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Lecture 04 - Biology of the Cell
the cell
20
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
09/21/2010

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Term
The plasma membrane
Definition
It encloses the cell, and prevents the contents from escaping. All substances go through the plasma membrane. These substances include ions such as potassium and sodium, which have special ion-selective channels in the membrane.
Term
Bilayer of phospholid
Definition
The lipid bilayer is freely permeable to lipid-soluble substances such as oxygen and carbon dioxide. In contrast, the lipid bilayer is impermeable to water soluble substances such as sugars, amino acids ions. etc
Term
Cholestrol
Definition
is a lipid that is the second determinant of membrane fluidity, and that also important in stabilizing the membrane.
Term
Glycolipids
Definition
are found in the outer half of the bilayer. They contain monosaccharide sugars, which point outwards from the cell surface
Term
Integral proteins
Definition
embedded in the membrane. If they span it, they are called transmembrane proteins.
Term
Peripheral proteins
Definition
are bound to the surface of the membrane.
Term
Carbohydrates in plasma membrane
Definition
Carbohydrates are found attached to lipids or proteins in glycolipids and glycoproteins. They may play a role in cell-cell interaction and cell recognition.
Term
Tight junctions
Definition
Often between cells in an epithelial sheet. Tight junctions close the spaces between cells by fusing neighboring membranes. They also segregate proteins in the apical surface of an epithelium from those in the basal surface.
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
spot-welds between adjacent cells that reinforce the tissue. Found between cells in the skin. In the disease pemphigus individuals make antibodies against the desmosomes in the skin which can cause leakage of extracellular fluid into the loosened epithelium.
Term
Gap junctions
Definition
couple cells electrically and chemically. Important in cardiac muscle
Term
Endoplasmic reticulum
Definition
Complex network of inter-conected membranes that form flattened sacs, elongated canals and vesicles. Important for the synthesis of proteins and lipids. Rough has ribosomes, Smooth doesn't
Term
Ribosomes
Definition
particles composed of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and about 80 different ribosomal proteins. They play a vital role in protein synthesis, and are responsible for joining the individual amino acids together during this process. Ribosomes are assembled in the nucleolus of nucleus an move to the cell cytoplasm, where protein synthesis occurs.
Term
Golgi apparatus
Definition
Proteins are first assembled in the endoplasmic reticulum, transported to the Golgi, and those that are destined for secretion are moved from there to the cell surface. The golgi is prominent in cells that specialize in the secretions of proteins.
Term
Mitochondria
Definition
contain all the enzymes needed to produce most of the energy required by a cell.they use oxygen to oxidize glucose and fatty acids
Term
Lysomes
Definition
Membrane-bound organelles that contain powerful enzymes that are specialized for digestion, and can break down proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. These enzymes digest foreign particles such as bacteria
Term
Peroxisomes
Definition
Membrane-bound organelles particularly abundant i liver and kidney - bags of enzymes. These enzymes breakdown fatty acids, synthesize cholesterol, and make parts of myelin sheeth that surrounds many nerve axons
Term
Centrosome
Definition
Is an area in the cell where microtubles are produced.
Term
Vesicles
Definition
present in cells around the Golgi and are involved in endocytosis and exocytosis. They may contain a variety of substances, such as hormones or neurotransmitters.
Term
Tumor suppressor genes
Definition
Inactivation of a tumor suppressor gene causes cancer
Term
Proto-oncogenes
Definition
Activation of a proto-ocogene cause cancer
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