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365
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
05/05/2017

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
DESCRIBE URINE
Definition
- URINE AFTER IT LEAVE THE COLLECTING DUCTS IS NO LONGER CALLED FILTRATE
Term
WHAT IS THE ROUTE OF URINE?
Definition

- CALYX

-  RENAL PELVIS

- URETER

- URINARY BLADDER

- URETHRA TO OUT OF BODY

Term
WHAT IS THE ROUTE OF URINE?
Definition

- CALYX

-  RENAL PELVIS

- URETER

- URINARY BLADDER

- URETHRA TO OUT OF BODY

Term

ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEY:

ROUTE OF URINE

Definition
[image]
Term
DESCRIBE THE BLADDER
Definition

- BOTH URETERS ENTER IN THE POSTERIOR/INTERIOR AREA OF THE BLADDER

- HOLLOW MUSCULAR ORGAN IN PELVIC CAVITY

- HOLDS AROUND 700-800 ML OF URINE

- PERITONEAL FOLDS HOLD BLADDER IN PLACE

Term
WHAT ARE THE MUSCULAR LAYERS OF THE BLADDER CALLED?
Definition

- THE THREE LAYERS OF THE SMOOTH MUSCLE CALLED DETRUSOR MUSCLE

 

Term
DESCRIBE THE DETRUSOR MUSCLE
Definition

- ALLOWS BLADDER TO EXPAND AND APPEAR ROUND AND PEAR-SHAPED AS IT FILLS WITH URINE

- WHEN EMPTY LOOKS LIKE A DEFLATED BALLOON

- CONTRACTIONS GENERATE PRESSURE TO EXPEL URINE THROUGH URETHRA AND OUT OF BODY

Term
DESCRIBE THE ANATOMY OF THE URETHRA?
Definition

- SMALL TUBE LEADING FROM FLOOR OF BLADDER TO EXTERIOR OF BODY

- TWO SPHINCTERS ARE FOUND IN THE PERINEUM (SAME AREA IN BOTH MALES AND FEMALE)

- INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

Term
DESCRIBE THE TWO MUSCLES IN THE URETHRA?
Definition

 - INTERAL AND EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH AND VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE

Term
DESCRIBE THE URETHRA ANATOMY IN MALES
Definition

- PASSES VERTICALLY THROUGH PROSTATE, DEEP PERINEAL MUSCLES, AND UP THROUGH THE PENIS

- SERVES AS A DUCT FOR URINE AS WELL AS SEMEN

- EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE IS AT THE END OF THE PENIS BUT NO SPHINCTER IS PRESENT

Term
DESCRIBE THE ANATOMY OF THE URETHRA IN FEMALES
Definition

- EMBEDDED IN FRONT WALL OF VAGINA

- EXTERNAL URETHRAL ORIFICE IS BETWEEN THE CLITORIS AND VAGINAL OPENING

- SHORTENED LENGTH MAKES UTI MORE PRONE FROM EXTERNAL BACTERIA

Term
WHAT IS THE TERM USED TO DESCRIBE URINATION?
Definition
- MICTURITITION
Term
DESCRIBE MICTURITION REFLEX
Definition

- AS URINE ACCUMULATES IN THE BLADDER, A REFLEX IS STIMULATED TO START THE PROCESS OF MICTURITION

- SMOOTH MUSCLES OF BLADDER AND BOTH URETHRAL SPHINCTERS ARE INNERVATED BY THE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVOUS SYSTEM

- CEREBAL CORTEX CAN TEMPORARILY SUPPRESS THE REFLEX THROUGH THE EXTERNAL URETHRAL SPHINCTER

Term
WHAT ARE THE BODY FLUIDS COMPOSED OF?
Definition

- 45-75% OF WATER COMPOSES THE TOTAL BODY MASS (DEPENDING ON AGE/GENDER/FITNESS)

 

Term
WHERE ARE THE BODY FLUIDS FOUND IN?
Definition

- TWO MAJOR COMPARTMENTS

- INTRACELLULAR AND EXTRACELLULAR FLUID

Term
WHAT IS INTRACELLULAR FLUID?
Definition

- 2/3 OF BODY FLUID IS LOCATED IN INTRACELLULAR FLUID

- WITHIN THE CELLS

Term
DESCRIBE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Definition

- OUTSIDE OF THE ELL

- 1/3 OF BODY FLUID HERE

- CAN BE DIVIDED INTO TWO MAJOR SECTIONS

(INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND PLASMA)

Term
DESCRIBE THE TWO MAJOR SECTIONS OF THE EXTRACELLULAR FLUID
Definition

- INTERSTITIAL FLUID (BETWEEN CELLS AND TISSUES)

- PLASMA (IN BLOOD)

Term
DESCRIBE THE EXCHANGE OF BODY FLUIDS
Definition

- FLUIDS CAN BE EXCHANGED BETWEEN CELLS AND SURROUNDING INTERSTITIAL FLUID DUE TO SELECTIVELY PERMABLE NATURE OF CELL MEMBRANES

- FLUID CAN BE EXCHANGED BETWEEN INTERSTITIAL FLUID AND THE BLOOD PLASMA IN CAPILLARIES

- IS CONTINUOUS TO MAINTAIN HOMEOSTASIS

Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF ELECTROLYTES?
Definition

- FLUID BALANCE DEPENDS ON ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

- ELECTROLYTES ARE COMPOUNDS THAT SEPARATE INTO IONS WHEN DISSOLVED IN WATER AND CONDUCTS ELECTRICITY

Term
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF ELECTROLYTES?
Definition

- NA+, CL-,KControls Osmosis of water between fluid compartments

- H+ and HCO3- maintain acid-base balance required for normal cellular activities

NA+, K+, CA2+ carry electrical current for action potentials

CA2+ and Mg2+ are cofactors for enzymes

 

Term
What is Osmosis control?
Definition

- Osmosis gradient, and therefore water movement, is regulated by distribution of electrolytes in:

Plasma

Interstitial Fluid

Intracellular Fluid

 

Term
How much percent accounts for osmotic pressure of extracellular fluid and what type?
Definition
- 50% Na+
Term
What is the role of kidneys in osmotic pressure?
Definition

- Kidneys integral in acchieving and maintaining fluid and electrolyte homeostasis

(excretes excess water through dilute urine and electrolytes through ceonentrate urine)

- Kidneys also integral in blood pressure regulation

(Changes in water levels can change blood volume and consequently blood pressure)

Term
Describe water balance
Definition

- Homeostasis is maintained by equal gain and loss of about 2500 ml

- Water has three ways is taken by body:

Drinking

Eating foods that contain water

Chemical reactions (metabolic water)

Term
What are the four ways water is lost from the body?
Definition

- Excretion by kidneys

- Evaporation from skin surface

- Exhalation from lungs

- Feces elimination

Term
Describe the diffferent types of dehydration
Definition

- Water loss is greater then water gain

- Excercise

- Working in hot environment

- Not drinking eough water

- Vomitting

- Diarrhea

Term
Describe Osmoreceptors
Definition

- Located in hypothalamus

(Sense fluid level changes and stimulates posterior piuitary to secret antidiuretic hormone ADH)

- ADH stimulates

(water reabsorption in kidney and therefore producred concentrated urine)

(Drinking more fluids)

- ADH also makes the distal convulted tubules and collecting ducts water permeable for reabsorption of water

Term
Describe Renin-Anguiotensin-Aldosterone System
Definition

- Cells in afferent arteriole of nephron sense a drop in blood volume as occurs in dehydration and release the enzyme renin

(Renin through several steps activates angiotensin II which triggers the secretion of aldosterone in the adrenal glands)

- Aldosterone increases sodium reabsorption in kidney (1-4% filtered sodium)

(Since water follows sodium through osmosis water reabsorption occurs to restore blood volume and pressure)

 

Term
Describe Atrial Natruiretic Peptide (ANP)
Definition

- Hormone released by heart when blood volume and blood presure are too high (From excessive fluid intake or excessive salt consumption)

- Acts on kidney directly and indrectly to excrete more water and sodium

Term
How is Homeostasis pH maintained in the Body?
Definition

- Three methods for maintaining pH:

Buffer systems in the blood and intracelllular compartments

Exhalation of carbon dioxide

Kidney excretion of H+ or HCO3-

 

Term
What is acidosis
Definition
- Blood pH is below 7.35
Term
What is Alkalosis
Definition
- Blood pH is higher then 7.45
Term
Describe protein buffers
Definition

- Most abbundant buffer in intracellular fluid and blood plasma

- In the blood hemoglobin and albumin can release or combine with H+ to maintain pH

Term
Describe Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate buffers
Definition

- Bicarbonate can act as weak base

- Carbonic Acid can act as weak acid

- Works with kidneys and lungs to maintain homeostasis

Term
What is the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System in the Lungs equation?
Definition

- Equation for this buffer system:

CO2+H2O <-> H2CO3 <-> HCO3- + H+

Term
Describe the Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System in the Lungs
Definition

- Increasing rate and depth of breathing lowers the CO2 concentration, shifting the equation to the left it lowers H+ concentration, this increases pH (alkaline)

- Decreases rate and depth of breathing increases CO2 concentration, shifting to the right it increases H+ concentration thus lowers pH (acid)

- Levels of CO2 and pH are detected by chemoreceptors in carotid artery, aortic arch, medulla

(Respiratory mechanism responds rapidly to chang blood ph in minutes but only alters CO2 levels and thus carbonic acid concentration, it can't eliminate the hydrogen ions

Term
Describe Carbonic Acid-Bicarbonate System in the Kidneys
Definition

- CO2 and H2O also combines in the kidneys to produce H2CO3 (carbonic acid) which then disassociates into HCO3- (bicarbonate ion) and H+ (hydrogen ion)

- Depending on whether the system is too acid or alkaline, one or the other with bell permanently removed

(When too acid excess H+ is secreted into the filtrate, when too alkaline HCO3- is secreted

- Renal mechanism takes hours or days, but removal of excess H+ is permanent

Term
WHAT IS THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
Definition

- A SET OF ORGANS THAT BREAKS DOWN FOOD ITEMS INTO NUTRIENTS THAT CAN BE DELIVERED BY BLOODSTREAM TO CELLS IN BODY

- ORGANS ARE LOCATED FROM HEAD TO ABDOMINOPELVIC CAVITY

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 PARTS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
Definition

- GASTROINTSTINAL (GI) TRACT

- ACCESSORY ORGANS

Term
WHAT IS THE GASTROINTESTINAL (GI) TRACT OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM?
Definition

- ALIMENTARY CANAL OR DIGESTIVE TRACT

- CONSISTS OF 5-7 METER (16-23 FEET) LONG TUBE

- CONTAINS FOOD THROUGHOUT ITS DIGESTION

- DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF GI TRACT MAKE UP THE TUBE

Term
WHERE ARE THE ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
Definition

- LIE OUTSIDE THE TUBE

- SUPPLY ADDITIONAL DIGESTIVE FLUIDS TO GI TRACT

Term
WHAT ARE THE DIGESTIVE ORGANS OF THE GI TRACT (THE TUBE)?
Definition

- MOUTH

- PHARYNX

- ESOPHAGUS

- STOMACH

- SMALL INTESTINE

- LARGE INTESTINE

Term
WHAT ARE THE ACCESSORY ORGANS OF THE DIGESTIVE TRACT?
Definition

- SALIVARY GLANDS

- LIVER

- PANCREAS

- GALLBLADDER

Term
[image]
Definition
MOUTH
Term
[image]
Definition
PHARYNX
Term
[image]
Definition
ESOPHAGUS
Term
[image]
Definition
STOMACH
Term
[image]
Definition
SMALL INTESTINE
Term
[image]
Definition
LARGE INTESTINE
Term
[image]
Definition
SALIVARY GLANDS
Term
[image]
Definition
LIVER
Term
[image]
Definition
PANCREAS
Term
[image]
Definition
GALLBLADDER
Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF DIGESTION?
Definition

