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Lecture 08 Membrane found in the body
The Skin, a Special Type of Membrane Involved in regulating Heat Exchange between the body
36
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/15/2010

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Term
Epithelial membrane
Definition
A layer of epithelium overlaying a connective tissue layer.

There are three types: Mucous, Serous, Cutaneous

non epitheal membrane: synovial
Term
Mucous Membrane
Definition
Line structures that open to the outside of your body. These structures include the gastrointestinal, respiratory and reproductive tracts. They consist of various types of epithelium overlying a layer of loose connective tissue.
Term
Mucous Membranes Examples
Definition
-Stratified squamous epithelium lines the oral cavity
-Psuedostratified columnar epithelium lines part of the nasal cavity
-Simple columnar epithelium lines part of the small intestine.

Some mucous membranes hace a layer of smooth muscle called the muscularis mucosae.
Term
Function of Mucus in epithelium
Definition
prevents the membrane from drying out. Mucus also serves to trap particles in the respiratory passages and to lubricate food so that it slides easily down the digestive tract.
Term
Serious Membranes
Definition
line body cavities that do not open to the exterior. They line the thorax and abdomen, and cover the within these tissues

The epithelial layer (simple squamous epithelium) secretes a watery lubricating fluid, serious fluid, that allows organs to slip or glide easily against one another or against the walls of the cavities.
Term
Serous membranes, Pleura
Definition
thoracic cavity and lungs (inflammation of membrane is called pleuritis)
Term
Serous membranes (Pericardium)
Definition
heart cavity and heart (inflammation of this membrane is called pericarditis)
Term
Serous Membrane: Peritoneum
Definition
a very complex membrane that lines the abdominal cavity, and covers the abdominal cavity, and covers the abdominal organs and some pelvic organs (inflammation of this membrane is called peritonitis)
Term
Serous Membrane: Cutaneous membrane
Definition
is the skin, an organ of the integumentary system
Term
Synovial Membranes:
Definition
line the cavities of the freely moveable joints of the skeleton. Examples of these synovial joints are the knee, elbow and shoulder.

Synovial membranes do not have a layer of epithelium. They consist of fribrous connective tissue overlying loose connective tissue and varying amounts of fat.

They secrete synovial fluid, which is a thick fluid that lubricate the articular cartilage covering the ends of the bones within the joint.
Term
Five Physiological Functions of the Skin
Definition
1 Regulation of body temperature
2 Protection
3 Sansation
4 Excrition
5 Synthesis of vitamin D
Term
Skin: Regulation of body temperature.
Definition
Sweating helps to cool the body and reduce the temperature to normal.
Changes in skin blood flow also affect the amount of heat dissipated at the surface of the skin.
Term
Skin: Protection
Definition
Protects the underlying tissues against bacterial invasion, abrasion, dehydration and ultraviolet radiation.
Term
Skin: Sensation
Definition
Skin has specialized sensory receptors that respond to pain, touch, pressure, temperature, tickle and itch.
Term
Excretion (minor function)
Definition
Sweat assists in the excretion of certain organic compounds.
Term
Skin of vitamin D.
Definition
Vitamin D3 or cholecalciferol is synthesized in the skin when its precursor (7-dehydrocholesterol) is exposed to ultraviolet radiation. Cholecalciferol is the converted into the active substance calcitriol in the kidney and liver.
Term
Epidermis
Definition
The outer layer is stratified squamous epithelium. It has no blood vessels.
Specialized cells called melanocytes produce melanin. Protects against ultraviolet radiation. People who cannot synthesize melanin are called albinos.
Term
Layers of the Epidermis (4) - from outside
Definition
a) The stratum corneum - outmost layer consist of keratonized dead cells, lost by abrasion.
b)The stratum granulosum (granular cell layer)
c) The stratum spinosum (prickle cell layer). Bundles of keratin filaments travers the cells and inserted into the desmosome junctions between them.
d) The stratum basale - innermost layer. consist of divind cells (keratinocytes) that gradually push older cells nearer the outer where they from the stratum corneum. Go through keratinization. The malanocytes are found in this layer
Term
Psoriasis
Definition
a condition where the rate of basal cell proliferation is accelerated, the epidermis thickens, cells do not have time to keratinize properly, and shed within a week
Term
Callus or corn

Dandruff
Definition
Excessive rubbing of the skin can also overstimulate cell division in the stratum basale, causing overproduction of stratum corneum.

