Term
| Ruminant digestion/fermentation works via a ________ relationship with ________ microbes that can digest ________. |
|
Definition
| Symbiotic relationship with anaerobic microbes that can digest cellulose. |
|
|
Term
| What are the major end products of ruminant digestion? |
|
Definition
| VFAs (acetate, proprionate, butyrate) and CO2 |
|
|
Term
| By what process do ruminant tissues burn VFAs for energy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: forestomach function is rarely influenced by the type of diet. |
|
Definition
| False; function is heavily influenced by the nature of the diet. |
|
|
Term
| What types of diets tend to disrupt forestomach function? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does a dietary change affect the rumen? |
|
Definition
| rapid changes to rumen flora |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal rumen pH? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List two bacteria types that proliferate under very acidic conditions |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 4 functions of normal forestomach motility |
|
Definition
-maintain normal fermentation
-maintain stratification of rumen contents
-remove fermentation gases (CO2 and CH4)
-push feed into the abomasum and gut |
|
|
Term
| what are the two normal contraction patterns of the forestomach? |
|
Definition
Primary contraction cycle (mixing)
Secondary contraction cycle (eructation) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the primary contraction cycle is responsible for eructation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of stomach contents being regurgitated, rechewed, and reswallowed? |
|
Definition
| further breaks down the size of the fibrous feed particles in the reticulorumen |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of stomach contents being regurgitated, rechewed, and reswallowed? |
|
Definition
| further breaks down the size of the fibrous feed particles in the reticulorumen |
|
|
Term
| how is motility controlled? |
|
Definition
neural control
gastric centers in the medulla oblongata integrate sensory information and regulate motilty accordingly |
|
|
Term
| How does eating affect motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What affect dose moderate distension of the rumen and abomasum have on motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what 2 things increase forestomach motility? |
|
Definition
eating
moderate distension |
|
|
Term
| What is the purpose of rumination? |
|
Definition
| further breaks down the size of fibrous feed particles in the reticulorumen |
|
|
Term
| List some factors that decrease motility |
|
Definition
-severe distension
-very low rumen pH
-extremely high VFA concentrations
-toxemia, systemic illness, brain disease-> depression of gastric centers in the brain |
|
|
Term
| What affect does a low rumen pH have on motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the consequence of extremely high VFA concentrations to motility? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what is the normal stratification pattern of the rumen |
|
Definition
Dorsal gas cap
Floating mat or raft of course fibrous feed material
Fine feed particles in fluid |
|
|
Term
| What is the normal abdominal contour (as seen from behind) in a ruminant? |
|
Definition
| pear-shaped and symmetrical |
|
|
Term
| What does a Papple-shaped abdomen in a ruminant typically indicate/reflect? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What side of the abdomen and in what region is distension noted with Bloat? (ruminant) |
|
Definition
marked left side distension
dorsally over the paralumbar fossa |
|
|
Term
| What is done to evaluate the nature and stratification of the rumen contents on PE? |
|
Definition
| palpate and ballotte the left PLF and flannk |
|
|
Term
| Where do you auscult the abdomen to listen to rumen motility? and what are we listening for? |
|
Definition
left paralumbar fossa
frequency, strength, coordination |
|
|
Term
Which of the following suggest forestomach disease?
a. hypermotility
b. eumotility
c. atony
d. hypomotility
e. a, c, d
f. a, d
g. all of the above |
|
Definition
| e. hypomotility, atony, hypermotility |
|
|
Term
The following statements describe which technique used on PE:
simultaneous percussion and auscultation over the entire thorax and abdomen
reflect an abnormal fluid/gas interface w/in a pressurized viscus-> very helpful for localizing GI problems |
|
Definition
checking for pings
-size, location, and character
suggests the ping's origin |
|
|
Term
| List some PE findings that may indicate abdominal pain |
|
Definition
stance and posture
-hunched back, reluctance to lie down
or move, abducted elbows, expiratory
grunt, moaning, etc.
symptoms of colic
-treading, stretching |
|
|
Term
All of the following are tests for what?