- MECHANICAL DIGESTION

- CHEMICAL DIGESTION

Term
WHAT IS MECHANICAL DIGESTION?
Definition

- FOOD IS PHYSICALLY BROKEN INTO SMALLER PARTS

- ALL NUTRIENTS GO THRU CHEWING IN MOUTH, CHURNING IN STOMACH, AND SEGMENTATION IN SMALL INTESTINE

Term
WHAT IS CHEMICAL DIGESTION?
Definition

- CHEMICAL BONDS BETWEEN FOOD MOLECULES ARE BROKEN BY ENZYMES

- VARIES FOR EACH NUTRIENT BECAUSE DIGESTIVE ENZYME ARE SPECIFIC FOR SINGLE TYPE OF NUTRIENT, MOST USE HYDROLYSIS REACTIONS

Term
WHAT ARE THE 7 DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS?
Definition

- INGESTION

- SECRETION

- MIXING

- PROPULSION

- DIGESTION

- ABSORPTION

- DEFECATION

Term
WHAT DOES INGESTION DO OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION?
Definition

- TAKING FOOD INTO MOUTH

Term
WHAT DOES SECRETION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DO?
Definition
- RELEASING WATER, ACID, BUFFERS, ENZYMES INTO LUMEN (HOLE) OF DIGESTIVE TRACT
Term
WHAT DOES MIXING OF THE DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DO?
Definition
- CHURNING AND SEGMENTATION OF FOOD SUPPORTS MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN WITH ENZYMES (DIGESTION)
Term
WHAT DOES PROPULSION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DO?
Definition

- SWALLOWING

- PERISTALSIS

Term
WHAT IS SWALLOWING OF PROPULSION?
Definition
- PUSHES FOOD FROM MOUTH INTO ESOPHAGUS
Term
WHAT DOES PERSISTALSIS DO OF PROPULSION?
Definition
- CONTRACTION OF GI MUSCLES THAT PROPELS THE CONTENTS THROUGHOUT GI TRACT BEGINNING IN PHARYNX
Term
WHAT DIGESTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTION DO?
Definition
- MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD
Term
WHAT DOES ABSORPTION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS DO?
Definition
- MOVEMENT OF DIGESTED NUTRIENTS FROM GI TRACT INTO BLOOD AND LYMPH
Term
WHAT DOES DEFECATION OF DIGESTIVE SYSTEM FUNCTIONS DO?
Definition
- ELIMINATING FECES FROM GI TRACT
Term
WHAT IS THE PERITONEUM?
Definition

- THIN SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES ABDOMINAL CAVITY (PARIETAL PERITONEUM) AND EXTENDS OUT TO WRAP AROUND ABDOMINAL ORGANS (VISCERAL PERITONEUM)

- GREATER OMENTUM

- MESENTERY AND MESOCOLON

Term
WHAT IS PARIETAL PERITONEUM OF PERITONEUM?
Definition
- THIN SEROUS MEMBRANE THAT LINES ABDOMINAL CAVITY
Term
WHAT IS VISCERAL PERITONEUM OF PERITONEUM?
Definition
- WRAPPED AROUND THE ABDOMINAL ORGANS
Term
WHAT IS THE GREATER OMENTUM OF PERITONEUM?
Definition

- PERITONEAL FOLD THAT DRAPES OVER INTESTINES

- HANGS FROM STOMACH AND TRANSVERSE COLON

- HAS A LOT OF ADIPOSE TISSUE

Term
WHAT IS MESENTERY AND MESOCOLON OF PERITONEUM?
Definition

- VISCERAL PERITONEUM THAT WRAPS AND BINDS MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE (MESENTERY) AND PARTS OF COLON (MESOCOLON) TO ABDOMINAL WALL

- CARRIES BLOOD VESSELS, NERVES, AND LYMPHATICS TO MUCH OF SMALL AND LARGE INTESTINE

Term
WHAT IS MESENTERY?
Definition
- VISCERAL PERITONEUM THAT WRAPS AND BINDS MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE TO ABDOMINAL WALL
Term
WHAT IS MESOCOLON?
Definition
- VISCERAL PERITONEUM THAT WRAPS AND BINDS PARTS OF COLON TO ABDOMINAL WALL
Term
[image]
Definition
PARTS OF PERITONEUM
Term
[image]
Definition
GREATER OMENTUM
Term
[image]
Definition
MESENTERY
Term
[image]
Definition
MESOCOLON
Term
WHAT ARE THE 4 LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT?
Definition

- MUCOSA

- SUBMUCOSA

- MUSCULARIS

- SEROSA

Term
WHAT ARE THE COMPONENTS AND FUNCTIONS OF THE 4 LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT?
Definition

- EPITHELIAL TISSUE HELPS ABSORB FOOD

- CONNECTIVE TISSUE FOR SUPPORT

- MUSCLE USED TO PROPEL FOOD DOWN TRACT

Term
WHAT IS THE MUCOSA LAYER OF THE GI TRACT?
Definition

- INNER LINING OF GI TRACT

- SEVERAL LAYERS WITHIN MUCOSA

- INNERMOST LAYER IS EPITHELIUM

- COVERED AND PROTECTED BY LAYER OF MUCUS

- FINAL DIGESTION OCCURS AT EPITHELIAL MEMBRANE

- ABSORPTION OCCURS

- LAMINAL PROPRIA

- MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE

- LYMPHATIC NODULES

Term
WHAT ARE GOBLET CELLS AND WHERE ARE THEY?
Definition

- INNERMOST LAYER OF MUCOSA

- SECRETE MUCUS

Term
WHAT IS LAMINAL PROPRIA OF MUCOSA?
Definition
- LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE THAT BACKS THE EPITHELIUM
Term
WHAT IS MUSCULARIS MUCOSAE OF MUCOSA?
Definition

- THIN DOUBLE LAYER OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

- MOVES THE VILLI

Term
WHAT IS LYMPHATIC NODULES OF MUCOSA LAYER?
Definition
- PROTECTION AGAINST PATHOGENS
Term
WHAT IS SUBMUCOSA LAYER OF GI TRACT?
Definition

- LAYER OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- CONTAINS BLOOD AND LYMPHATIC VESSELS THAT SUPPLY MUCOSA LAYER

- CONTAINS NERVE PLEXUSES OF ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ENS) AND AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM (ANA) CONTROLS SECRETIONS AND MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

- GLANDS SECRETE MUCUS THROUGH DUCTS ONTO SURFACE OF MUCOSA LAYER

Term
WHAT IS MUSCULARIS LAYER OF GI TRACT?
Definition

- THICK LAYER OF MUSCLE

- MOST OF GI TRACT IS SURROUNDED BY 2 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE

- VOLUNTARY SKELETARY MUSCLE IN PHARYNX, FIRST PART OF ESOPHAGUS, AND ANUS

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 LAYERS OF MUSCULARIS LAYER OF GI TRACT AND WHAT DO THEY DO?
Definition

- INNER CIRCULAR LAYER

- LONGITUDINAL LAYER

- PRODUCES PERISTALSIS AND SEGMENTATION

- ENS CONTROLS INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH MUSCLE CONTRACTIONS

- STOMACH HAS 3RD LAYER CALLED OBLIQUE LAYER

Term
WHAT IS THE SEROSA LAYER OF THE GI TRACT?
Definition

- THIN OUTER LAYER

- WRAPS AROUND STOMACH, MOST OF SMALL INTESTINE, AND PARTS OF LARGE INTESTINE AS EXTENSION OF MESENTERY

Term
WHAT DOES THE SEROSA LAYER OF THE GI TRACT CONSIST OF?
Definition

- INNER LOOSE AREOLAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- FACING OUTWARD IS LAYER OF EPITHELIUM

- SECRETES WATERY FLUID, LUBRICATES OUTSIDE OF GI ALLOWING IT TO SLIDE AGAINST OTHER ORGANS

Term
[image]
Definition
4 LAYERS OF THE GI TRACT
Term
WHAT IS THE ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM?
Definition

- OFTEN CALLED "GUT BRAIN"

- COORDINATES MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS

- NEURONS WITHIN SUBMUCOSA CONTROL SECRETIONS OF ORGANS OF GI TRACT

- NEURONS IN MUSCULARIS CONTROL FREQUENCY AND STRENGTH OF CONTRACTIONS

- ENS IS REGULATED BY AUTONOMIC NERVOUS SYSTEM BUT FUNCTIONS INDEPENDENTLY

Term
WHAT IS MOUTH (ORAL CAVITY)?
Definition

- TEETH

- TONGUE

- TISSUE SURROUNDING MOUTH ARE SALIVARY GLANDS (ACCESSORY ORGANS)

- SWALLOWING BEGINS IN MOUTH

- INGESTION STARTS DIGESTIVE PROCESS

- MASTICATION

- TEETH PARTS

- 3 SALIVARY GLANDS

Term
WHAT ARE TEETH?
Definition

- RESPONSIBLE FOR CHEWING

- SHAPED DIFFERENTLY TO BREAK APART FOOD

- INCISORS (CUTTING)

- CUSPIDS (CANINES, TEARING)

- MOLARS (GRINDING)

Term
WHAT IS THE TONGUE?
Definition

- MANIPULATES FOOD AND CONTAINS TASTE RECEPTORS

- MOVES FOOD AGAINST TEETH

- HELPS WITH SWALLOWING

- CREATES A BOLUS FROM FOOD

Term
WHAT IS BOLUS?
Definition
- SOFT ROUNDED FLEXIBLE MASS OF FOOD
Term
WHAT IS MASTICATION?
Definition

- CHEWING

- DONE BY JAW MUSCLES AND TEETH

- MECHANICAL BREAKDOWN OF FOOD INTO SMALLER PIECES TO INCREASE FOOD SURFACE AREA FOR SUBSEQUENT CHEMICAL DIGESTION

- GUMS (GINGIVA)

- TEETH (INCISORS, CUSPIDS, MOLARS)

Term
WHAT ARE THE PARTS OF THE TEETH?
Definition

- CROWN (PART ABOVE GUM)

- NECK (WHERE TEETH MEETS GUM)

- ROOT (PART BELOW GUM)

Term
WHAT IS TOOTH CONSTRUCTED OF?
Definition

- ENAMEL

- DENTIN

- PULP CAVITY

- ROOT CANAL

Term
WHAT IS ENAMEL OF TEETH?
Definition

- HARD OUTER LAYER

- PROTECTS TEETH FROM WEAR

Term
WHAT IS DENTIN OF TEETH?
Definition

- MAJORITY OF TOOTH

- HARD BUT LESS THAN ENAMEL

- CONNECTS TO BONE WITH PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT

Term
WHAT IS PERIODONTAL LIGAMENT OF DENTIN?
Definition
- GOMPHOSIS JOINT
Term
WHAT IS PULP CAVITY OF TEETH?
Definition
- CONTAINS NERVE AND BLOOD VESSELS
Term
WHAT IS ROOT CANAL OF TEETH?
Definition
- CHANNEL FOR NERVES AND BLOOD VESSELS
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 SALIVARY GLANDS?
Definition

