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Lecture 13
Terms, Vocabulary & Concepts
15
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/21/2012

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Term
Adult Brain 5 Subdivisions - Telencephalon
Definition
  • Includes the cerebrum (cortex, white matter, basal nuclei)
  • Most highly evolved part
  • Functions: Anylzes sensory data, performs memory functions, learns new information, forms throughs, and makes decisions.
Term
Adult Brain 5 Subdivisions - Diencephalon
Definition
  • Includes the thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus, and retina.
  • Functions:
    • Thalamus - Knowledge and awareness. Integrates knowledge, emotion, and memory
    • Hypotalamus - regulates endocrine homeostasis of the body. Part of the Autonomic Nervous System
Term
Adult Brain 5 Subdivisions - Mesencephalon
Definition
Includes the midbrain of the brain stem
Term
Adult Brain 5 Subdivisions - Metencephalon
Definition

Includes the pons of the brain stem & the cerebellum

 

  • Function:
    • Pons - Where the sensory and motor tracks converge.
    • Cerebellum - moderates intention, coordination, and some memory
Term
Gray & White Matter
Definition

gray matter - neuronal cell bodies

 

white matter - myelinated axons

Term
Adult Brain 5 Subdivisions - Myelencephalon
Definition

Includes the brain stem, medulla oblongata.

 

Function of the brainstem: most primitive brain structure, controls breathing

Term
Cerebral Spinal Fluid
Definition
  • Cushions the brain and gives immunological protection.
  • Allows for intracranial pressure modulation.
  • Has a unique chemistry and osmolarity
  • Produced in choroid plexus.
  • Brain makes 500-600 mL/day but can only hold about 150 mL
  • The CSF turns over about 4 times per day.
Term
Ventricles of the Brain
Definition
  • Contains cerebrospinal fluids
  • Consists of:
    • two C-shaped alteral ventricles in the cerebral hemispheres
    • A third ventricle in the diencephalon.
    • A fourth ventricle in the hindbrain, dorsal to the pons, develops from the lumen of the neural tube.
  • Lined by ependymal cells
Term
Endothelium
Definition
  • Lines the lumen (apical surface) of blood vessels
Term
The Blood Brain Barrier
Definition

Types fo Barriers:

 

  • Endothelial cells lining all brain blood vessels/capillaries, are connected by tight junctions.
    • In the endothelial cells of the CNS vessels these tight junctions are unique. The endothelial cells are more tightly anchored to one another via transmembrane proteins.
  • Unique cells named astrocytes, also surround the endothelial cells of th ecapillaries.
    • This barrier can restict diffusion of small molecules (bacteria and ions) but permits diffusion of key substances such as CO2 and O2.
Term
Choroid Plexus
Definition
  • Modified ependymal cells and capillaries comprise the choroid plexus.
  • The choroid plexus has a blood supply 10X that of the cerebral cortex, very vascularized.
  • Present in nearly all areas of the ventricular system (except for cerebral aqueduct and the occipital and frontal horns fo the lateral ventricles)
  • Produces Cerebral Spinal fluid.
Term
Ependyma and Ependymal Cells
Definition
  • The ependyma is the lining of the brain ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord .
  • Comprised of simple cuboidal cells that are often ciliated and contain microvilli.
  • Ependymal cells control fluid release across the epithelium.
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition
  • Caused by CSF build up in the ventricles of the brain (internal hydrocephallus) or in the subarchnoid space (external hydrocephalus) from blockage, overproduction of CSF, or a complication of a head injury.
  • Can lead to increased intracranial pressure and convulsion/mental disability and even death.
  • Symptoms will depend on one's age, the cause of the blockage, and how much brain tissue is damaged by swelling.
  • Pediatric hydrocephalus is more common than Down Syndrome.
Term
Hydrocephalus
Definition

 A condition in which CSF builds up in the ventracles of the brain (internal hydrocephalus) or in the subarchanoid space (external hydrocephalus) from blockage, overproduction of CSF, or complications from a head injury.

 

Can lead to increased intraranial pressure, convulsion/mental disability, and death

 

 

Term
Cerebellum
Definition

Contains gray & white matter.

 

Responsible for involuntary coordination and control of ongoing body movements; maintains balance, equilibrium, and posture.

 

If damaged causes ataxia.

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