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Lecture 07 Tissues of the Body
Epithelial tissues, Connective tissues, Muscle Tissues, Nervous tissue
41
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/14/2010

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Term
Epithelial Tissue
Definition
consists of sheets of cells that cover all the surfaces in the body.
Term
Basement Membrane
Definition
Ancors the Epithelial Tissue
Contains: Collagen IV, Proteoglycans, and a protein calles Laminin
Term
Epithelial Mutations
Definition
Mutations in the genes for collagen or proteoglycans can lead to a number of heritable disorders affecting skeleton

More than 85% of all cancers arise from mutation in epithelial cells
Term
Simple squamous epithelium
Definition
lines the air sacs (alveoli) of the lungs, the interiors of blood vessels (where it is called vascular endothelium), and membranes in the thrax and abdomen. The cells are thin and flattened, so that substances diffuse easily through them.
Term
Simple cuboidal epithelium.
Definition
A single layer of cube-shaped cells. Lines ducts of various glands, kidney tubules. Functions in secretion and absorption
Term
Simple columnar epithelium
Definition
this epithelium is thicker.
Found lining the gut and uterus. Aside from providing some protection for the underlying tissues, this type epithelium functions in secretion and abosortption.
Usually have microvilli to help create surface area.
Term
Pseudostratified columnar
Definition
Appears to be stratified, but is not. It also have goblet cells (produces mucus). The cells usually have cilia (hair sweepers)
Term
Stratified squamos
Definition
has many layers of flat cells. The cells next to the basement are dividing and pushing older cells near the surface.

Found in the mouth, throat, vagina, anal canal, (these cells are not keratinized.)

Skin is Keratinized (made harder)
Term
Transitional
Definition
Also known as uroepithelium because it lines the urinary bladder and urinary tract. its cuboidal cells provide an expandable and relatively impermeable lining to the bladder.
Term
What are glands?
Definition
Glands are collections of cells that secrete substances. there are two major types of gland.
Term
Endocrine Glands
Definition
secretions pass straight into the blood stream. (throid, pancreas, pituitary)

the products they secrete (insulin, sex hormones, groth hormones.)
Term
Exocrine Glands
Definition
Glands where the cells secrete into ducts that open into a surface
(sweat glands, salicary glands)
Term
Types of Glands:
Merocrine glands (2 types)
Definition
Serous merocrine glands have watery secretions (e.g. seat glands, some salivary glands)
Mucous merocrine glands hace this secretions (e.g. glands found in the respitory tubes, some salivary glands)
Term
Type of Glands:
Halocrine glands
Definition
Secrete entire cells laden with secretory cell product (e.g. sebaceous glands in the skin). the cells then disintegrate, releasing the secretory product.
Term
Function of Connective tissue
Definition
1. Binds structures together
2. Supports and protects
3. Serves as a framework
4. Fills up spaces
5. Stores fat
6. In some places, it generates blood cells
7. Protects against infections
8. Helps repair tissue damage
Term
Connective tissue Matrix contains;
Definition
two types of fibers: collagenous and elastic

Ground substance
Term
Connective tissue Matrix contains;
Definition
two types of fibers: collagenous and elastic

Ground substance
Term
Collagenous fiber
Definition
white fibers compsed of collagen. Collagens are major body proteins, consising of three intertwined amino acid chains, where every third amino acid chain is a glycine. The amino acids proline and hydroxyproline are also important in holding the structure of the molecule together.
Term
Elastic fibers
Definition
yellow fibers composed mainly of the protein elastin, buy also contain a protein called fibrillin
Term
Ground substance
Definition
a gel-like material composed of special protein molecules to which are attached large amounts of carbohydrates. These molecules are called proteoglycans. They are present in all tisues and organs. They bind water, and play an important role in maintaing the hydration.
Term
Fibroblasts cells
Definition

Function:

 

cells that produce fiber!

Term
Macrophages
Definition
Motile phagocytic cells

Function: Clear foreign particles from tissues. Also part of the immune system and important in inflamation
Term
Mast cells
Definition
Large cells packed with granules, usually located near blood vessels.

Function: Release substances that help prevent blood clotting and promote the inflammatory response
Term
White blood cells
Definition
Move into connective tissue during the inflammation response
Term
Specialized cells
Definition
Found in the lacunae of cartilage (chondrocytes) and bone (osteocytes)

Function: Synthesis and maintenance of cartilage and bone
Term
Loose Connective Tissue
(areolar connective tissue)
Definition
Composed of both collagenous and elastic fibers randomly dispersed in the matrix. Numerous fibroblasts are present.

Both flexibility and strength. It binds tissues together yet allows flexibility and elasticity. It is found surrounding blood vessels and nerves, muscle groups, and binding skin to underlying muscles.
Term
Adipose Tissue
Definition
No fiber, made up adipocyte cell

Store tryglycerides (fat cells) - represent the body's most important energy resourse
(fills spaces, cushions and holds organs in place, acts as a shock absorber, insulates, and give shape.)
Term
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
Definition
Densely packed and arranged parallel to the direction of the force. Interspersed among the collagen fibers are elastin fibers. Tissue has a poor blood supply that makes the healing process slow.
Term
Dense regular tissue: Tendons
Definition
attach muscle muscle to bone
Term
Dense Regular tissue: ligaments
Definition
attach bone to bone
Term
Dense Regular tissue: Aponeuroses
Definition
sheet-like tendons connecting one muscle with another or with bone
Term
Dense Irregular connective tissue
Definition
interwoven in three dimensions like a basket weave. Provides strength in all different directions.

locations: dermis of skin, sheaths covering muscles, nerves, the adventitia of blood vessels. Capsules, membrane covering cartilage (perichondrium) and bone (presidium)
Term
Elastic Connective tissue
Definition
made by protein elastin. This tissue can be stretched to about one and a half times.

Present in the walls of arteries, in the trachea and lungs, in the larynx, and between adjacent vertebrae
Term
Reticular Connective Tissue
Definition
Made up of a network of thin collagen fibers. It provides a supporting framework for a number of organs: liver, spleen, and lymph nodes
Term
Cartilage
Definition
contains collagen and elastic fibers.

is avascular (contains no blood vessels. Nutrients are supplied from blood vessels in the perichondrium, a layer of dense irregular connective tissue that covers its surface.
Term
Marfan syndrome
Definition
a disease caused by mutation or mutations in the gene fibrillin 1. Causes abnomalities in connective tissue
Term
What is Muscle tissue?
Definition
Mucle tissue consists of elongated cells called muscle fibers. Muscle are highly specialized for contraction and the conequent generation of force.
Term
Skeletal muscle
Definition
Its is attached to the bones of the skeleton. It is also called striated muscle, because its fibers are traversed with a pattern of alternating light and and dark linees, or striations.
This muscle is voluntary, because it can be made to contract and relax by voluntary control.
Term
Smooth musle
Definition
lacks striations. it is sometimes called nonstriated musles for that reason. Each cell has one nucleus. Found in the walls of hollow internal stuctures such as blood vessels, the stomach, intestines, and urinary bladder. Smooth muscle fibers contract involuntarily.
Term
Cardiac Muscle
Definition
is fond only in the heart. It is striated like skeletal muscle, but is involuntary and spontaneously rhythmic.
The cells in cardiac muscle are joined together by intercalated disks(send electrical escitment).
Term
Nervous Tissue
Definition
makes up the brain, spinal cord and peripheral nerves. Nervous tissue is composed of two types of cell, neurons and neuroglia.
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