- SECRETE SALIVA

- PAROTID

- SUBMANDIBULAR

- SUBLINGUAL

Term
WHAT DO THE 3 SALIVARY GLANDS PRODUCE?
Definition

- MUCUS

- LYSOZOME

- SALIVARY AMYLASE

Term
WHAT DOES MUCUS OF SALIVARY GLANDS DO?
Definition
- LUBRICATES AND MOISTENS FOOD
Term
WHAT DOES LYSOZOME OF SALIVARY GLANDS DO?
Definition
- ENZYME THAT KILLS BACTERIA
Term
WHAT DOES SALIVARY AMYLASE OF SALIVARY GLANDS DO?
Definition
- ENZYME THAT BEGINS CHEMICAL DIGESTION OF STARCH
Term
WHAT IS PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS?
Definition

- ACT AS PASSAGEWAS TO STOMACH

- SWALLOWING CONTINUES IN PHARYNX THEN ESOPHAGUS TAKES OVER PROPELLING BOLUS TO STOMACH WITH PERISTALSIS

Term
WHAT ARE THE MUSCLES OF PHARYNX AND ESOPHAGUS?
Definition

- PHARYNX AND UPPER PART OF ESOPHAGUS ARE SKELETAL MUSCLE

- LOWER 2/3 OF ESOPHAGUS IS SMOOTH MUSCLE

- IN ESOPHAGUS THEIR IS (UPPER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER AND LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER)

Term
WHAT IS GASTROESOPHAGEAL REFLUX DISEASE (GERD)?
Definition

- WHEN LOWER ESOPHAGEAL SPHINCTER DOESN'T CLOSE COMPLETELY

- ACIDIC CONTENTS OF STOMACH CAN BACK UP INTO LOWER ESOPHAGUS

- RESULTS IN IRRITATION OF MUCOSAL LINING OF ESOPHAGUS

- HEARTBURN FEELING

- CHRONIC CONDITION CAN LEAD TO PERMANENT DAMAGE TO ESOPHAGEAL LINING

Term
[image]
Definition
CONSTRUCTION OF TOOTH
Term
[image]
Definition
PAROTID SALIVARY GLAND
Term
[image]
Definition
PARTS OF TOOTH
Term
[image]
Definition
SUBLINGUAL SALIVARY GLAND
Term
[image]
Definition
SUBMANDIBULAR SALIVARY GLAND
Term
[image]
Definition
TEETH PT 2
Term
[image]
Definition
TEETH
Term
WHAT IS DEGLUTITION?
Definition

- SWALLOWING

- HAS 3 STAGES (VOLUNTARY, PHARYNGEAL, ESOPHAGEAL)

Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 STAGES OF DEGLUTITION?
Definition

- VOLUNTARY STAGE

- PHARYNGEAL STAGE

- ESOPHAGEAL STAGE

Term
WHAT IS VOLUNTARY STAGE OF DEGLUTITION?
Definition
- TONGUE MOVES BOLUS TO BACK OF MOUTH
Term
WHAT IS PHARYNGEAL STAGE OF DEGLUTITION?
Definition

- INVOLUNTARY

- PERISTALSIS (ALTERNATING CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLE LAYERS TO MOVE FOOD) OF BOLUS TOWARDS ESOPHAGUS

Term
WHAT IS PERISTALSIS?
Definition
- ALTERNATING CONTRACTIONS OF MUSCLE LAYERS TO MOVE FOOD
Term
WHAT IS ESOPHAGEAL STAGE OF DEGLUTITION?
Definition

- INVOLUNTARY

- PERISTALSIS OF BOLUS INTO STOMACH

Term
WHAT IS THE STOMACH?
Definition

- MUSCULAR CHAMBER

- 3 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE (OBLIQUE, CIRCULAR, LONGITUDINAL)

- SECRETES GASTRIC JUICES

- LITTLE ABSORPTION OCCURS

- STOMACH ANATOMY

- CELLS AND SECRETIONS OF GASTRIC PITS

- WHY DOESN'T HCL EAT HOLE IN STOMACH?

- GASTRIC EMPTYING

Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 LAYERS OF SMOOTH MUSCLE IN THE STOMACH?
Definition

- OBLIQUE LAYER (INNER)

- CIRCULAR LAYER (MIDDLE)

- LONGITUDINAL LAYER (OUTER)

- PERISTALSIS AND CHURNING OF STOMACH MIXES DIGESTIVE ENZYMES WITH BOLUS OF FOOD (TURNS IT INTO CHYME)

Term
WHAT IS CHYME?
Definition
- THICK LIQUID
Term
WHAT IS THE STOMACH ANATOMY?
Definition

- EATING TAKES PLACE AT FASTER RATE THAN DIGESTION

- STOMACH SERVES AS STORAGE SITE FOR INGESTED FOOD

- RUGAE

- REGIONS OF STOMACH (FUNDUS, BODY, PYLORUS REGION)

- LUMEN OF STOMACH IS LINED WITH THICK MUCOSA EMBEDDED WITH GASTRIC PITS

- GASTRIC JUICE SECRETION IS STIMULATED BY FOOD PRESENCE

Term
WHAT ARE GASTRIC PITS?
Definition
- CONTAINS CELLS THAT SECRETE GASTRIC JUICES
Term
WHAT IS RUGAE OF STOMACH?
Definition

- FOLDS OF MUCOSA THAT CAN EXPAND TO ACCOMODATE VOLUME OF FOOD

Term
WHAT ARE THE REGIONS OF THE STOMACH?
Definition

- FUNDUS

- BODY

- PYLORUS REGION

Term
WHAT IS THE FUNDUS REGION OF THE STOMACH?
Definition

- TOP

- NEAR WHERE ESOPHAGUS ENTERS

Term
WHAT IS BODY REGION OF STOMACH?
Definition
- MAKES UP MAJORITY
Term
WHAT IS PYLORUS REGION OF STOMACH?
Definition

- SITE OF MOST FOOD DIGESTION IN STOMACH

- ENDS AT PYLORIC SPHINCTER

Term
WHAT IS PYLORIC SPHINCTER OF STOMACH?
Definition
- VALVE BETWEEN STOMACH AND SMALL INTESTINE THAT CONTROLS RATE OF GASTRIC EMPTYING
Term
[image]
Definition
LAYERS OF STOMACH
Term
[image]
Definition
BODY OF STOMACH
Term
[image]
Definition
FUNDUS OF STOMACH
Term
[image]
Definition
PYLORIC SPHINCTER OF STOMACH
Term
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Definition
PYLORUS REGION OF STOMACH
Term
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Definition
REGIONS OF STOMACH
Term
CELLS AND SECRETIONS OF THE GASTRIC PITS
Definition

- MUCOUS CELLS

- PARIETAL CELLS

- CHIEF CELLS

- G CELLS

Term
WHAT DO MUCOUS CELLS DO?
Definition

- SECRETE MUCUS TO PROTECT THE STOMACH MUCOSA FROM HCL

Term
WHAT DO PARIETAL CELLS DO?
Definition

- SECRETE HCL AND INTRINSIC FACTOR

- HYDROCHLORIC ACID (HCL)

- INTRINSIC FACTOR

Term
WHAT DOES HYDROCHLORIC ACID DO?
Definition

- DENATURES (INACTIVATES) PROTEINS ALLOWING ACCESS BY ENZYMES SO THEY CAN CHEMICALLY DIGEST THEM

- KILLS BACTERIA

- ACTIVATES PEPSIN

Term
WHAT DOES INTRINSIC FACTOR OF PARIETAL CELLS DO?
Definition
- ASSISTS IN ABSORPTION OF VITAMIN B12
Term
WHAT DO CHIEF CELLS DO?
Definition
- SECRETE PEPSINOGEN THAT IS CONVERTED TO PEPSIN BY HCL
Term
WHAT IS PEPSIN?
Definition
- PROTEOLYTIC ENZYME THAT BREAKS PROTEINS INTO PEPTIDES
Term
WHAT DO G CELLS DO?
Definition

- SECRETES GASTRIN

- SECRETION OF GASTRIC JUICES

- GI TRACT MOTILITY

- PYLORIC SPHINCTER OPENING

Term
WHAT IS GASTRIN?
Definition
- HORMONE SECRETED INTO BLOOD THAT STIMULATES
Term
WHY DOESN'T HCL EAT A HOLE IN THE STOMACH?
Definition

- HCL SECRETION OCCCURS ONLY WHEN FOOD IS PRESENT IN THE STOMACH

- CHYME DILUTES ACID

- PRESENCE OF THICK LAYER OF MUCUS COVERING MUCOSA

Term
WHAT IS GASTRIC EMPTYING?
Definition

- STOMACH CONTENTS TRANSFERRED TO SMALL INTESTINE

- SMALL BURSTS OF CHYME ARE PROPELLED THROUGH PERISTALSIS INTO SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH PARTIALLY OPEN PYLORIC SPHINCTER UNTIL STOMACH IS EMPTY (1-2 HOURS AFTER A MEAL)

- FAT-RICH CHYME REMAINS IN STOMACH THE LONGEST, FOLLOWED PROTEIN, THEN CARBOHYDRATES

Term
SMALL INTESTINE
Definition

- 3 SECTIONS

- PRINCIPLE SITE OF DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION

- SECRETES HORMONES THAT INFLUENCE OTHER DIGESTIVE AND ACCESSORY ORGANS

- SMALL INTESTINE ANATOMY (DUODENUM, JEJUNUM, ILEUM)

- VILLI

- MICROVILLI

Term
WHAT IS THE SMALL INTESTINE ANATOMY?
Definition

- 3 PARTS, ABOUT 5 M LONG

- DUODENUM

- JEJUNUM

- ILEUM

- HAS SAME LAYERS OF GI TRACT

- INNER SURFACE IS HIGHLY FOLDED (MACROSCOPIC FOLDS AND MICROSCOPIC FOLDS)

Term
WHAT IS DUODENUM OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- FIRST PART OF SMALL INTESTINE WHERE DIGESTION STARTS

- 25 CM LONG

Term
WHAT IS JEJUNUM OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- MIDDLE PORTION

- 2-2.5 M LONG

Term
WHAT IS ILEUM OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- LAST PORTION

- 2-2.5 LONG

Term
WHAT ARE MACROSCOPIC FOLDS OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- CIRCULAR FOLDS

- VISIBLE TO EYE

- FORMED FROM BOTH MUCOSA AND SUBMUCOSA OF SMALL INTESTINE

Term
WHAT ARE MICROSCOPIC FOLDS OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- VILLI (PROJECTIONS OF MUCOSA LAYER)

- MICROVILLI (PROJECTIONS OF EPITHELIAL CELL ITSELF)

Term
WHAT ARE VILLI OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- PROJECTIONS OF MUCOSAL LAYER

- CONTAINS LAYER OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (ABSORPTIVE CELLS) WITH MUCOUS CELLS

- PLUS LAMINA PROPRIA, CAPILLARIES, AND LYMPHATIC VESSEL (LACTEAL)

- INCREASE SURFACE AREA BY 300-400% FOR ABSORPTION, WHILE MAINTAINING SMALL OUTER SURFACE FOR ORGAN

- IN BETWEEN VILLI ARE INTESTINAL GLANDS, THAT SECRETE ENZYMES AND HORMONES

Term
WHAT IS A LACTEAL?
Definition
- LYMPHATIC VESSELS OF SMALL INTESTINE THAT ABSORBS DIGESTED FATS
Term
WHAT DO ENTEROENDOCRINE CELLS PRODUCE?
Definition
- PRODUCE HORMONE CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)
Term
WHAT ARE MICROVILLI OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- PROJECTIONS OF SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIAL CELLS (ABSORPTIVE CELLS) ITSELF

- WHERE FINAL DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OCCURS

Term
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Definition
DUODENUM
Term
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Definition
JEJUNUM
Term
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Definition
ILEUM
Term
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Definition
LACTEAL
Term
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Definition
VILLI AND MICROVILLI
Term
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Definition
CIRCULAR FOLDS OF SMALL INTESTINE
Term
WHAT IS DIGESTIVE FUNCTIONS OF THE DUODENUM?
Definition

