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Period in which the liberals were able to introduce all the ideas since colonization
Benito Jaurez, a Zapotec Indian lawyer
He was a great liberal leader in Mexico during the 1850s and 60s.
Juarez law(1855): abolition of fueros(affected military and church)
Lerdo law(1856): restrictions on collective landholding (affected church and Indians)
Constitution of 1857: Everyone/thing must be useful... religious tolerance, qualifications, easier for private landowners to buy and use land, decrease the # of priests working as teachers and the # of hours religion is taugh in school
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changes during the second half of the 19th century:
Economic: new infrastructure: benefited upper and middle classes, Haciendas encroached upon the indigenous. Greater demand for salaried labor force, foreign loans and investments
social: "enclaves"-company towns, investors in separate quarters, rural-urban migration, urbanizations, education and social mobility, growing middle class and emerging working class.
Political: managed elections (clientelism), expansion of state, growing offical use of force(monopolize_, nationalist rhetoric
Urbanization: Sometimes doubled and quadrupled city size
Infrastructure: outlay, architecture, tramways, subways, inspired by paris
Further Westernization
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| Relationship between Latin America, Europe and U.S. focused on exportation of raw materials- importation of manufactures and captial. Capital needs to be productive: once earned, invested. European countries and the United States increased interest in L.A. |
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| Counter to the dependency theory. the spread of European and North American capital, ivestments, values, technology, ad immigrants to Latin American was positive rather than negative. The benefits of progres and modernization were slowly diffused to Latin America, spreading to Latin America like ripples to a pond. The center of the ripples, labeled "metropolis" was Europe and North America, where invention and industrialization were proceeding rapidly. The effects would spread throughout the world promoting prosperity and change in a gradual manner. |
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| another way to describe dependency. U.S. role in Latin America in the 19th century gradually grew at the expense of the British. Although not a formal colony of Europe, Latin America continued to bea neocolony of Europe and north America, increasingly dependent on economic fashion |
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| Forced payment given by a Peruvian elite to an indigenous Amer-Indian. These debts were in high interest and oftern could not be paid back by the fruits of the harvest or regular labor. This was a source of income for many of the elite criollos and was seen as a barbaric pratice in Matto de Turner's Killac in "Torn from the Nest" |
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| In the context of torn from the nest this was forced Indian labor |
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Poder Moderador:
moderating power |
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Emperor Pedro I (1822-34) Brazil
He was the moderating, harmonizer of the various regional interests.
Relative economic and political stability
Plantation economy (based on slave labor)
because of him passing on the power to his son Pedro II, and establighing Brazil as a separate equal empire, independence was peaceful and a marvel in latin America. |
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| 1888. Emanicpation of Slavery in Brazil. During the Rule of Emperor Peter II. Led to the proclomation of the Republic (1889) the ed of the slaved system led to land-owners to withdraw support from the emperor. |
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| In 1845 the United States annexed Texas in a wave of intense nationalism and expansionism known as _______. Mexico, whom Texas was once part of, rejected this agression. The Americans claimed that Texas reached all the way down to the Rio Grande, This led to the Battle of the Alamo American armies invaded mexico. The Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo (1848) not only stripped Mexico of Texas, but New Mexico and California (dividing their territory in half) |
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Order and Progress
sprang from the writings of French philosopher Auguste Comte, humans would base their thinking and actions on empirical, scientific observations.
Based on export economy, complimented by Nationalism:
allowed the Latin American elites to have greater revenues out of the Latin American sales.
Conflicts among L.A.:more disputes about Latin American territory and ownership
Conflicts outside: some Euro countries tried to take over L.A. trade.
led to Modernity/change (mexico) La Reforma, reforma war w/french intervention, (Argentina) first Argentins constitution, Domingo Sarmiento (Peru) Abolitions of slavery, indigenism (Brazil) Triple Alliance War, proclomation of the Republic
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| "Civilization or Barbarism" |
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A quote by Domingo Sarmiento in Facundo, liberal writer of the generation of '37 criticizing the
Post Independence Instability of Argentina. Most of these writers went into exils where they would gain popular support and escape the wrath of the caudillo Rosas.
In this people had to choose either the city (effective law enforcement where people were educated) or the country where (caudillos, corruption, lack of education, force, ignorance, patronage, Gauchos) |
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Related to European demand, European companies had a growing power in the affairs of Latin American Government
First and second Industrial Revolution increasing demand for raw materials
Tech chances: steamships, railroads, telegraph, gas and electric lighting, refrigeration
Raw materials:
Beef (Arg, Brazil)
Coffee (brazil Columbia, C. America, S. Mexico, P. Rico)
Sugar(Cuba, Peru)
Minerals(Mexico, Peru, Bolivia, Chile)
Rubber(Amazonia)
Bananas (C. America, Venezuala, Columbia Ecuador)-U.Fruit Company
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Originally European, strengthedn bu international wars, concern over territory and natural resources. Def. Idealogy that claims that the state shoudl embody a national community united by ethnicity, religion, language, common culture- and history. It is a beaurocratic apparatus represented by a minority imagined community.
Tried to request European immigrants to mix and hemogenize culture, tried to make spanis, tried to teach national history, culture and spanish in the schools. |
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a tithe is a religious payment to the church. For some this is in monetary taxes, for others who could not pay, they were condemned to serve as Pongos to the clergy.
After some debate, Indians in colonial Spanish America were forced to pay tithes on their production of European agricultural products, including wheat, silk, cows, pigs, and sheep. The tithe was abolished in several Latin American countries, including Mexico, soon after independence from Spain (which started in 1810); others, including Argentina and Peru still collect tithes today for the support of the Catholic Church. |
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| seen in the Catholic Church and Military. This is a court that is separate from the state and the guilty are not tried by the citizens but instead their church or military peers. Benito Juarez made the "Juarez law" to remove these fueros in La Reforma of Mexico in 1855 |
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