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Lecture 09 Bones and Joints
Structure, Growth, Function, Joints
35
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/20/2010

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Term
Epiphyses
Definition
Ends of Long bones
Made up of spongy bone. Contain red marrow, which is engaged in the manufacture of blood cells. The epiphyses are covered with special hyaline cartilage called articular cartilage.
Term
Diaphyses
Definition
The shaft of the bone
Made up of compact bone (cortical bone). Contain the medullary cavity, lined with squamous cels (endosteum), filled with yellow and containing blood vessels.
Term
Periosteum
Definition
Fibrous vascular layer that covers the diaphysis. The periosteum plays a very important role in the formation and repair of bone tissue
Term
Collagen fibers in bones
Definition
provide tensile strength
Term
Calcium phosphate
Definition
mainly in the form of the mineral hydroxylapatite, provides compressional strength
Term
Osteon
Definition
basic unit of compact bone
Term
(Haversian canal or osteonic canal) Central Canal
Definition
middle of osteon, containing blood vessels and nerves
Term
Lamellae
Definition
concentic rings of bone that surround the havarsian canal
Term
Osteocyte
Lacuna
Canalaculi
Definition
cell of the bone
location of osteocyte
little canals that provide numerous routes so that oxygen, nutrients and wastes can pass to and from the osteocytes, which would otherwise by cut by the impermeable mass of bone
Term
Osteoprogenitor cells
Definition
Unspecialized cells that can multiply and differentiate into osteoblasts. They are found the endosteum and elsewhere in the bone marrow compartment.
Term
Osteoblasts
Definition
Cannot multiply ,make bone by secreting collagen and possibly other proteins (the enzyme alkaline phosphatase, osteonectin and osteoclcin) incolved in bone formation. Upon completion of bone formation, a layer of "resting" osteoblasts remains on the surface of the bone, associated with the periosteum.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
Mature bone cells. Principal cells of bone tissue. Involved in daily cellular activities of bone tissue. Osteocytes are really osteoblasts that isolated themselves in the lacunae, surrounded by the bony substance they secrete but still in contact via gap junction with other osteocytes and surface osteoblasts via processes that permeate the canaliculi.
Term
Osteoclaclasts
Definition
Large, multinucleated cells. They have many nuclei because they are formed by fusion of a number of "stem" progenitor cells found the bone marrow.
They contain large numbers of mitochondria and lysosomes. They acid and lysosomal enzyme that dissolve the collagen and calcium phosphate that make up the bone
Term
Intramembranous ossification
Definition
Formation of bone directyly on or within fibrous membrane - flat bone in the skull. The bones formed in this way are called intermembranous bones.
Term
Endochondral ossification
Definition
Fomation of bone within a cartilaginous structure. Most of the body are formed in this way. called Endochondral bones
Term
Bone Remodeling
Definition
Replacement of old bone tissue with new bone tissue. Couples the activities of bone-making osteoblasts and bone-dissolving osteoclasts.
Term
Osteoporosis
Definition
osteoclast activity outweighs osteoblasts
Term
Fracture hematoma formation
Definition
is the flooding of blood after the breaking of the periosteum
Term
Fibroartilaginous callus formation
Definition
The hematoma is invaded by new blood vessels and osteoblasts and fibroblasts. Masses of fibrocartilage form by fibroblasts replace part of the blood clot, particularly in regions more distant from intact or developing blood vessels
Term
Bony callus formation
Definition
A bony cullus in the form of trabeculae of spongy bone is produced by the osteoblasts. Spongy bone tends to form in regions close to developing blood vessels. Finally, however, all of the fibrocartilage is replaced by spongy bone. Phagocytic cells clear away the blood clot and debris.
Term
Remodeling
Definition
Osteoblasts and osteoclasts work together to replace the spongy bone with compact bone
Term
Five functions of bones
Definition
1) support and protection
2) lever arms for the muscles to act upon
3) blood cells are produced in the red marrow
4) storage deposits of Ca
5) energy can be provided by the fat stored in yellow marrow
Term
Synathrosis
Definition
immovable
Term
Amphiarthrosis
Definition
slightly movable
Term
Fibrous joint: Syndesmosis
Definition
Permits slight movement - bones bound by interosseus ligaments, the tibia and fibula held together by this joint
Term
Fibrous Joint: Suture
Definition
Not movable - occurs between flat bones of the skull
Term
Fibrous Joint: Gomphosis
Definition
Teeth fastened to maxillae and mandible by peridontal ligament
Term
Cartilaginous Joints: Sychondrosis
Definition
Bones united by bands of hyaline cartilage - sternum and first rib are united by the costal cartilage
Term
Cartilaginous Joints: Symphysis
Definition
The articular surfaces of the bones are covered by a layer of hyaline cartilage, which in turn is attached to pad of fibrocartilage. Limited movement. Occurs between vertebrae and at the symphysis pubis in the pelvic girdle.
Term
Synovial Joints
Definition
free movable joints
Term
Articular surface or articular cartilage
Definition
A special variety of hyaline cartilage which covers the ends of the bones in the joint. The articular cartilage is wear-resistant, has low friction, and is able to absorb the high forces of compression. no blood vessels or nerves
Term
Joint capsule and ligaments
Definition
hod the bones together and prevent excessive or abnormal movement of the joint.
Term
Synovial membrane
Definition
a vascular lining that forms the inner layer of the joint capsule and covers exposed bony surfaces
Term
Synovial cavity or Joint cavity
Definition
filled with synocial fluid both secreted and absorbed by the synovial membrane. A Synovial fluid is essentially a dialysate of plasma containing mucin secreted by synoviocytes, cells that make up the innermost layer of the synovial membrane. Synovial fluid is a lubricant that has curious physical properties. It is highly viscous if the joint is stationary or moving slowly. During rapid movements, however, its viscosity is highly reduced.
Term
Bursae
Definition
Some synovial joints hace synocial fluid-filled sacs or bursae associated with them. A bursa has a inner lining of synovial membrane, which may be continuous with the synovial membrane of the joints. They cushion between skin and bone, tendons and bone, muscles and bone, or ligaments and bone.
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