- ACIDIC CHYME STIMULATES PANCREAS TO SECRETE PANCREATIC BICARBONATE INTO DUODENUM

- PANCREATIC JUICE NEUTRALIZES ACIDIC CHYME

- AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS IN CHYME STIMULATE CCK CELLS TO SECRETE CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK)

- CCK

Term
WHAT DOES CHOLECYSTOKININ (CCK) DO?
Definition

- INCREASES PANCREATIC ENZYME SECRETION

- CAUSES BILE RELEASE FROM GALLBLADDER

- INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING

Term
WHAT IS LOCALIZED MUSCLE MOVEMENTS IN SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- SEGMENTATION

- PERISTALSIS

Term
WHAT IS SEGMENTATION OF MUSCLE MOVEMENT OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- MIXES SECRETIONS EMPTYING INTO DUODENUM WITH CHYME

- STOPS WHEN CHYME REACHES ILEUM

Term
WHAT IS PERISTALSIS OF MUSCLE MOVEMENTS OF SMALL INTESTINE?
Definition

- MOVES CHYME ALONG LENGTH OF SMALL INTESTINE AS DIGESTION AND ABSORPTION OCCURS

- CHYME REMAINS IN SMALL INTESTINE FOR TOTAL OF 3-5 HOURS

Term
NUTRIENTS VS ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS
Definition

- NUTRIENTS

- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

- MINERALS

- VITAMINS

Term
WHAT ARE NUTRIENTS?
Definition

- CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES IN FOOD CELLS THAT CELLS NEED FOR GROWTH, MAINTENANCE, REPAIR

- 6 CLASSES

Term
WHAT ARE THE 6 CLASSES OF NUTRIENTS?
Definition

- CARBOHYDRATES

- LIPIDS

- PROTEINS

- WATER

- MINERALS

- VITAMINS

- CARBOHYDRATES, LIPIDS, PROTEINS, AND VITAMINS ARE ORGANIC MOLECULES (CONTAIN CARBON)

- WATER AND MINERALS ARE INORGANIC MOLECULES

Term
WHAT ARE ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS?
Definition

- SUBSTANCES THAT BODY CANNOT MAKE ON ITS OWN IN SUFFICIENT QUANTIITIES TO MEET ITS NEEDS

- MUST COME FROM INGESTED FOOD

- SOME AMINO ACIDS AND FATTY ACIDS, AND ALL VITAMINS

- ALL MINERALS ARE TECHNICALLY ESSENTIAL, BUT NOT CALLED ESSENTIAL

Term
WHAT ARE MINERALS?
Definition

- 4% OF BODY WEIGHT ARE MINERALS, MOST FOUND IN BONES AND TEETH

- IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS

- 15 MAJOR BIOLOGICALLY USEFUL MINERALS

Term
WHAT ARE THE IMPORTANT FUNCTIONS OF MINERALS?
Definition

- BONE STRUCTURE (CONTAINS LARE REPOSITORY OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS)

- REGULATION OF ENZYMATIC FUNCTIONS

- MAINTENANCE OF BODY FLUID pH

- OSMOSIS

- GENERATION OF ACTION POTENTIALS IN NERVES AND MUSCLES

Term
WHAT ARE THE TOP 9 OF THE 15 BIOLOGICALLY USEFUL MINERALS?
Definition

- CALCIUM

- PHOSPHORUS

- POTASSIUM

- SULFUR

- SODIUM

- CHLORIDE

- MAGNESIUM

- IRON

- IODINE

Term
WHAT ARE VITAMINS?
Definition

- ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS

- 13 TOTAL

- REQUIRED IN SCANT AMOUNTS TO MAINTAIN NORMAL GROWTH AND METABOLISM

- FIRST ESSENTIAL NUTRIENTS DISCOVERED

- MOST SERVE AS COENZYMES IN CHEMICAL REACTIONS

- FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS

- ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS

Term
WHAT ARE FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS?
Definition

- A

- D

- E

- K

- ABSORBED FROM DIGESTIVE TRACT AND TRANSPORTED IN CHYLOMICRONS

- EXCESS STORED IN BODY CELLS

Term
WHAT ARE WATER SOLUBLE VITAMINS?
Definition

- B VITAMINS

- C

- DISSOLVED IN BODY FLUIDS

- EXCESS EXCRETED INTO URINE

Term
WHAT ARE ANTIOXIDANT VITAMINS?
Definition

- INACTIVE DAMAGING FREE RADICALS OF OXYGEN

- VITAMINS C

- VITAMIN E

- BETA-CAROTENE (PRECURSOR TO VITAMIN A, PRO-VITAMIN)

Term
WHAT IS METABOLISM?
Definition

- DEFINED AS ALL CHEMICAL REACTIONS THAT TAKE PLACE IN THE BODY

- MOST REACTIONS IN BIOLOGICAL SYSTEM ARE CATALYZED (SPED UP) BY ENZYMES OR COMBINATIONS OF ENZYMES

- 2 MAJOR TYPES OF METABOLIC REACTIONS (SYNTHESIS REACTIONS AND DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS)

- ENERGY PRODUCTION- ATP

- CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM

- STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- HOW IS GLUCOSE MADE WHEN THERE IS NOT ENOGUH IN DIET

- LIPID CATABOLISM: LIPOLYSIS

- LIPID ANABOLISM: LIPOGENESIS

- LIPOPROTEINS

- PROTEIN CATABOLISM

- AMINO ACID CATABOLISM

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 MAJOR TYPES OF METABOLIC REACTIONS?
Definition

- SYNTHESIS REACTIONS (ANABOLIC)

- DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS (CATABOLIC)

Term
WHAT IS SYNTHESIS REACTIONS (ANABOLIC) OF METABOLIC REACTIONS?
Definition

- SIMPLE ORGANIN MOLECULES ARE COMBINED TO MAKE MORE COMPLEX MOLECULES

- USUALLY REQUIRES INPUT OF ENERGY = ANABOLIC

Term
WHAT IS DECOMPOSITION REACTIONS (CATABOLIC) OF METABOLIC REACTIONS?
Definition

- COMPLEX ORGANIC MOLECULES ARE BROKEN DOWN INTO SIMPLER MOLECULES

- THESE REACTIONS USUALLY RELEASE ENERGY = CATABOLIC

Term
WHAT IS ENERGY PRODUCTION - ATP?
Definition

- REACTIONS NEED ENERGY

- PRIMARY SOURCE IS FROM SPLITTING ATP INTO ADP (AND INORGANIC PHOSPHATE)

- TO GENERATE ATP NUTRIENTS ARE BROKEN DOWN (CATABOLIZED)

Term
HOW IS ATP GENERATED?
Definition

- CARBOHYDRATES AND FATS ARE ESPECIALLY IMPORTANT FOR ENERGY PRODUCTION

- GLUCOSE IS EASIEST TO USE FOR GENERATION OF ATP

- NEURONS AND RED BLOOD CELLS ONLY USE GLUCOSE TO GENERATE ATP

- OTHER BODY CELLS CAN BREAK DOWN LIPIDS AND AMINO ACIDS TO GENERATE ATP WHEN GLUCOSE IS UNAVAILABLE

- MUSCLES ACTUALLY PREFER TO USE FATTY ACIDS FOR ENERGY DURING LOW ACTIVITY

Term
WHAT IS CARBOHYDRATE CATABOLISM?
Definition

- CARBOHYDRATES, LIKE STARCHES AND DISACCHARIDES, ARE CATABOLIZED INTO MONOSACCHARIDES (NON-GLUCOSE MONOSACCHARIDES ARE CONVERTED INTO GLUCOSE)

- EXCESS GLUCOSE IS STORED AS GLYCOGEN IN LIVER AND MUSCLES

- WHEN CELLS REQUIRE ATP, GLUCOSE IS CATABOLIZED (BROKEN DOWN) AND OXIDIZED

- REMOVED ENERGY IS TRANSFERRED TO MAKE ATP FROM ADP

Term
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN GLYCOGEN STORES ARE FILLED?
Definition
- LIVER CONVERTS EXCESS GLUCOSE INTO TRIGLYCERIDES FOR STORAGE IN ADIPOSE TISSUE
Term
WHAT IS OXIDATION FOR MAKING ATP FROM ADP?
Definition

- REMOVAL OF ELECTRONS FROM A MOLECULE

- REMOVED ELECTRONS CARRY ENERGY FROM BREAKDOWN OF MOLECULE INTO ANABOLIC REACTION MAKING ATP FROM ADP

Term
WHAT ARE THE STEPS OF CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Definition

- GLYCOLYSIS

- WITH OXYGEN PRESENT IN MITOCHONDRIA

- EACH GLUCOSE MOLECULE GOES THROUGH ENTIRE PROCESS GENERATES 36 (OR 38) ATP MOLECULES (PLUS CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER)

1 GLUCOSE + 6 OXYGEN --> 6 CARBON DIOXIDE + 6 WATER + 36 (OR 38) ATP

Term
WHAT IS GLYCOLYSIS FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Definition

- ANAEROBIC (DOESN'T NEED OXYGEN)

- OCCURS IN CYTOSOL

- GLUCOSE MOLECULE IS SPLIT INTO 2 PYRUVATE MOLECULES (PYRUVATE GO ONTO NEXT STEP)

- 2 ATP GENERATED

Term
HOW DOES OXYGEN IN MITOCHONDRIA HELP WITH CELLULAR RESPIRATION?
Definition

- ACETYL COENZYME A (ACETYL CoA) IS PRODUCED FROM PYRUVATE MADE IN GLYCOLYSIS

- ACETYL CoA ENTERS KREBS CYCLE

- CARRIERS TRANSFER THEIR ELECTRONS TO ELECTRON TRANSPORT CHAIN (ETC), WHERE OXIDATIVE PHOSPHORYLATION PRODUCES A LOT OF ATP FROM ADP

- REST OCCURING IN MITOCHONDRIA AND IS AEROBIC (NEEDS OXYGEN)

32 (OR 34) ATP GENERATED

Term
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN ACETYL CoA ENTERS KREBS CYCLE?
Definition

- PYRUVATE IS FURTHER BROKEN DOWN TO CARBON DIOXIDE AND WATER

- ELECTRONS AND THEIR ENERGY ARE REMOVED AND TRANSFERRED TO ELECTRON CARRIER MOLECULES

- 2 ATP GENERATED

Term
HOW IS GLUCOSE MADE WHEN THERE IS NOT ENOUGH IN THE DIET?
Definition

- GLYCOGENOLYSIS

- GLUCOGENESIS

- ORDER OF BREAKDOWN PREFERENCE

- GLYCOGEN FIRST BROKEN DOWN, THEN FATS, THEN PROTEINS IN BODY

Term
WHAT IS GLYCOGENOLYSIS?
Definition
- BREAKING DOWN GLYCOGEN INTO GLUCOSE
Term
WHAT IS GLUCONEOGENESIS?
Definition

- SYNTHESIS OF GLUCOSE FROM AMINO ACIDS, GLYCEROL, PYRUVATE, AND LACTIC ACID

- REVERSE OF GLYCOLYSIS

Term
WHAT IS LIPID CATABOLISM: LIPOLYSIS?
Definition

- OCCURS IN MUSCLE, LIVER, AND FAT CELLS

- TRIGLYCERIDES ARE SPLIT INTO GLYCEROL AND 3 FATTY ACIDS

Term
WHAT CAN GLYCEROL BE CONVERTED INTO OF LIPID CATABOLISM: LIPOLYSIS?
Definition

- GLUCOSE THROUGH GLUCONEOGENESIS

- ATP THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Term
WHAT CAN FATTY ACIDS BE CONVERTED INTO OF LIPID CATABOLISM: LIPOLYSIS?
Definition