Dandruff is a condition caused by a yeast fungus (Malassezia). It metabolites sebum causing erratic shedding of stratum corneum cells
Term
Dermis
Definition
It consists mainly of dense, irregularly arranged connective tissue containing interlacing bundles of collagenous and elastic fibers. This arrangement allows the skin to stretch. The dermis projects up into epidermis in little humps called dermal papillae
Term
Subcutaneous layer (hypodermis)
Definition
Lies beneath the dermis. Fibers the dermis anchor the skin to the subcutaneous layer, which is in turn attached to the underlying tissues and organs.

-consists of largely of loose connective tissue and adipose tissue. This layer also contains nerve fibers and blood vessels. The adipose tissue acts as a heat insulator.
Term
Arrector Pili
Definition
a smooth muscle that extends from the dermis to side of the hair follicle. Contracts under the stresses of fright, emotions, cold
Term
Glands: what are the three types
Definition
Sebaceous glands
Sweat (sudoriferous) glands
Ceruminous Glands
Term
Sebaceous glands
Definition
They are hlolocrine glands almost always associated with hair follicles. They secrete an oily material called sebum that keeps the hairs and the skin soft and pliable, forms a protective film that prevents excessive evaporation of water, and inhibits the growth of certain bacteria.

Sometimes an over accumulation of sebum causes acne lesions called blackheads. Pimples or boils often develop, because sebum contains nutrients for certain bacteria. The blackhead is black because it contains melanin and oxidized oil from the sebum.
Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition
Mainly in the skin of the axilla, pubic region and pigmented areas (areolae) of the breast. The ducts of apocrine sewat glands open into hair follicles. Apocrine secretion have an odor, hense the use of deodorants, most of which are applied to the axillary region of the body
Term
Eccrine sweat glands
Definition
Much more common on the body surface, and thir secretion is more wtery than that from apocrine sweat glands. They are present everywhere except for the margins of the lips, nail beds, glans penis, glans clitoris, labia minora, and eardrums. Eccrine glands are most numerous in the skin of the palms and soles (sweaty palms)
Term
Ceruminous glands
Definition
Modified sweat glands found only in the external ear canal. The combined secretion of the ceruminous and sebaceous glands in the external ear canal forms the ear wax
Term
Nail
Definition
Each nail consist of a nail plate (body) that overlies a surface of skin called the nail bed. The nail is produced by epithelial cells the reproduce and undergo keratinization in the half-moon (lunula) region of the nail. The nail junction with the skin at the tip of the finger is called the hyponychium.
Term
Body Cooling: Skin blood vessels dilate
Definition
a) Conduction to the air in contact with the body
b) Convection via air currents passing over the body
c) Radiation to the surrounding walls, ceilings, etc For the naked body, radiation constitutes a major route of heat loss.
Term
Body cooling: Sweating is initiated
Definition
The sweat glands start secreting sweat, which evaporates on the surface of the skin causing evaporative coolling.
Term
Superficial, Epidermal Wounds
Definition
This type of wound extends as far as the dermis, and entails loss of the stratum germinativum. Basal epithelial cells multiply and migrate laterally to fill the gap.
Term
Deep Wounds: Inflammatory phase
Definition
A vascular and cellular response that removes pathogen (e.g. bacteria), foreign material and dying tissue in preparation for repair. A blood clot forms in the wound and loosely unites the wound edges,
Term
Deep Wounds: Migratory phase
Definition
Clot begins to form a scab, epithelial cells migrate beneath scab to bridge the wound, fibroblasts begin synthesizing scar tissue and damaged blood vessels begin to regrow by a process called angiogenesis. Tissue filling the is called granulation tissue.
Term
Deep Wounds: Proliferative phase
Definition
Extensive growth of epithelial cells, deposition of collagen fibers by fibroblasts, continued growth of blood vessels.
Term
Deep Wound: Maturation phase
Definition
Scab sloughs off, scar tissue remains
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