-Withers pinch ("scootch") test
-Xyphoid pressure test
-Listen over larynx for increased sensitivity |
|
Definition
| cranioventral abdominal pain |
|
|
Term
| When should you do a rectal palpation? |
|
Definition
| when ANY GI or abdominal disorder is suspected |
|
|
Term
| When should you do a rectal palpation? |
|
Definition
| when ANY GI or abdominal disorder is suspected |
|
|
Term
| what can be palpated per rectum? |
|
Definition
shape and size of rumen
pelvic canal
aorta and bifurcation
lymph nodes
left kidney
rumen
repro tract
?masses; peritonitis; source of pings? |
|
|
Term
| T/F: inspecting the feces is very helpful in reflecting the status of rumen fermentation, pH, microbial flora, and abomasal outflow |
|
Definition
| false (rumen fluid analysis) |
|
|
Term
| What 2 methods may be used to collect rumen fluid? |
|
Definition
Stomach tube
Ruminocentesis |
|
|
Term
| Name a contraindication to collecting rumen fluid via stomach tube |
|
Definition
| contamination of sample w/ saliva will increase pH |
|
|
Term
| What is a benefit to collecting rumen fluid via ruminocentesis |
|
Definition
| avoids the issue of saliva contamination |
|
|
Term
| What 6 items are analyzed for rumen fluid |
|
Definition
color
viscosity
odor
pH (5.5-7)
sedimentation rate (4-8min)
NMB reduction time (3-min) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Protozoa are not very sensitive in regards to indicating fermentative disorders, bacteria are better indicators. |
|
Definition
| False. Protozoa are very sensitive indicators |
|
|
Term
| what chloride concentration reflects structural or functional obstruction at the pylorus or proximal small intestine? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What 7 items are analyzed on peritoneal fluid? |
|
Definition
color (normal = clear, colorless)
volume
viscosity (watery)
protein concentration
WBC counts and differential
cytology
bacterial culture |
|
|
Term
| What is the "ultimate diagnostic test" for ruminant GI clinical evaluation? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Anorexia and forestomach hypomotility caused by dietary disturbance and leading to altered fermentation patterns and chemical/pH input to gastric centers describes which of the following
a. acute rumen acidosis
b. bloat
c. vagal indigestion
d. simple indigestion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: the rumen can adapt well to inconsitencies in feed/diet regimens. |
|
Definition
| False. Rumen likes consistency! |
|
|
Term
| Does simple indigestion resolve? if so, how long does it take? |
|
Definition
| yes; resolves in 24-48hrs as rumen recovers and adapts |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs associated with simple indigestion |
|
Definition
*Partially or completely off feed
*Rumen hypomotility or atony
Moderate decreased milk production
Reduced fecal output
Normal vital signs
*No signs of systemic illness causing
2nd rumen dysfunction
No signs of other underlying disorders |
|
|
Term
| How do you Dx simple indigestion? |
|
Definition
*Hx of recent diet change
*R/O other disorders
Spontaneous recovery |
|
|
Term
| What are some DDx for simple indigestion that should be considered if only individual cattle are affected |
|
Definition
Ketosis
Early hypocalcemia
LDA or RDA
Hardware disease |
|
|
Term
| What treatment measures should be taken for simple indigestion |
|
Definition
*Trx is unnecessary in mild cases (will resolve on own)
correct dietary problem (emphasize forage at first, then reintroduce concentrates
other options: mineral oil (to hasten feed passage); probiotics?; *rumen transfaunation (if symptoms persist) |
|
|
Term
| What is another name/term for Acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| "grain overload" is another name for what condition? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is acute rumen acidosis (ie- what is the etiology)? |
|
Definition
| severe disorder of fermentation and acidic rumen pH induced by overconsumption of feed containing highly-fermentable carbohydrates to which the rumen microbes are not adapted |
|
|
Term
| What are some types of feed that may be responsible for inducing acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
grain, corn
fruit
sugar beets
potatoes |
|
|
Term
In regards to the pathogenesis of "grain overload" which of the following describes this stage?
a.rapid burst of fermentation with overproduction of VFAs, decrease rumen pH
b. death of many normal rumen microbes as pH drops <5 and rumen stops moving
c. rapid proliferation of gram + Strep bovis which further decreases pH due to lactic acid production
d. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What gram + organisms like to proliferate under low rumen pH conditions? and what do these organisms produce to further contribute to the dropping pH? |
|
Definition
Strep bovis; Lactobacillus spp
lactic acid-> rumen lactic acidosis |
|
|
Term
| At what pH does chemical injury of the rumen occur? |
|
Definition
| chemical rumenitis at pH < 5.0 |
|
|
Term
All of the following consequences occur due to what process?