- ACETYL CoA FOR CELLULAR RESPIRATION

- KETONES TO USE AS ENERGY SOURCE IN OTHER CELLS

- KETONES CAN BE CHANGED BACK BY LIVER TO ACETYL CoA AND METABOLIZED THROUGH CELLULAR RESPIRATION

Term
WHAT IS LIPID ANABOLISM: LIPOGENESIS?
Definition

- IF THERE IS NO NEED FOR LIPIDS TO BE USED, THEY ARE STORED AS TRIGLYCERIDES

- TRIGLYCERIDES CAN BE CREATED, ALSO FROM EXCESS GLUCOSE USING SAME BIOCHEMICAL PATHWAYS

- INSULIN STIMULATES LIPOGENESIS

Term
WHAT ARE LIPOPROTEINS?
Definition

- LIPIDS ARE HYDROPHOBIC; THEY NEED TO BE TRANSPORTED IN WATER-SOLUBLE PACKAGES = LIPOPROTEINS

- 4 IMPORTANT TYPES OF LIPOPROTEINS

Term
WHAT ARE THE 4 IMPORTANT TYPES OF LIPOPROTEINS?
Definition

- CHYLOMICRONS

- VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDLS)

- LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDLS)

- HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDLS)

Term
WHAT ARE CHYLOMICRONS OF LIPOPROTEINS?
Definition

- MADE IN SMALL INTESTINE

- TRANSPORT DIETARY LIPIDS TO ADIPOSE CELLS AND LIVER FOR STORAGE

Term
WHAT ARE VERY-LOW DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (VLDLS)?
Definition

- TRANSPORT TRIGLYCERIDES FROM LIVER CELLS TO ADIPOSE CELLS FOR STORAGE

- BECOME LDLS AFTER DEPOSITING SOME TRIGLYCERIDES

Term
WHAT ARE LOW-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (LDLS)?
Definition

- CARRY 75% OF CHOLESTEROL IN BLOOD AND DELIVER TO BODY CELLS

- ASSOCIATED WITH FATTY PLAQUE FORMATION IN BLOOD VESSELS (BAD CHOLESTEROL)

Term
WHAT ARE HIGH-DENSITY LIPOPROTEINS (HDLS)?
Definition
- CARRY EXCESS CHOLESTEROL FROM BODY CELLS TO LIVER FOR DISPOSAL (GOOD CHOLESTEROL)
Term
WHAT IS PROTEIN CATABOLISM?
Definition

- INGESTED PROTEINS AND BODY PROTEINS ARE BROKEN DOWN TO AMINO ACIDS AND ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE

- AMINO ACIDS CANNT BE STORED

Term
WHAT CAN AMINO ACIDS BE USED FOR?
Definition

- MAKE NEW PROTEINS

- CONVERTED TO GLUCOSE

- CONVERTED TO TRIGLYCERIDES

- CONVERTED TO KETONES

- CATABOLIZED TO GENERATE ATP

Term
WHAT IS AMINO ACID CATABOLISM?
Definition

- AMINO ACID UPTAKE IS STIMULATED BY INSULIN

- AMINO ACID GROUP IS REMOVED THROUGH DEAMINATION, PRODUCING AMMONIA

- REMAINING ORGANIC COMPONENT FROM CATABOLISM IS USED IN CELLULAR RESPIRATION, SPECIFICALLY KREBS CYCLE (METABOLIZED TO MAKE ATP)

Term

WHAT DOES THE LARGE INTESTINE DO?

Definition

- ABSORBS MAINLY WATER

(PLUS A FEW IONS AND VITAMINS)

Term
WHAT IS THE INTESTINAL FLORA AND ITS FUNCTION?
Definition

- BACTERIA AND OTHER MICROORGANISMS SYMBIOTICALLY FILL THE LARGE INTESTINE

- BREAKS DOWN SOME OF THE REMAINING CARBOHYDRATES (USUALLY INDIGESTIBLE ONES) AND PRODUCE SOME ESSENTIAL VITAMINS

Term
WHAT DOES CHYME DO?
Definition
- BECOMES SEMI-SOLID TO BE EVENTUALLY ELIMINATED VIA DEFECATION THROUGH THE ANUS
Term
WHAT IS THE LARGE INTESTINE ANATOMY?
Definition

- 6.5CM IN DIAMETER IN 1.5M LONG AND EXTENDS FROM ILEUM TO ANUS

- HAS THE TYPICAL FOUR LAYERS AND THE MUCOSA LAYER HAS INTESTINAL GLANDS BUT THERE ARE NO CIRCULAR FOLDS OR VILLI

Term
WHAT ARE THE FOUR SEGMENTS OF LARGE INTESTINE?
Definition

- CECUM (ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER VALVE)

- COLON

- RECTUM

- ANAL CANAL

Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE CECUM (ILEOCECAL SPHINCTER VALVE)?
Definition
- REGULATES MOVEMENT OF CHYME INTO THE LARGE INTESTINE FROM ILEUM
Term
WHAT IS THE FOUR SECTION OF THE COLON?
Definition

- ASCENDING COLON (RETROPIERITONEAL BEHIND PERITONEUM)

- TRANSVERSE COLON (ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BY THE MESOCOLON)

- DESCENDING COLON (RETROPERITONEAL)

- SIGMOID COLON (ATTACHED TO POSTERIOR ABDOMINAL WALL BT THE MESOCOLON)

Term
WHAT DOE THE RECTUM DO?
Definition
- STORES FECES UNTIL DEFACATION
Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE ANAL CANAL?
Definition

- FECES PASSES THROUGH DURING DEFACATION

- (INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS)

Term
WHAT IS THE INTERNAL AND EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTERS?
Definition

- INVOLUNTARY SMOOTH MUSCLE

- VOLUNTARY SKELETAL MUSCLE

(REGULATES MOVEMENT OF MATERIAL OUT OF LARGE INTESTINE THROUGH ANUS)

Term
WHAT IS YOUR TENIA COLI?
Definition

- BANDS OF MUSCLE FIBERS THAT REPLACE THE LONGITUDINAL MUSCLE OF THE REST OF THE GI TRACT

(PUCKERS UP LARGE INTESTINE TO FORM POUCH-LIKE SACS CALLED HAUSTRA)

- (INCREASES SURFACE AREA FOR ABSORPTION OF WATER, SODIUM AND POTASSIUM IONS, AND VITAMINS B AND K

Term
WHAT IS HAUSTRA?
Definition
- POUCH LIKE SACS
Term
WHAT IS THE LARGE INTESTINE FUNCTIONS?
Definition

- HAUSTRAL CHURNING, PERISTALSIS, AND MASS PERISTALSIS

- MOST IMPORTANT ROLE IS ABSORPTION OF WATER

- ABSORPTION OF WATER FROM CHYME FORMS FECES, LEADING TO DEFECATION

- COLON FLORA FERMENT UNDIGESTED CARBOHYDRATES PRODUCE GASES (HYDROGEN, CARBON DIOXIDE, METHANE) THAT GET RELEASED AS FLATUS

- NUTRIENTS THAT ARE NOT ABSORBED IN SMALL INTESTINE PASS OUT IN FECES

- ONCE IN LARGE INTESTINE, CHYME TAKES 3-10 HOURS TO PASS

- AS WATER GETS ABSORBED, CHYME CHANGES FROM LIQUID TO SEMI-SOLID OR SOLID MASS CALLED FECES

Term

HOW IS ABSORPTION OF WATER THE MOST IMPORTANT ROLE OF THE LARGE INTESTINE?

Definition

- SOME IONS, AND SOME ESSENTIAL VITAMINS (B & K) ARE ALSO ABSORBED

- B & K VITAMINS ARE PRODUCED BY COLON BACTERIA

Term
WHAT IS FLATUS?
Definition

- COLON FLORA FERMENT UNDIGESTED CARBOHYDRATES THAT PRODUCE GASES

- HYDROGEN

- CARBON DIOXIDE

- METHANE

Term
WHAT IS THE COMPOSITION OF FECES?
Definition

- WATER

- INORGANIC SALTS

- EPITHELIAL CELLS THAT HAVE SLOUGHED OFF MUCOSA OF GI TRACT

- BACTERIA

- PRODUCTS OF BACTERIAL DECOMPOSITION

- INDIGESTIBLE PARTS OF FOOD (FIBER, ETC)

Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF DEFACATION?
Definition

- DRIVES FECES FROM COLON TO RECTUM

(BEGINS WITH WAVES OF MASS PERISTALSIS THAT OCCUR PERIODICALLY)

- INITIATES THE DEFACATION REFLEX

(STRETCH RECEPTORS IN WALLS OF RECTUM STIMULATE PARASYMPATHETIC NERVE ACTIVITY LEADING TO RELAXATION OF ANAL SPHINCTERS)

- VOLUNTARY CONTRACTION OF EXTERNAL ANAL SPHINCTER MUSCLES CAN DELAY DEFACATION

Term
WHAT IS DIARRHEA?
Definition

- FREQUENT DEFACATION OF LQUID OR LOOSE FECES

(EXCESS WATER AND NUTRIENTS REMAIN IN WATER)

- ABSORPTION OF FLUID AND NUTRIENTS BY INTESTINES DECREASES

Term
WHAT IS DIARRHEA CAUSED BY?
Definition

- IF CHYME MOVES TOO QUICKLY (INCREASED CONTRACTION IN INTESTINES) OFTEN DUE TO SOMETHING IRITATING THE GI TRACT (EX. VIRUS OR FOOD POISONING)

- MISSING ENZYMES THAT PROCESS FOOD LEADING TO AN INCRESAE IN OSMOLARITY OF THE CHYME AND RETENTION OF WATER IN THE COLON

Term
EXPLAIN DIARRHEA CAUSED BY LACTOSE INTOLERANCE?
Definition
- IF LACTACE IS MISSING AND LACTOSE IS ABSORBED IT LEADS TO AN INCREASE IN OSMOLARITY OF THE CHYME AND RETENTION OF COLON
Term
WHAT IS CONSTIPATION?
Definition

- INFREQUENT OR DIFFICULT DEFECATION DUE TO DECREASED MOTILITY OF THE INTESTINES

- MOVEMENT OF CHYME THROUGH INTESTINES IS SLOWED AND ABSORPTION OF FLUID INCREASES

- OFTEN CAUSED BY LOW FIBER IN DIETS

Term
WHERE IS THE LIVER, GALLBLADDER AND THE PANCREAS LOCATED IN?
Definition
- IN THE UPPER PART OF THE ABDOMEN
Term
WHAT IS THE LIVER?
Definition

- CONSISTS OF TWO MAJOR LOBES (RIGHT AND LEFT) AND PLAYS A MAJOR ROLE IN MANY CHEMICAL PROCESSES IN THE BODY

- REFERRED TO AS THE CHEMICAL FACTORY

Term
WHAT IS THE TWO MAJOR ROLES OF THE LIVER?
Definition

- PRODUCING BILE (EMULSIFIES LIPIDS)

- FROM THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN IT RECEIVES AND THEN PROCESSES THE BULK OF THE DIGESTED NUTRIENTS DIRECTLY FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE

