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Lecture 12
The Cardiovascular System
42
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/16/2012

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Term
cardiovascular (CV) system
Definition
one of the two main components of the circulatory system along with the lymphatic system
Term
primary functions of the circulatory system
Definition
1. Transport of blood and its components
2. Thermoregulation

3. Fighting infection

4. Exchange of gases (CO 2 and O 2 ) between the respiratory system and the tissues
Term
principal components of the CV system
Definition
1. Heart
2. Blood vessels
3. Blood
Term
Pericardium
Definition
serous membrane surrounding and protecting the heart
Term
Myocardium
Definition
cardiac mm tissue comprising the heart
Term
Endocardium
Definition
endothelial lining lining protecting the chambers of the heart
Term
cardiomyocytes
Definition
Cardiac tissue is composed of these. The are autorhythmic and generate spontaneous depolarizations
Term
intercalated discs
Definition
increase surface area contact between cardiomyocyte cells
Term
gap junctions
Definition
allow cytoplasm to flow between the cardiomyocye cells and are, therefore, electrically coupled to each other
Term
Four principal heart chambers
Definition
R and L atrium
R and L ventricle
Term
R and L atria
Definition
comprise the superior portion of the heart, are relatively thin-walled, and are separated from each other by a relatively thin-walled interatrial septum
Term
Principle functions of atria
Definition
* a receptacle for blood entering to the heart
* region of the pacemaker (R atrium only)

* the production of a hormone that helps regulate blood volume
Term
R and L ventricles
Definition
comprise the inferior portion of the heart, are relatively thick-walled, and are separated from each other by a relatively thick-walled interventricular septum
Term
Principle functions of the ventricles
Definition
* the principal pumping chambers to the lungs (pulmonary circuit)

* principal pumping chambers to the organ systems of the body (systemic circuit)

* the principal pumping chambers to the heart itself (cardiac or coronary circuit)
Term
heart valves
Definition
control the direction of blood flow

two atrioventricular (AV) valves and the two semilunar (SL) valves. These valves are composed of fibrous connective tissue.
Term
atrioventricular valves
Definition
-tricuspid
-bicuspid (commonly known as the mitrol valve)
located at the junction of the atria and ventricles on the R and L sides
Term
papillary muscles
Definition
muscular extensions of the inner ventricular wall that control the atrioventricular valves
Term
chordae tendineae
Definition
Individual cusps to which the papillary muscles are attatched by connective tissue cords
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
-pulmonary
-aortic
located at the root of the pulmonary and aortic trunks, respectively
Term
fibrous skeleton of the heart
Definition
The valves, along with the connective tissue that holds these valves in place
Term
pacemaker and conducting cells
Definition
Specialized cardiomyocytes that initiate the spread of a wave of depolarization through the heart.
Term
Depolarization
Definition
results in contraction of the heart chambers
Term
systole
Definition
the contraction phase of the rhythmic contraction-relaxation phases
Term
Repolarization
Definition
results in relaxation of the heart chambers
Term
diastole
Definition
the relaxation phase of the rhythmic contraction-relaxation phases
Term
cardiac cycle
Definition
One complete contraction-relaxation phase, i.e. one heart beat
Term
Sinoatrial (SA) node
Definition
pacemaker of the heart initiates the cardiac cycle in the R atrium.
The pace can be modified by input from the ANS.
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) node
Definition
occurs near the junction of the R atrium and the ventricle near the interventricular septum.
Term
Atrioventricular (AV) bundle (of His)
Definition
a small bundle of fibers, that along with the AV bundle, help bridge the gap between the atrial and ventricular myocardia due to their separation by the fibrous skeleton.
Term
R and L bundle branches
Definition
the AV bundle divides to form two bundles coursing within the thick interventricular septum toward the apex of the heart
Term
Purkinje fibers (subendocardial branches)
Definition
complete the cycle within the walls of the ventricles and papillary muscles. Their ends reach just up to the fibrous skeleton
Term
electrocardiogram (ECG or EKG)
Definition
detects and measures the electrical conductivity through the heart
Term
three distinct wave patterns of the cardiac cycle
Definition
-P wave
-QRS complex
-T wave
Term
P wave
Definition
represents atrial depolarization. That is, the deflection represents the electrical activity at the SA node and the depolarization of the atrial myocardium
Term
QRS complex
Definition
represents ventricular depolarization. That is the electrical activity of the AV node, AV bundle, bundle branches, and Purkinje fibers and the depolarization of the ventricular myocardium.
Term
T wave
Definition
represents ventricular repolarization. This is the recovery phase for the ventricular myocardium
Term
Principle components of the vascular system
Definition
1. arteries (aa) and arterioles (a-oles)
2. veins (vv) and venules (v-ules)
3. capillaries (caps)
Term
Blood vessels
Definition
tubes with a distinct wall structure and an internal space called the lumen
Term
Layers of arteries and veins
Definition
1. tunica externa (adventitia) — this layer is composed of fibrous connective tissue
2. tunica media — this layer is composed of a single layer, or scattered cells, of smooth mm.
3. tunica intima — this layer consists of simple squamous e.t.
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
fatty placque, and often calcium deposits, build up between the tunica intima and the tunica media
Term
Great Cardiac vein
Definition
brings deoxygenated blood back from the anterior heart wall
Term
Middle Cardiac vein
Definition
brings deoxygenated blood back from the posterior heart wall
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