-colonization of rumen wall with bacteria, yeast, and fungi
-translocation of bacteria and endotoxin into portal venous blood-> endotoxemia, bacteremia, hepatic abscessation |
|
Definition
| chemical rumenitis (chemical burn of rumen epithelium) & damage/death of rumen epithelium |
|
|
Term
Accumulation of lactic acid causes a dramatic increase in rumen fluid ______.
a. protein concentration
b. osmolality
c. viscosity
d. volume |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| osmotic movement of water into rumen leads to what systemic problem |
|
Definition
| progressive dehydration/ hypovolemia |
|
|
Term
all of the following are consequences of fluid accumulation in the rumen EXCEPT:
a. progressive dehydration/hypovolemia
b. ruminal distension
c. loss of normal stratification-contents very fluid (may splash when ballotted)
d. forestomach hypermermotolity in an effort to clear the increased fluid
e. osmotic diarrhea-> further dehydration-> hypovolemic shock |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| metabolic acidosis is a consequence of acute rumen acidosis. what 2 factors lead to metabolic acidosis? |
|
Definition
Accumulation of D-lactic acid
-D and L-lactic acid are produced and
absorbed from the rumen
-L-form is metabolized; D-form
accumulates
Impaired tissue perfusion
-secondary to hypovolemia and
dehydration-> endogenous lactic
acidosis |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are assoc. with acute rumen acidosis/ grain overload? |
|
Definition
anorexia; rumen atony and distension (contents abnormally fluid); abdominal discomfort; osmotic diarrhea (may contain whole grain); progressive dehydration/acidosis/shock; weakness/recumbency; hypothermia; death
signs of shock: tachycardia, pale mm (cattle dont show toxic mm), cold extremities, weakness |
|
|
Term
| How is acute rumen acidosis Dx? |
|
Definition
Hx of overconsumption
Clinical signs
Metabolic acidosis (blood gas analysis)
Rumen Fluid Analysis
*pH<5 is diagnostic
sharp beer-like odor
*abscence of active protozoa |
|
|
Term
All of the following are sequelae of acute rumenitis EXCEPT:
a. mycotic rumenitis
b. liver abscesses
c. LDA
d. vena caval syndrome
e. polioencephalomalacia
f. laminitis
g. chronic rumenitis/ ill-thrift |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are associated with polioencephalomalacia (a potential sequela to acute rumenitis) |
|
Definition
| head pressing, depression, weakness, blindness, star gazing, dorsomedial strabismus, seizures, death |
|
|
Term
| Describe some supportive therapies for acute rumen acidosis (and their purpose) |
|
Definition
Transfaunation- rumen flora
Antibiotics- bacteremia & prevent liver
abscesses
NSAIDs- endotoxemia, laminitis
Thiamine- prevent polioencephalomalacia
Thiabendazole-prevent mycotic rumenitis |
|
|
Term
| How would you trx mild cases (standing cattle w/ poor rumen motility and reduced appetite) of acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
Rumen alkalinizing agents(bicarb, MgOH)
Antibiotics (penecillin/Naxcel)
Vitamin B1
*Feed forage only- slowly introduce concentrate feeds |
|
|
Term
| How would you treat severe cases (valuable cattle; animals w/evidence of dehydration/shock)of acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
*Empty the rumen (rumenotomy, lavage)
Intraluminal alkalinizing agents Transfaunation
*fluids & bicarb(dehyd/shock/acidosis)
*Prevent sequelae(Abx, flunixin,vit B1) |
|
|
Term
| Why cant you give oral meds/ treatments to an animal affected with acute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What steps can you take to prevent rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
*Gradual intro of high-starch/sugar feeds over several weeks to ensure adaptation
-transition rations as dairy cattle
move from dry period to lactation.