Term
WHAT ARE HEPATOCYTES AND WHAT IS ITS PURPOSE?
Definition

- LIVER CELLS

- MANUFACTURES BILE

Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF BILE?
Definition
- THE PRINCIPAL PURPOSE OF BILE IS THE EMULSIFICATION OF FAT
Term
WHAT IS EMULSIFICATION?
Definition
- EMULSIFICATION IS THE BREAKING UP OF LARGE LIPID DROPLETS INTO SMALLER ONES BY BILE SALTS TO CREATE MICELLES
Term
WHAT DOES MICELLES DO?
Definition
- MICELLES ALLOW THE LIPOLYTIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES ACCESS TO THE LIPIDS SO THEY CAN BE BROKEN DOWN FOR ABSORPTION
Term
WHAT DOES BILE CONTAIN?
Definition
- CONTAINS CHOLESTEROL AND BILIRUBIN (A PIGMENT DERIVED FROM HEMOGLOBIN FROM WORN-OUT RED BLOOD CELLS)
Term
WHAT ARE THE LIVER FUNCTIONS IN DIGESTION?
Definition

- DIGESTED AND ABSORBED SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS ARE BROUGHT TO THE LIVER

- BLOOD IS DISTRIBUTED TO HEPATOCYTES THROUGH THE HEPATIC SINUSOIDS

- HEPATOCYTES EXTRACT AND PROCESS NUTRIENTS

- AFTER HEPATOCYTES COMPLETE THEIR WORK, BLOOD DRAINS FROM HEPATIC SINUSOIDS TO CENTRAL VEINS TO HEPATIC VEIN TO THE INFERIOR VENA CAVA

Term
WHAT IS THE PURPOSE OF THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN IN THE LIVER FUNCTION IN DIGESTION?
Definition

- HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN TRANSPORTS FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE WATER SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS TO LIVER

- THE LIPIDS ARE TRANSPORTED FROM THE SMALL INTESTINE THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM EVENTUALLY END IN THE BLOOD AND SO MANY ALSO END UP BEING PROCESSED BY THE LIVER

Term
WHAT IS BILE AND GALLBLADDER SECRETION?
Definition
- BILE IS PRODUCED AND SECRETED INTO THE RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS (DRAINS RIGHT AND LEFT LOBES) THEN GOES TO THE COMMON HEPATIC DUCT THEN THE CYSTIC DUCT WHICH FINALLY DRAINS INTO THE GALLBLADDER
Term
WHAT ARE THE RIGHT AND LEFT HEPATIC DUCTS AND WHAT DO THEY PRODUCE?
Definition
- THE DUCT THAT DRAINS BILE FROM THE LEFT HALF OF THE LIVER AND JOINS THE RIGHT HEPATIC DUCT TO FORM THE COMMON HEPTIC DUST.
Term

COMMON HEPATIC DUCT

RIGHT HEPATIC DUCT

LEFT HEPATIC DUCT

LIVER

CYSTIC DUCT

GALLBLADDER

Definition
[image]
Term
WHAT IS THE GALLBLADDER AND THE FUNCTION?
Definition
- IS A SMALL ORGAN LOCATED JUST INFERIOR TO THE LIVER THAT STORES THE BILE UNTIL A MEAL
Term
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CHOLECYSTOKININ IS RELEASED BY THE SMALL INTESTINE? (CCK)
Definition

- THE FAT ENTERS AND TRIGGERS THE CONTRACTION OF THE GALLBLADDER AND THE RELEASE OF THE BILE INTO THE COMMON BILE DUCT

- THE COMMON BILE DUCT COMBINES WITH THE PACREATIC DUCT WHICH CARRIES THE PACREATIC JUICES

- THEN THE BILE AND PANCREATIC JUICES ARE THEN SECRETED INTO THE DUODENUM TO MIX WITH THE CHYME FROM THE STOMACH

Term
WHAT DOES YOUR PANCREAS CONTAIN AND WHERE IS IT LOCATED?
Definition

- ENDOCRINE CELLS (PRODUCES INSULIN AND GUCAGON)

- ACINAR CELLS

- LOCATED INFERIOR AND POSTERIOR TO THE STOMACH, HEAD NEXT TO THE DUODENUM

(RETROPERITONEAL)

Term
DESCRIBE THE PANCREATIC JUICE?
Definition

- SECRETED BY PANCREATIC ACINAR CELLS

- CLEAR AND COLORLESS

- FLOWS INTO DUODENUM THROUGH PANCREATIC DUCT

- COMPOSED OF WATER, SODIUM, BICARBONATE (TO NUETRALIZE STOMACH ACID) AND DIGESTIVE ENZYMES

Term
WHAT ARE THE PANCREATIC DIGESTIVE ENZYMES?
Definition

- AMYLASE

- TRYSPIN, CHYMOTRYPSIN, CARBOXYPEPTIDASE (PROTEOLYTIC)

RIBONUCLEASE, DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE

Term
WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE ENZYME AMYLASE DO?
Definition
- BREAKS DOWN STARCH INTO SUGARS
Term
WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE ENZYME PANCREATIC LIPASE (LIPOLYTIC) DO?
Definition
- BREAKS TRIGLYCERIDES INTO FATTY ACIDS?
Term
WHAT DOES THE DIGESTIVE ENZYME RIBONUCLEASE, DEOXYRIBONUCLEASE DO?
Definition
- BREAK DOWN NUCLEIC ACIDS (LIKE DNA AND RNA)
Term
DESCRIBE ABSORPTION?
Definition

- ABSORPTION OF NUTRIENTS FROM SMALL INTESTINAL LUMEN IS THROUGH THE MOCROVILLI OF THE SIMPLE COLUMNAR EPITHELIUM OF THE INTESTINAL WALL

Term
WHERE DOES ABSORPTION OCCUR, WHAT DOES IT REMOVE, AND WHAT IS ABSORBED?
Definition

- OCCURS THROUGH DIFFUSION, FACILATED DIFFUSION, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT

- REMOVES SUGARS, AMINO ACIDS, LIPIDS FROM LUMEN TO CREATE A GRADIENT THAT ALLOWS WATER TO BE ABSORBED BY OSMOSIS

- VITAMINS ABSORBED BY SIMPLE DIFFUSION (WITH WATER OR WITH LIPIDS)

Term

WHERE DOES THE ABSORBED NUTRIENT

AMINO ACIDS, SUGARS, SHORT-CHAIN FATTY ACIDS, AND OTHER WATER SOLUBLE NUTRIENTS GO AFTER THE SMALL INTESTINE?

Definition

- FROM THE EPITHELIAL CELLS, THEY DIFFUSE INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF THE VILLI AND THEN INTO THE CAPILLARIES TO BE CARRIED Y THE HEPATIC PORTAL VEIN CIRCULATION TO THE LIVER

- FURTHER PROCESSING OF THE NUTRIENTS OCCURS IN THE LIVER, AND NUTRIENTS ARE SENT INTO GENERAL CIRCULATION

Term
WHERE DOES THE REMAINING LIPIDS (EX. LARGE CHAIN FATTY ACIDS AND CHOLESTEROL) GO AFTER THE SMALL INTESTINES?
Definition

- IN THE EPITHELIAL CELLS THEY ARE PACKAGED INTO CHYLOMICRONS (PROTEIN-COATED SPHERES THAT ARE A TYPE OF LIPOPROTEIN)

- THESE EXIT THE EPITHELIAL CELLS THROUGH EXOCYTOSIS INTO THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID OF THE VILLI

- THE CHYLOMICRONS ARE TOO LARGE TO ENTER THE CAPILLARIES SO ARE TAKEN UP BY THE LACTEALS (LYPMPH CAPILLARIES) IN THE VILLI

Term
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CHYLOMICRON TRAVELS THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM?
Definition

- WHEN CHYLOMICRON TRAVELS THROUGH THE LYMPHATIC SYSTEM TO THE SUBCLAVIAN VEIN TO ENTER THE BLOOD AND THE GENERAL CIRCULATION, WHERE THEY PASS ONTO ADIPOSE TISSUE AND LIVER

Term
WHAT HAPPENS WHEN CHYLOMICRONS ARE IN THE LIVER AND WHEN IT REACHES THE LARGE INTESTINE?
Definition

- THEY ARE BROKEN UP AND LIPIDS ARE STORED OR REPACKAGED TO BE REDISTRIBUTED

- BY THE TIME THE CHYME REACHES LARGE INTESTINE MOST BILE SALTS HAVE BEEN REABSORBED AND RETURNED TO LIVER FOR REUSE

- INSUFFICIENT BILE SALTS CAN RESULT IN UP TO 40% LOSS OF DIETARY LIPIDS, INCLUDING FAT SOLUBLE VITAMINS, IN FECES

Term

WHAT IS THE ENS CONTROL OF CONTRACTION?

(ENTERIC NERVOUS SYSTEM)

Definition

- "GUT BRAIN (NUERONS LOCATED IN THE GI TRACT)

- INFLUENCED BY THE ANS

Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ENS MOTOR NUERONS?
Definition
- CONTROLS MUSCLE MOVEMENTS AND SECRETIONS WITHIN THE GI TRACT
Term
WHAT IS THE FUNCTION OF THE ENS SENSORY NUERONS?
Definition
- DETECTS PRESENCE OF BLOOD THROUGH MECHANICAL AND CHEMICAL STRETCH RECEPTORS WITHIN THE GI ORGANS
Term
WHAT ARE THE THREE PHASES OF DIGESTION CONTROLLED BY THE ENS?
Definition

- CEPHALIC PHASE

- GASTRIC PHASE

- INTESTINAL PHASE

Term
DESCRIBE THE CEPHALIC PHASE
Definition

- RESPONDS TO SENSATION OF FOOD

(SMELL, TASTE, SIGHT)

- PREPARES MOUTH AND STOMACH TO RECEIVE FOOD

- PHASE LASTS AS LONG AS EATING THE MEAL

Term
DESCRIBE THE GASTRIC PHASE
Definition

- CONTINUES GATRIC SECRETIONS AND MOTILITY

- MIXING FOOD AND REGULATING GATRIC EMPTYING

Term
DESCRIBE THE INTESTINAL PHASE
Definition

- PROMOTES CONTINUED DIGESTION THROUGH SMALL INTESTINE

- ALSO INHIBITS GASTRIC EMPTYING TO PREVENT DUODENUM FROM BEING OVERLOADED WITH CHYME

Term
WHAT IS THE URINARY SYSTEM?
Definition

- ORGANS OF EXCRETION

- COMPOSED OF A PAIR OF KIDNEYS AND URINARY TRACT

Term
WHAT IS THE MAIN PURPOSE OF THE URINARY SYSTEM?
Definition

- MAINTAIN BLOOD HOMEOSTASIS

Term
HOW DOES THE URINARY SYSTEM MAINTAIN BLOOD HOMEOSTASIS?
Definition

- KIDNEYS FILTER BLOOD TO CREATE URINE

- URINARY TRACT TRANSPORTS AND STORES THE RESULTANT URINE

Term
WHAT IS THE URINARY TRACT COMPOSED OF?
Definition

- URETERS

- BLADDER

- URETHRA

Term
[image]
Definition
BLADDER
Term
[image]
Definition
KIDNEYS
Term
[image]
Definition
URETERS
Term
[image]
Definition
URETHRA
Term
WHAT ARE THE BASIC FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- FILTRATION

- REABSORPTION

- SECRETION

- ALL HELP TO MAINTAIN BODY HOMEOSTASIS AND MAINTAIN FLUID AND ELECTROLYTE BALANCE

Term
WHAT IS FILTRATION OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition
- FILTRATION OF BLOOD PLASMA TO CREATE FILTRATE
Term
WHAT IS REABSORPTION OF KIDNEYS?
Definition

- REABSORPTION OF ESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES

- MEANS RETURN OF THESE ESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES TO THE BLOOD

