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Lecture 02
Terms, Vocabulary & Concepts
34
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
01/31/2012

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Term
circulatory system
Definition
Term
digestive system
Definition
Term
endocrine system
Definition
Term
integumentary system
Definition
Term
lymphatic system
Definition
Term
muscular system
Definition
Term
nervous system
Definition
Term
reproductive system
Definition
Term
skeletal system
Definition
Term
urinary system
Definition
Term
eukaryote
Definition
Term
plasma membrane
Definition
Term
dorsal cavity
Definition
protests the nervous system and is divided into two subdivisions: cranial cavity (encases the brain) and the vertebral cavity (encases the spinal cord)
Term
ventral cavity 
Definition
houses the internal organs (viscera) and is divided into two subdivisions: thoracic (heart & lungs) and the abdominopelvic which is further divided into the abdominal cavity (digestive viscera, e.g. stomach) and the pelvic cavity (bladder & some reproductive organs)
Term
Ventral Body Cavity Membranes
Definition
  • Parietal serosa lines the internal body walls
  • Visceral serosa covers the internal organs (i.e. visceral --> viscera)
  • Serous fluid separates the serosae, preventing friction caused by organs rubbing against each other
Term
Organ Systems: Integunentary
Definition
  • Provides protection, heat, defensem, and endocrine
  • Includes: skin, hair, nails, sweat/oil glands
Term
Organ Systems: Skeletal
Definition

Provides protection, locomotion, and metabolic activities

 

Includes: bones, joints, cartilage, ligaments, & bone marro 

Term
Organ Systems: Muscular
Definition

Provides movement, heat, and posture

 

Includes skeletal muscles, tendons, and aponeuroses

Term
Organ Systems: Nervous
Definition

Collects and processes information

 

Includes brain, spinal cord, nerves, and sensory organs

Term
Organ Systems: Endocrine
Definition

Provides communication, regulation and integration of body systems

 

Inclues: hypothalamus, pituitary, pineal body, thyroid, parathyroids, adrenal glands, thymus, ovary testis, pancreas

Term
Organ Systems:  Cardiovascular
Definition

Functions to pump blood to and from the body.

 

Includes: heart, blood, arteries, veins, capillaries

Term
Organ Systems: Respiratory
Definition

Functions to exchange gas, supply oxygen and to remove carbon dioxide

 

Includes: nasal cavity, pharynx, larync, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Term
Organ Systems: Urinary
Definition

Provides fluid balance, electrolyte balance, and excreation of waste products

 

Includes: kidneys, ureters, bladder, and urethra

Term
Plasma Membrane
Definition
  • Isolates cellular contents from external environment; provides mechanism to control constant intracellular environment
  • Outer surface can adhere to the extracellular matirx and other cells through integrins (transmembrne proteins)
  • Plasma membrane interacts with cytoskeletal elements to determine cell shape and movement
Term
Integrins
Definition
  • Proteins receptors that mediate attachment b/t a cell and the tissues surrounding it.
  • Integrins also play a role in cell signal transduction.
  • Allows the plasma membrane to adhere to the extracellular matrix.
Term
extracellular environment - interstital fluid
Definition
  • Contains many substances need by the body; substances produced as waste and being transported elsewhere; or substances ingested or exposed to it; it bathes and surrounds the cells
  • Similar composition to plasma
Term
Internal Environment - Cytoplasm
Definition
  • Material between the cell membrane and nucleus:
    • Cytosol
    • Cytoplasmic organelles
    • Inclusions (non-living substances including nutrients, lipid droplets, melanin, etc.)
Term
Membrane Junction: Tigh Junction
Definition
  • A junction in which the plasma membranes of adjacent cells fuse together.
  • Attach by interlocking junctional proteins.
  • It is an "impermeable" junction
  • Most minerals absorbed by the body are transferred through the tight junctions of the intestinal cells.
Term
Membrane Junctions: Desosome-Anchoring
Definition
  • Junction scattered along the sides of cells; found in cells that are subjected to pulling forces
  • Integrin protein link
Term
Membrane Junctions: Gap Junction
Definition
  • A nexus that allows chemical substances to pass between cells
  • A channel forms b/t neighboring integrin proteins.
Term
Tay Sachs Disease
Definition
  • A Lysososmal Storage Disease
  • A recessive genetic disorder that results in insufficient activity of the lysosomal enxyme hexosaminidase A which catalyzes the biodegradation of lipids
  • Nerve cells become distended with gangliosides which is visible as a large red spot in the back of the eye. Gangliosides accumulates in the brain and causes cell death
  • A loss-of-function disease, often due to a mutation in a protein that impacts: balance in protein folding, trafficking, degradation, and alters protein homeostasis
  • Patients with TSD become blind, deaf, cannot swallow, have muscle paralysis, and infants have an increased startle reflex.
Term
Adrenoleukodystrophy
Definition

A genetic disorder in which there is a multation in the ABCD1 gene that encodes a peroxisomal membrane transporter.

  • People with ALD accumulate high levels of saturated bery long chain fatty acids in the brain and adrenal cortex.
  • There is progressive myelin dmage and destruction.
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