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Latin American History since 1824 FINAL
N/A
51
History
Undergraduate 2
12/16/2012

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Term
Bureaucratic Authoritarianism
Definition
Radical neoliberal regimes that used coercion to suppress threats to capitalism, widening rich-poor gap.
Term
"Internal Enemy"
Definition
The justification, by radical regimes, of turning political opponents into military ones.
Term
Argentina: "Nunca Mas"
Definition
Report conducted by the Alfonsin regime in the mid-1980s to investigate the "desaparecidos."
Term
Brazil: "Nunca Mais"
Definition
Report by Arns and Wright documenting the accounts of over 17,000 victims of human rights abuses.
Term
Paulo Friere
Definition
20th century Brazilian philosopher, author of "Pedagogy of the Oppressed" and proponent of "liberation theology."
Term
Liberation Theology
Definition
Political movement within the Catholic Church in the 1950s-60s to interpret Jesus' teachings through the experiences of the poor and oppressed.
Term
The Brazilian Miracle
Definition
The period of rapid economic growth (and polarization of wealth) experienced during the military regimes of the late 1960s-70s.
Term
Abertura
Definition
The final years of the military regime, 1979-1985, when repression of social groups and opposition parties was relaxed.
Term
Jose Batlle y Ordonez
Definition
President of Uruguay, 1903-1907, 1911-1915
Term
Tupamaros
Definition
A communist guerrilla movement in Uruguay in the 1960s-70s, named after Inca revolutionary Tupac Amaru II.
Term
Libertad Prison
Definition
Notorious destination for Uruguayan political prisoners, subject of attempted human rights investigations.
Term
"Lending Bonanza"
Definition
Period during the 1960s-70s when private Western banks made sovereign debt agreements with Latin American nations, whose economies were temporarily surging.
Term
Debt Crisis
Definition
Period of the early 1980s when Latin American nations' foreign debt began to exceed output potential, and many were forced to default on loans.
Term
The Lost Decade
Definition
Refers to the economic stagnation in Latin America during the 1980s that resulted from the foreign loan crisis.
Term
Neoliberalism
Definition
Refers to policies that deregulate trade and enhance the role of the private sector in economic development.
Term
NAFTA
Definition
The North American Free Trade Agreement - the establishment of a trilateral trade bloc between Canada, the U.S. and Mexico, ratified in 1994.
Term
Maquiladoras
Definition
Manufacturing operations in a free-trade zone, usually involving U.S. firms sending raw goods to Mexico for assembly/processing duty-free.
Term
Zapatistas
Definition
A revolutionary leftist movement originating in Chiapas, Mexico.  They primarily seek libertarian freedom from state incursion into property rights.
Term
Subcomandante Marcos
Definition
The main spokesman for the Zapatista movement.
Term
Hugo Chavez
Definition
President of Venezuela, 1999-present, advocating socialist reforms and the "Bolivarian Revolution," close ally of the Castro regime in Cuba.
Term
Tabare Vazquez
Definition
President of Uruguay, 2005-2010, major proponent of social welfare reforms, member of the leftist Frente Amplio.
Term
Jose Mujica
Definition
President of Uruguay, 2010-present, philanthropist, member of leftist Frente Amplio.
Term
Luiz Inacio Lula da Silva
Definition
President of Brazil, 2002-present, strong advocate of worker/union rights, wildly popular with citizens.
Term
Dilma Rousseff
Definition
President of Brazil, 2010-present, participated in socialist guerrilla movements in younger life, diverse political views, socially conservative, fiscally liberal.
Term
Nestor Kirchner
Definition
President of Argentina, 2003-2007, a justicialist, best known for attacking the amnesty of members of military regimes responsible for the desaparecidos.
Term
Cristina Fernandez de Kirchner
Definition
President of Argentina, 2007-present, a justicialist, Peronist, advocating women's rights. 
Term
Michelle Bachelet
Definition
President of Chile, 2006-2010, current head of UN Women, and a strong advocate of depolarization of wealth.
Term
Sebastian Pinera
Definition
President of Chile, 2010-present, wealthy businessman before taking office, term receiving lukewarm reviews thus far.
Term
Alliance for Progress
Definition
Policy of the Kennedy administration, put into effect in 1961, to increase economic cooperation between U.S. and Latin America, resulting in tripling of aid to the region in one fiscal year.
Term
National Security Doctrine
Definition
U.S. policy towards Latin America has revolved around Monroe Doctrine ideas of excluding other foreign actors, and maintaining trade and security control.
Term
School of the Americas
Definition
Located at Ft. Benning, GA, WHINSEC is a U.S. government program that trained many Latin American military officers who participated in repressive regimes in the 1960s-80s.
Term
Salvador Allende
Definition
President of Chile, 1970-73, first Marxist elected in Latin America, promoted nationalization of industrial power.
Term
"The Chilean Road to Socialism"
Definition
The broad name for the nationalization efforts of the Allende regime.
Term
Augusto Pinochet
Definition
President of Chile, 1973-1990, right-wing proponent of the free market, influenced by the neoliberal economic policies of the Chicago School.
Term
"Ten Years of Spring"
Definition
Period beginning with the election of former exile Juan Jose Arevalo to replace Ubico regime in Guatemala, characterized by social reforms, particular protections of workers' rights.
Term
Juan Jose Arevalo
Definition
President of Guatemala, 1944-54, popular among working class for social and economic reforms.
Term
"Spiritual Socialism"
Definition
The policy platform of President Arevalo of Guatemala, advocating land redistribution and workers' rights.
Term
Jacobo Arbenz
Definition
President of Guatemala, 1951-54, strong advocate of land reform, ousted in a U.S.-organized coup.
Term
Decree 900
Definition
A 1952 policy of the Arbenz administration to redistribute large land holdings among local peasants.
Term
Colonel Castillo Armas
Definition
A Guatemalan military officer, figurehead of the CIA-led coup to oust Arbenz in 1954, and president until his assassination in 1957.
Term
Fidel Castro
Definition
President of Cuba, 1976-2008, leftist, anti-imperialist advocate, leader of the overthrow of the U.S.-backed Batista regime.
Term
Che Guevara
Definition
An Argentine Marxist revolutionary, major leader of the Cuban revolution.
Term
Bay of Pigs Invasion
Definition
The unsuccessful effort by U.S.-backed Democratic Revolutionary Front in Cuba to overthrow the Marxist Torrado regime.
Term
Populism
Definition
Political movement in many Latin American nations, centered on charismatic leadership, usually bringing about an urban working class, and reformist policies.
Term
Jose Velasco Ibarra
Definition
President of Ecuador five times, influential populist, focused on development of infrastructure and public works.
Term
Jorge Gaitan
Definition
Colombian politician and presidential candidate until his assassination in 1948, charismatic populist, champion of workers' rights and unions.
Term
Juan and Eva Peron
Definition
Presidential couple of Argentina, charismatic leaders, proponents of labor reforms and economic independence. Juan served from 1946-55 and 1973-4.
Term
Getulio Vargas
Definition
Populist president of Brazil from 1930-45, 51-54, favoring centralized industrialization, known as the "Father of the Poor."
Term
Favelas
Definition
Brazilian urban shantytowns, originating out of housing demand from impoverished African former slaves.
Term
Carolina Maria de Jesus
Definition
Author of "Child of the Dark," a first-hand account of the life of Brazil's impoverished working class.
Term
ISI
Definition
Import-substituting Industrialization: Theory behind period of state-financed industrialization and growth of production in many Latin American nations during the 1950s-80s.
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