nervous System: oligodendrocytes
Definition

Insulate axons in the CNS with myelin sheaths

  • Lower number of processes than astrocytes.
  • Multiple sclerosis is a disease that impacts oligodendrocytes.
  • They can cover multiple neurons.
Term
PNS Nervous System: Schwann Cells
Definition

Surround nerve fibers in the PNS to form myelin sheats. 

 

Can only provide insulation to once cell. This allows saltatory conduction of action potentials at the nodes of Ranvier.

Term
PNS Nervous System: Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
The gaps formed between myelin sheaths. At nodes of Ranvier the axonal membrane is uninsulated and therefore capable of generating electrical activity. Action potential jumps from node to node in myelinated axons.
Term
PNS Nervous System: Satellite Cells
Definition
A type of glial cell that line the exterior surface of neurons in the PNS.
Term
PNS Nervous System: Soma
Definition
the cell body of a neuron
Term
PNS Nervous System: Anterograde Transport
Definition
The movement of substances from the axoplasm of the cell body to the axon terminal.
Term
PNS Nervous System: Retrograde Transport
Definition
The movement of substances from the axon terminal to the cell body to be degraded or recycled.
Term
Structural Classes of Neurons: Multipolar
Definition

1 axon and many dendrites.

 

Most common (99% of neurons). 

 

Most neurons in the brian and spinal cord are this type.

Term
Structural Classes of Neurons: Bipolar
Definition

Two processes extend from the cell body: a fused dendrite and an axon. The axon and dendrite are on opposite ends of the cell body.

 

Found in the retina of the eye, the inner ear, and the olfactory area of the brain.

Term
Structural Classes of Neurons: Unipolar
Definition

Only one extension from the cell body, dendrites and onee axon are fused together.

 

Pseudo-unipolars are neurons that began as bipolar neurons and then developed into unipolars.

 

Most sensory neurons are pseudo-unipolar.

Term
Functional Regions of Neurons: Receptive Region
Definition

Receives stimulus (receptive-->receive), cell body

 

Chemically gated ion channels

 

Term
Functional Regions of Neurons: Conducting Region
Definition

Generates and trnasmits action potential.

 

(Many bipolar neurons do not generate action potentials).

Term
Functional Regions of Neurons: Secretory Region
Definition

Another name for the axon terminal.

 

It releases transmitters. 

 

Has voltage-gated Ca channels

Term
Functional Classes of Neurons: Sensory/Afferent
Definition

Neurons that carry ipulses into the CNS thorugh cranial or spinal nerves.

 

Most neurons are unipolar.

Term
Functional Classes of Neurons:  Motor/Efferent
Definition

Neurons that carry impulses away from the CNS throught cranial or spinal nerves into the PNS.

 

(away from CNS-->appendages/motor)

 

Must of these neurons are multipolar.

Term
Functional Classes of Neurons: Interneurons
Definition

Mainly in the CNS (motor), they bridge sensory and motor connections, integrate sensory information and elicit motor responses. 

 

Most of the neurons are multipolor (to send multiple responses)

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