-"step up" rations for feedlot cattle
Prevent accidental access to feed |
|
|
Term
| When are cows more likely to develop subacute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
| during early lactation as they adapt to high-energy lactation rations |
|
|
Term
| What might you see in a herd affected with subacute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
| reduced feed intake; intermittent diarrhea; milk fat depression; reduced milk production; chronic disease (chronic laminitis, liver abscesses, SQ abscesses, hemoptysis, epistaxis) |
|
|
Term
| How would you Dx & manage a herd with subacute rumen acidosis? |
|
Definition
Evaluate feeding practices
Screen rumen fluid from a rep. sample
of cows for pH<5.5 |
|
|
Term
| Distention of the rumen with an excessive volume of gas is the definition of what condition? |
|
Definition
| Bloat (aka: rumen tympany) |
|
|
Term
| In what region is distension most prominent in animals with bloat? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of bloat? |
|
Definition
| distension of left PLF; abdominal pain; dyspnea (shock); impaired CV function due to poor venous return; progression to recumbency; death due to asphyxiation and/or impaired CO |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Free gas bloat is a disease. |
|
Definition
| False. Free gas bloat is a SYMPTOM |
|
|
Term
| _____ _____ ______ occurs with any condition that interferes with eructation of the dorsal gas cap. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are two things that may lead to free gas bloat |
|
Definition
-physical obstruction of eructation
-reticuloruminal motor dysfunction (so effective secondary contractions cannot occur) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Decompress!!
- *pass a large-bore stomach tube
- collect rumen fluid sample to assess
pH and R/O fermentation disorders
- relieve pressure at paralumbar fossa
-commercial trocar
-Sx rumenotomy
-Sx fistula |
|
|
Term
| What is a significant risk of rumen trocars? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are possible causes for what potentially fatal condition in ruminants?
esophageal obstruction or compression
mass at cardia
indigestion or rumen acidosis
primary rumen wall dz (mycotic
rumentitis, chronic subacute acidosis)
weakness of rumen wall (hypocalcemia,
chronic distension)
Neuro dysfunction (hardware, vagal
indigestion, primary brain dz,
secondary to systemic illness) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the cause of frothy bloat? |
|
Definition
| *Nutritional disorder caused by feeds (legumes!)* w/ physiochemical characteristics that trigger formation of a stable froth or slime w/in the rumen |
|
|
Term
| How does a nutritional disorder lead to frothy bloat? (why does gas build up) |
|
Definition
| gas is trapped in bubbles and cant be cleared through eructation |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of the pasture form of frothy bloat |
|
Definition
*alfalfa-> soluble proteins and chloroplast fragments favor froth
cattle drink less water & produce less saliva when grazing lush pasture (increase viscosity of rumen contents)
Death w/in a few hours! |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of the feedlot form of frothy bloat |
|
Definition
develops slower than the pasture form
development of a mucoprotein slime that entraps gas:
-high conc. ration; low fiber intake
-alfalfa
-finely ground grains
-diet favors slime-producing bacteria |
|
|
Term
| T/F: the feedlot form of frothy bloat develops rapidly and death tends to occur with a few hours |
|
Definition
| False (this is describing the pasture form) |
|
|
Term
| How would you Trx frothy bloat? |
|
Definition
*Rumenotomy is req. for severe cases!
