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Lecture 11
The Brain
62
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
03/16/2012

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Term
The 3 main regions of the brain
Definition
1. Hindbrain
2. Midbrain
3. Forebrain
Term
Main structures of the hindbrain
Definition
Medulla oblongata
Pons
Cerebellum
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
the center of reflex regulation
Term
Pons
Definition
forms a 'bridge' between the cerebral cortex and the cerebellum
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
involved with balance, coordination, and posture. The cerebellum receives input from three different sources:
1. Vision
2. Inner ear (vestibular apparatus and semicircular canals)
3. Proprioception (spatial orientation of the body
Term
Main structures of the forebrain
Definition
cerebral cortex
Right and Left cerebral hemispheres
Thalamus
Epithalamus
Hypothalamus
Pre-central gyrus
Post-central gyrus
Corpus callosum
Term
gyri
Definition
the folds of the cortex
Term
sulci
Definition
the deep depressions of the cortex
Term
cerebral cortex
Definition
composed of gray matter
Term
cerebral medulla
Definition
composed primarily of white matter
Term
ventricles
Definition
large cavities filled with cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). The fluid circulates within and around the brain and spinal cord.
Term
Frontal lobe
Definition
primary somatomotor cortex (body movements)
Term
Parietal lobe
Definition
primary somatosensory cortex (body sensations).
Term
Temporal lobe
Definition
smelling and hearing
Term
Occipital lobe
Definition
region of the visual cortex
Term
Thalamus
Definition
sensory relay station and also sense touch and pressure
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
region where most CSF is produced using ependymal cells. The ependymal cells and cerebral capillaries form the choroid plexus
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
regulatory center for numerous homeostatic functions.
produces two hormones stored in the posterior pituitary gland and also forms a number of releasing and inhibiting hormones that regulate hormones in the anterior pituitary.
Term
Pre-central gyrus
Definition
located just anterior to the central sulcus; this is where the primary somatomotor area for the body occurs
Term
Post-central gyrus
Definition
located just posterior to the central sulcus; this is where the primary somatosensory area for the body occurs
Term
Corpus callosum
Definition
white matter region that interconnects the cerebral hemispheres
Term
spinal cord
Definition
It emerges from the skull through the foramen magnum and courses inferiorly and tapers to the level of L2
Term
Functions of the spinal cord
Definition
1. Conduction of impulses
2. Coordination for locomotion
3. Reflexes
Term
Conduction of impulses
Definition
the outer portion of the cord contains myelinated groups of neurons divided between ascending tracts with sensory neurons and descending tracts with motor neurons
Term
Coordination for locomotion
Definition
simple repetitive motions are coordinated by central pattern generators
Term
Reflexes
Definition
rapid, involuntary, stereotypical responses to various stimuli
Term
5 features common to all reflexes
Definition
1. Receptor
2. Afferent (sensory) neuron
3. Synapse
4. Efferent (motor) neuron
5. Effector
Term
Receptor
Definition
usually a specialized cell or cells that receive sensory input from an external or internal stimulus
Term
Afferent (sensory) neuron
Definition
a neuron that carries sensory data from the PNS to the CNS
Term
Reflex Synapse
Definition
always occurs within the gray matter of the spinal cord
Term
Efferent (motor) neuron
Definition
a neuron that carries motor data from the CNS to the PNS
Term
Effector
Definition
the data carried causes a direct effect on the synapse at a structure that can be either:
a. muscle cell — occurs at the neuromuscular (myoneural) junction.
b. gland — occurs at the neuroglandular junction.
c. neuron — occurs at the neuronal junction.
Term
spinal nerves
Definition
There are 31 pairs that emerge from the intervertebral foramina.
Term
dorsal and ventral rami
Definition
Each spinal nerve splits into these 2 branches
Term
dorsal rami
Definition
innervates the skin and skeletal muscles of the back
Term
ventral rami
Definition
innervate the skin and skeletal muscles throughout the rest of the body
Term
nerve plexuses
Definition
occurs when nerves fuse from separate intervertebral orgins, separate again and re-fuse to form a network of nerves
Term
Cervical plexus
Definition
supplies the skin and muscles of the neck and diaphragm (e.g. phrenic nerve supplies the diaphragm
Term
Brachial plexus
Definition
supplies skin and muscles of the arm and shoulder (e.g. ulnar nerve supplies the 4th and 5th digits)
Term
Lumbar plexus
Definition
supplies the skin and muscles of the anterior thigh (e.g. femoral nerve supplies the quadriceps femoris muscles)
Term
Sacral plexus
Definition
supplies the hip, psoterior thigh, and leg and foot (e.g. tibial nerve supplies muscles of the leg and foot)
Term
meninges
Definition
form membranes around the brain and spinal cord. They are protective, supportive, and nutritive.
Term
Three membranes that form the meninges
Definition
1. Dura mater
2. Arachnoid mater
3. Pia mater
Term
Dura mater
Definition
is a strong, fibrous sheet of connective tissue that occurs farthest from the brain and spinal cord. It also serves as the periosteum within the cranium and vertebrae.
Term
falx cerebri
Definition
projects downward into the longitudinal fissure to separate the cerebral hemispheres
Term
falx cerebelli
Definition
separates the two cerebellar hemispheres
Term
tentorium cerebelli
Definition
separates the cerebrum from the cerebellum
Term
tentorium hypophysii
Definition
anchors the pituitary gland
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition
this is a delicate, loose connective tissue membrane that is attached directly to the dura mater and pia mater. The CSF occurs in this layer.
Term
Pia mater
Definition
a thin, loose connective tissue, highly vascularized membrane attached directly to the brain and spinal cord
Term
denticulate ligaments
Definition
Lateral extensions of the pia mater that restrict movement of the spinal cord.
Term
filum terminale
Definition
an extension that anchors the tip of cauda equina to the sacrum
Term
Spaces within the meninges
Definition
1. Epidural space
2. Subdural space
3. Subarachnoid space
Term
Epidural space
Definition
this space occurs between the dura mater and the bone. In the vertebral cavity there is some fat and other connective tissues, but in the cranial cavity there is no space between the bones and the dura mater.
Term
Subdural space
Definition
this potential space occurs between the dura and arachnoid mater
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
this space occurs between the arachnoid mater and the pia mater and contains a fair amount of CSF
Term
autonomic nervous system (ANS)
Definition
involved with involuntary actions of the body. That is, it affects glands and muscle tissue (smooth and cardiac) that are under involuntary control
Term
pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons
Definition
The two sets of nerves that innervate their respective organs
Term
ganglion
Definition
the interface between the pre-ganglionic and post-ganglionic neurons is composed of this gray matter (terminal boutons and cell bodies)
Term
Parasympathetic division
Definition
helps maintain homeostasis and is euphemistically known as the 'rest and digest' division
Term
Sympathetic division
Definition
helps mobilize the organ systems for emergencies or stress and is euphemistically called the 'fight or flight' division
Term
celiac plexus
Definition
occurs near the stomach and innervates many organs and glands in that region. it stimulates cells in the adrenal medulla which release the hormone epinephrine
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