- MOST OF FILTRATE IS RETURNED TO THE BLOOD

Term
WHAT IS SECRETION OF KIDNEYS?
Definition
- OF NONESSENTIAL SUBSTANCES INTO THE FILTRATE
Term
WHAT IS THE EXTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- PAIR OF REDDISH ORGANS (SHAPED LIKE KIDNEY BEANS, SIZE OF BAR OF SOAP IN ADULTS)

- FOUND ON EACH SIDE OF VERTEBRAL COLUMN BETWEEN PERITONEUM AND BACK WALL OF ABDOMINAL CAVITY (12 THORACIC AND 1-3RD LUMBAR VERTEBRAE)

- RIGHT KIDNEY IS SLIGHTLY LOWER BECAUSE OF LIVER TAKING UP SPACE

- ON MEDIAL SPACE IS HILUM

- ATTACHED TO KIDNEYS ARE ADRENAL GLANDS (ENDOCRINE SYSTEM)

- HAS 3 EXTERNAL LAYERS OF CONNECTIVE TISSUE

Term
WHAT IS IN THE HILUM OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- RENAL ARTERY

- RENAL VEIN

- NERVES

- LYMPHATICS

- URETER

Term
[image]
Definition
ADRENAL GLANDS
Term
[image]
Definition
RENAL ARTERY
Term
[image]
Definition
RENAL VEINS
Term
WHAT ARE THE LAYERS OF THE CONNECTIVE TISSUE OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- RENAL FASCIA

- ADIPOSE CAPSULE

- RENAL CAPSULE

Term
WHAT IS RENAL FASCIA LAYER OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- THIN LAYER OF DENSE IRREGULAR CONNECTIVE TISSUE

- ANCHORS EACH KIDNEY TO ABDOMINAL WALL

Term
WHAT IS THE ADIPOSE CAPSULE LAYER OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- THICKEST LAYER

- SHIELDS THEM FROM PHYSICAL TRAUMA

Term
WHAT IS THE ADIPOSE CAPSULE LAYER OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- THICKEST LAYER

- SHIELDS THEM FROM PHYSICAL TRAUMA

Term
[image]
Definition
LAYERS OF KIDNEYS PT 1
Term
[image]
Definition
LAYERS OF KIDNEYS PT 2
Term
WHAT ARE THE FUNCTIONS OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- REGULATION OF BLOOD

- PRODUCTION OF 2 HORMONES

Term
WHAT IS REGULATION OF BLOOD FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION?
Definition

- REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUME

- REGULATION OF BLOOD PRESSURE

- REGULATION OF BLOOD COMPOSITION AND BLOOD pH

- EXCRETION OF WASTES

Term
WHAT DOES REGULATION OF BLOOD VOLUM DO FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION?
Definition

- RETURN WATER TO BLOOD

- ELIMINATE WATER THROUGH URINE

Term
WHAT DOES REGULATION BLOOD PRESSURE DO FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION?
Definition
- SECRETE RENIN ENZYME
Term
WHAT IS RENIN?
Definition

- ENZYME SECRETED BY AND STORED IN KIDNEYS

- PROMOTES PRODUCTION OF THE PROTEIN ANGIOTENSIN

Term
WHAT DOES REGULATION OF BLOOD COMPOSITION AND BLOOD pH DO FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION?
Definition

- REGULATE BLOOD ION LEVELS

- REGULATE BLOOD pH BY REGULATING HYDROGEN ION (H+) AND BICARBONATE ION (HCO3-) CONCENTRATIONS IN THE BLOOD

Term
WHAT DOES EXCRETION OF WASTES DO FOR KIDNEY FUNCTION?
Definition

- REMOVES METABOLIC WASTES SUCH AS AMMONIA, UREA, BILIRUBIN, CREATINE, URIC ACID

- REMOVES FOREIGN SUBSTANCES SUCH AS DRUGS AND ENVIRONMENTAL TOXINS

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 HORMONES THAT ARE PRODUCED IN THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- CALCITROL

- ERYTHROPOIETIN

Term
WHAT IS CALCITROL HORMONE OF KIDNEYS?
Definition

- ACTIVE FORM OF VITAMIN D

- REGULATES CALCIUM HOMEOSTASIS

Term
WHAT IS ERYTHROPOIETIN HORMONE OF KIDNEYS?
Definition
- STIMULATES PRODUCTION OF RED BLOOD CELLS
Term
WHAT IS THE INTERNAL ANATOMY OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- HAS 3 DISTINCT REGIONS

- RENAL CORTEX

- RENAL MEDULLA

- RENAL PELVIS

- RENAL BLOOD FLOW

Term
WHAT IS THE RENAL CORTEX OF THE INTERNAL KIDNEY?
Definition

- LIGHT COLORED OUTER LAYER

- RECEIVES MAJORITY OF BLOOD SUPPLY

- CONTAINS MAJORITY OF NEPHRON WHERE FILTRATION AND REABSORPTION OCCURS

Term
WHAT IS RENAL MEDULLA OF INTERNAL KIDNEY?
Definition

- DARK INNER LAYER

- CREATES OSMOTIC GRADIENT THAT ALLOWS CONCENTRATION OF FILTRATE TO OCCUR

- COMPOSED OF 2 REGIONS (RENAL PYRAMIDS AND RENAL COLUMNS)

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 REGIONS OF THE RENAL MEDULLA?
Definition

- RENAL PYRAMIDS

- RENAL COLUMNS

Term
WHAT ARE THE RENAL PYRAMIDS OF THE RENAL MEDULLA OF THE KIDNEYS?
Definition

- BETWEEN 7-9 PYRAMIDS

- CONTAINS MANY TUBULES THAT CONTRIBUTE TO CONCENTRATION OF FILTRATE

Term
WHAT ARE RENAL COLUMNS OF RENAL MEDULLA OF KIDNEYS?
Definition

- LIE BETWEEN RENAL PYRAMIDS

- CONTAIN BLOOD VESSELS ON THEIR WAY TO CORTEX

Term
WHAT IS THE RENAL PELVIS OF THE INTERNAL KIDNEYS?
Definition

- COMPOSED OF 2 PARTS

- MINOR CALYX

- MAJOR CALYX

Term
WHAT IS MINOR CALYX OF RENAL PELVIS OF KIDNEYS?
Definition

- CUP-LIKE STRUCTURE IN RIM OF RENAL PELVIS

- URINE DRAINS FROM RENAL PYRAMIDS THROUGH DUCTS INTO MINOR CALYX

Term
WHAT IS MAJOR CALYX OF RENAL PELVIS OF KIDNEYS?
Definition

- CUP-LIKE STRUCTURE IN RIM OF RENAL PELVIS

- RECEIVES URINE FROM MINOR CALYX AND CONNECTS TO URETER

Term
[image]
Definition
MAJOR CALYX
Term
[image]
Definition
MINOR CALYX
Term
[image]
Definition
RENAL COLUMNS
Term
[image]
Definition
RENAL CORTEX
Term
WHAT IS RENAL BLOOD FLOW OF INTERNAL KIDNEYS?
Definition

- 20-25% OF RESTING CARDIAC OUTPUT FLOWS THROUGH KIDNEYS VIA RENAL ARTERIES AND VEINS

- RENAL ARTERY DIVIDES INTO SMALLER VESSELS THAT EVENTUALLY BECOME AFFERENT ARTERIOLES

- AFFERENT ARTERIOLES ENTER RENAL CORPUSCLE AND DIVIDE UP TO BECOME GLOMERULUS

- CAPILLARIES OF GLOMERULI THEN UNITE TO FORM EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

- EFFERENT ARTERIOLE THEN DIVIDES INTO CAPILLARY NETWORK CALLED PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

- EVENTUALLY THEY FORM LARGER AND LARGER VEINS THAT BECOME RENAL VEIN

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULUS?
Definition
- CAPILLARY BED WHERE FILTRATION OCCURS
Term
WHAT IS PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES?
Definition

- SURROUND RENAL TUBULES IN CORTEX AND MEDULLA

- COLLECT THE REABSORBED WATER AND SOLUTES FROM INTERSTITIAL FLUID

Term
WHAT IS KIDNEY MICROANATOMY?
Definition

- NEPHRON

- COLLECTING SYSTEM

- 2 TYPES OF NEPHRONS

- RENAL CORPUSCLE

- RENAL TUBULE

Term
WHAT IS NEPHRON OF KIDNEYS MICROANATOMY?
Definition

- PRINCIPLE FUNCTION UNIT OF KIDNEY

- HAS RENAL CORPUSCLE AND RENAL TUBULE

Term
WHAT IS RENAL CORPUSCLE OF NEPHRON?
Definition

- WITHIN CORTEX

- CONTAINS GLOMERULUS

- BLOOD PLASMA FILTERED HERE

- 2 PARTS (GLOMERULUS AND GLOMERULAR (BOWMANS) CAPSULE)

- FILTRATE EXITS GLOMERULUS INTO CAPSULE THEN GOES TO RENAL TUBULE

Term
WHAT IS RENAL TUBULE OF NEPHRON?
Definition

- MADE UP OF 3 TUBES (PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE, NEPHRON LOOP, AND DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE)

- FILTRATE THEN TRAVELS THROUGH RENAL TUBULE SEGMENTS IN FOLLOWING ORDER; PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBLE, NEPHRON LOOP, THEN DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

- URINE THEN GOES FROM THE RENAL TUBULE STRUCTURES TO COLLECTING DUCT AND THEN PAPILLARY DUCT TO EMPTY INTO MINOR CALYX

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULUS OF RENAL CORPUSCLE?
Definition
- CAPILLARY BED CARRYING BLOOD TO BE FILTERED
Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULAR (BOWMANS) CAPSULE OF RENAL CORPUSCLE?
Definition

- DOUBLE-WALLED CUP OF EPITHELIAL CELLS SURROUNDING GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

- INNER WALL CONSISTS OF PODOCYTES

Term
WHAT ARE PODOCYTES?
Definition
- WITH FINGERLIKE PROJECTIONS CALLED PEDICLES THAT WRAP AROUND CAPILLARY ENDOTHELIAL CELLS
Term
WHAT IS PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE OF RENAL TUBULE?
Definition

- WITHIN CORTEX

- MOST OF FILTRATE IS REABSORBED

Term
WHAT IS NEPHRON LOOP OF RENAL TUBULE?
Definition

- EXTENDS INTO AND BACK OUT OF MEDULLA

- IMPORTANT FOR CONCENTRATING FILTRATE

- HAS 2 LIMBS

- THIN DESCENDING LIMB

- THICK ASCENDING LIMB

Term
WHAT IS DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE OF RENAL TUBULE?
Definition

- WITHIN CORTEX

- UNDER HORMONAL CONTROL FOR SODIUM AND WATER REABSORPTION

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 PARTS OF THE COLLECTING SYSTEM OF KIDNEY MICROANATOMY?
Definition

- COLLECTING DUCTS

- PAPILLARY DUCTS

Term
WHAT ARE COLLECTING DUCTS OF COLLECTING SYSTEM?
Definition

- UNDER SAME HORMONAL CONTROL AS DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE

- COLLECTS FILTRATE FROM MULTIPLE NEPHRONS

- FILTRATE BECOMES URINE ON LEAVING COLLECTING DUCTS BECAUSE IT IS NO LONGER MODIFIED

Term
WHAT ARE PAPILLARY DUCTS OF COLLECTING SYSTEM?
Definition

- RECEIVES URINE FROM MULTIPLE COLLECTING DUCTS

- EMPTIES INTO MINOR CALYX

Term
WHAT ARE THE 2 TYPES OF NEPHRONS?
Definition

- CORTICAL NEPHRONS

- JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS

Term
WHAT ARE CORTICAL NEPHRONS OF NEPHRONS?
Definition

- 80% OF NEPHRONS

- SHORT NEPHRON LOOPS THAT EXTEND MINIMALLY INTO MEDULLA

- ADJUSTS CONTENT OF THE FILTRATE

Term
WHAT ARE JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRONS OF NEPHRONS?
Definition

- LONG NEPHRON LOOPS THAT EXTEND DEEP INTO MEDULLA

- MAIN PURPOSE IS TO CREATE AND MAINTAIN OSMOTIC GRADIENT NECESSARY TO CONCENTRATE FILTRATE

Term
HOW DOES FILTRATE BECOME URINE?
Definition

- 20% OF BLOOD PLASMA PASSING THROUGH RENAL CORPUSCLE IS PASSIVELY FILTERED FROM BLOOD BY GLOMERULUS

- EVERYTHING CAN BE FILTERED EXCEPT FORMED ELEMENTS AND PROTEINS

- THEN SELECTIVELY REABSORBS 99% OF FILTRATE, BUT ONLY SUBSTANCES IT REQUIRES, AND ACTIVELY SECRETES ADDITIONAL SUBSTANCES IT DOESNT WANT

Term
WHAT DOES THE FILTRATE CONTAIN?
Definition

- WATER

- ELECTROLYTES/IONS (SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CALCIUM ETC)

- NUTRIENTS

- ALL MOLECULES SMALLER THAN SMALL BLOOD PROTEIN ALBUMIN

Term
WHAT IS ALBUMIN?
Definition
- SMALL BLOOD PROTEIN
Term
WHAT OF THE FILTRATES IS REABSORBED IN GLOMERULUS?
Definition

- WATER

- IONS (SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORIDE, CALCIUM ETC)

- GLUCOSE AND OTHER NUTRIENTS

Term
WHAT OF THE FILTRATES IS SECRETED?
Definition

- NITROGEN-BASED WASTE PRODUCTS (UREA)

- DRUGS AND TOXINS

Term
WHAT IS URINE FORMATION?
Definition

- IT HAS 3 STEPS (GLOMERULAR FILTRATION, TUBULAR REABSORPTION, AND TUBULAR SECRETION)

- KIDNEYS FILTER 180 L IN MALES AND 150 L IN FEMALES EACH DAY

- FILTRATION IS POWERED BY NET PRESSURES WITHIN RENAL CORPUSCLE

- TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND SECRETION ACROSS RENAL TUBULE CELLS ARE DRIVEN BY MEMBRANE TRANSPORT (DIFFUSION, OSMOSIS, FACILIATED DIFFUSION, AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT)

- RATE IS INFLUENCED BY FILTRATION FLOW RATE THROUGH TUBULE (FASTER FLOW, LESS REABSORPTION AND VICE VERSA)

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULAR FILTRATION OF URINE FORMATION?
Definition

- BLOOD PRESSURE FORCES WATER AND DISSOLVED SUBSTANCES ACROSS GLOMERULAR CAPILLARY WALL INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE

- OCCURS IN RENAL CORPUSCLE AND DEALS WITH FLUID MOVING FROM GLOMERULUS INTO GLOMERULAR CAPSULE

- 3 LAYER FILTRATION MEMBRANE

- FORCES THAT INFLUENCE FILTRATION OF FLUIDS AND SMALL SOLUTES (HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE AND OSMOTIC PRESSURE)

- NET FILTRATION PRESSURE HAS 3 FORCES

- NET FILTRATION PRESSURE (NFP) = GBHP (55) - BCOP (30) - CHP (15) = 10 MM HG

- CONTROL OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION

- GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE

Term
WHAT DO PODOCYTES DO?
Definition

- ALLOWS PASSAGE OF BLOOD PLASMA AND SMALL PROTEINS (SMALLER THAN ALBUMIN)

- PREVENTS PASSAGE OF BLOOD CELLS, PLATELETS, AND LARGER PROTEINS

Term
WHAT IS HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE?
Definition
- PUSHING OUT OF CAPILLARY
Term
WHAT IS OSMOTIC PRESSURE?
Definition
- PROTEINS IN BLOOD PULLING BACK INTO CAPILLARY
Term
WHAT ARE THE 3 FORCES OF NET FILTRATION PRESSURE OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION?
Definition

- GLOMERULAR BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (GBHP)

- GLOMERULAR COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (GCOP)

- CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (CHP)

- NET FILTRATION PRESSURE = GBHP (55)-BCOP (30)-CHP (15) = 10 mm HG

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULAR BLOOD HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (GBHP) OF NET FILTRATION PRESSURE?
Definition

- ABOUT 55 mm HG

- DETERMINED MOSTLY BY SYSTEMIC BLOOD PRESSURE

- FAVORS FILTRATION INTO CAPSULAR SPACE

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULAR COLLOID OSMOTIC PRESSURE (GCOP) OF NET FILTRATION PRESSURE?
Definition

- ABOUT 30 mm HG

- CREATED MOSTLY BY ALBUMIN

- OPPOSES FILTRATION BY PULLING WATER BACK INTO GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

Term
WHAT IS CAPSULAR HYDROSTATIC PRESSURE (CHP) OF NET FILTRATION PRESSURE?
Definition

- ABOUT 15 mm HG

- GENERATED IN CAPSULAR SPACE BY FILTRATE ALREADY IN CAPSULAR SPACE AND TUBULE

- OPPOSES FILTRATION

Term
WHAT IS CONTROL OF GLOMERULAR FILTRATION?
Definition

- AFFERENT ARTERIOLE IS LARGER IN DIAMETER THEN EFFERENT ARTERIOLE

- DIAMETER DIFFERENCES RAISED BLOOD PRESSURE IN GLOMERULAR CAPILLARIES

- STEADY NFP CAN BE MAINTAINED BY MAKING SLIGHT CHANGES IN ARTERIOLE DIAMETERS

Term
WHAT IS GLOMERULAR FILTRATION RATE (GFR)?
Definition

- RATE AT WHICH FLUID IS FILTERED IN RENAL CORPUSCLE PER MINUTE

- 105 mL/MIN IN FEMALES, 125 mL/MIN IN MALES

- DEGREE OF REABSORPTION OF SUBSTANCES FROM FILTRATE DEPENDS ON 2 FACTORS

- CONCENTRATION OF SUBSTANCES

- RATES OF FLOW

- IF GFR IS TO HIGH, SUBSTANCES ARE NOT REABSORBED SUFFICIENTLY, SINCE FLUID IS TRAVELING TO QUICKLY

- IF GFR IS TO LOW, WASTES ARE NOT ADEQUATELY EXCRETED, AS FLUID MOVES SLOWLY

Term
WHAT IS TUBULAR REABSORPTION?
Definition

- TUBULE CELL MEMBRANES REABSORB SOLUTES AND WATER

- 99% IS RETURNED TO PERITUBULAR CAPILLARIES

Term
WHAT IS TUBULAR SECRETION?
Definition
- AS FLUID FLOWS ACROSS TUBULES AND COLLECTING DUCT, WASTES, DRUGS, AND EXCESS IONS IN BLOOD ARE SECRETED INTO FILTRATE TO EVENTUALLY BE REMOVED FROM BODY
Term
WHAT IS RENAL TUBULE REABSORPTION AND SECRETION?
Definition

- ION TRANSPORT PATHWAYS ACROSS CELLS OF TUBULES

- PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT)

- NEPHRON LOOP - COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER

- DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULES AND COLLECTING DUCTS

Term
WHAT IS REABSORBED IN TUBULE REABSORPTION?
Definition

- WATER

- NUTRIENTS INCLUDING ALL GLUCOSE AND AMINO ACIDS

- IONS (SODIUM, POTASSIUM, CHLORINE, CALCIUM, MAGNESIUM, BICARBONATE, PHOSPHATE)

Term
WHAT IS SECRETED IN TUBULE SECRETION?
Definition

- WASTE SUBSTANCES

- NITROGEN-BASED WASTE PRODUCTS (AMMONIA, UREA, CREATINE)

- DRUGS (CAN BE DETECTED IN URINE TESTS)

- IONS (HYDROGEN AND POTASSIUM)

Term
WHAT IS ION TRANSPORT PATHWAYS ACROSS THE CELLS OF TUBULES?
Definition

- TRANSCELLULAR ROUTE

- PARACELLULAR ROUTE

Term
WHAT IS TRANSCELLULAR ROUTE OF ION TRANSPORT PATHWAYS ACROSS CELLS OF TUBULES?
Definition

- SOLUTE TRAVELS FROM ONE SIDE OF A CELL TO OTHER SIDE

- INVOLVES PASSIVE AND ACTIVE TRANSPORT MECHANISMS

Term
WHAT IS PARACELLULAR ROUTE OF ION TRANSPORT PATHWAYS ACROSS THE CELLS OF TUBULES?
Definition

- PASSING THROUGH TIGHT JUNCTIONS OF ADJOINING NEIGHBORING CELLS

- PASSIVE TRANSPORT DRIVEN BY OSMOTIC OR ELECTROCHEMICAL GRADIENTS

Term
WHAT IS PROXIMAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE (PCT) OF RENAL TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND SECRETION?
Definition

- 2/3 OF WATER AND SOLUTES REABSORBED HERE

- SODIUM, POTASSIUM, AND WATER ARE REABSORBED EQUALLY SO FLUID HERE IS ISOSMOTIC TO BLOOD PLASMA

- SECRETION OF UREA, CREATININE, AMMONIUM ION, AND HYDROGEN ION

Term
WHAT IS NEPHRON LOOP - COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER OF RENAL TUBULAR REABSORPTION AND SECRETION?
Definition

- IN MEDULLA DUE TO JUXTAMEDULLARY NEPHRON, THERE IS INTERSTITIAL FLUID GRADIENT DRIVEN BY SODIUM CHLORIDE (DEEPER INTO MEDULLA, MORE CONCENTRATED OSMOTIC GRADIENT OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID)

- DESCENDING LIM PROMOTES REABSORPTION OF WATER AND RETURNS IT TO PERITUBULAR CAPILLARY BED NETWORK (PERMEABLE TO WATER & IMPERMEABLE TO SOLUTES)

- TRAVELING UP THROUGH ASCENDING LIMB THE INTERSTITIAL FLUID GRADIENT BECOMES MORE DILUTE (ASCENDING LIMB IS NOT PERMEABLE TO WATER & SODIUM CHLORIDE IS ACTIVELY TRANSPORTED OUT OF FILTRATE TO MAINTAIN MEDULLARY OSMOTIC GRADIENT OF INTERSTITIAL FLUID)

- COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER

Term
WHAT IS COUNTERCURRENT MULTIPLIER OF NEPHRON LOOP?
Definition

- PRODUCES IN DEEP MEDULLA A HIGH OSMOTIC GRADIENT, WHICH IS IMPORTANT FOR REABSORPTION OF WATER FROM COLLECTING DUCTS

- CONCENTRATES URINE TO MINIMIZE WATER LOSS FROM BODY AND HELPS TO MAINTAIN PROPER BLOOD VOLUME

Term
WHAT DOES DISTAL CONVOLUTED TUBULE AND COLLECTING DUCTS OF RENAL TUBULE REABSORPTION AND SECRETION DO?
Definition

- ALDOSTERONE

- ANTIDIURETIC HORMONE (ADH)

Term
WHAT IS ALDOSTERONE?
Definition
- STIMULATES REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND SECRETION OF POTASSIUM
Term
WHAT IS ALDOSTERONE?
Definition
- STIMULATES REABSORPTION OF SODIUM AND SECRETION OF POTASSIUM
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