Mild to Moderate cases-> give anti- foaming agents and evaluate the ration
-Poloxalene (therabloat)
-DSS
-Mineral or vegetable oil |
|
|
Term
| T/F: both free gas bloat and frothy bloat can effectively be treated via tube decompression. |
|
Definition
| False. frothy bloat CANT be decompressed with a tube! |
|
|
Term
| What is hardware disease? |
|
Definition
| abdominal pain and/or forestomach dysfunction caused by penetration of the rticulum by an ingested FB |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of hardware disease |
|
Definition
-ingested FB fall to reticulum floor
-motility of reticulum-> FB penetration
-partial penetration = reticulitis
-complete penetration = reticulitis + local or diffuse peritonitis due to rumen fluid leakage |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs/ PE findings coincide with a partial penetration of the reticulum wall by a FB? |
|
Definition
| Reticulitis: pain, abnormal motility, poss. abscess formation in wall |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs/PE findings coincide with a complete reticulum wall penetration by a FB? |
|
Definition
reticulitis: pain, abnormal motility,
+/- abscessation
Peritonitis (local or diffuse): pain,
fever, systemic inflammatory
response, abnormal motility, ileus |
|
|
Term
| What other structures or sequelae may occur with continued FB migration (past the reticular wall) |
|
Definition
Pericarditis
Traumatic myocarditis
Pleuritis
Pierced spleen or liver
Necrosis of diaphragm -> herniation |
|
|
Term
| What are the clinical signs of acute traumatic reticuloperitonitis? |
|
Definition
anorexia*
fever*
cranial abdominal pain* (hunched back)
rumen atony* +/- free gas bloat
Rumination absent or abnormal
Scant or absent feces (ileus) |
|
|
Term
| Why is Dx of TRP difficult based on PE? |
|
Definition
| classical clinical signs can improve dramatically w/in a few days |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*evidence of pain and inflammation
*physical tests for abdominal pain
CBC
Radiographs of reticulum
Abdominocentesis
Ultrasound of reticulum/cranial abdomen
Exploratory laparotomy/rumenotomy |
|
|
Term
| What are some DDx for the anorexia assoc. w/ TRP? |
|
Definition
simple indigestion
rumen acidosis
displaced abomasum (LDA or RDA)
intestinal obstruction
ketosis/ hepatic lipidosis
systemic disease |
|
|
Term
| What DDx should be ruled out for pain assoc. w/ TRP? |
|
Definition
abomasal ulcer
+/-perforation & peritonitis
intestinal obstrucion (colic)
pleutiris/pneumonia (thoracic pain)
calving trauma in postparturient cows
laminitis, back/neck/thorax injury, white muscle disease, tetanus... |
|
|
Term
| What DDx should be R/O for peritonitis assoc. w/ TRP? |
|
Definition
*perforating abomasal ulcer
penetrating intestinal FB
post-op peritonitis
full-thickness tears of vagina/uterus
extension from liver abscess or other
abdominal organs |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Magnet PO
Abx (Ceftiofur, Oxytetracycline)
Flunixin (pain, inflammation)
restricted movement 1-2wks
mild laxatives PO (mineral oil) |
|
|
Term
| what are some factors leading to a poor (short term) prognosis for TRP? |
|
Definition
-if not improved by 3days
-in late gestation
-chronic TRP: poor Px for production
-diffuse peritonitis: poor Px for life |
|
|
Term
| Diffuse peritonitis is a possible long-term comp. of TRP. What clinical signs are assoc. w/ diffuse peritonitis? |
|
Definition
*Grave systemic illness
-fever, depression, marked
tachycardia, generalized ileus,
pain, abdominal distension,
dehydration, hypovolemic/endotoxic
shock |
|
|
Term
| At what point should Sx be considered for TRP? |
|
Definition
-migrating FB or reticular wall abscess
-valuable cow- consider Sx at Dx
-cow in late gestation
-lack of favorable response after 3days of medical management
-uncertainty regarding Dx |
|
|
Term
| What two Sx techniques may be used for TRP? |
|
Definition
*Left flank rumenotomy
-interior of reticulum accessed from w/in rumen; allows removal of FB, drainage of abscesses
Right Flank exploratory:
-Dx procedure; permits access to exterior of reticulum only; useful to R/O other DDx and to confirm Dx |
|
|
Term
| T/F: a right flank exploratory allows for exterior reticulum access and left flank rumenotomy allows for interior reticulum access. |
|
Definition
False:
Left flank: interior
Right flank: exterior |
|
|
Term
| What are some potential long-term complications of TRP? |
|
Definition
Infxn fails to resolve
FB migrates into other organs
Bacteria spread to other sites
chronic active peritonitis
Bacteremia-> liver/spleen abcesses,
endocarditis
vagal indigestion
septic pericarditis
traumatic myocarditis
pleuritis
diaphragmatic necrosis |
|
|
Term
| jugular vein distension and brisket edema are signs of what TRP complication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
What condition is caused by inflammation, adhesions, or abcesses in the cranial abdomen near the vagus nerves leading to faulty transmission of sensory and motor impulses and improper motor function control by the gastric centers of the medulla?
(this condition also leads to abnormal abomasal and forestomach motility-> outflow failure-> functional obstruction) |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| vagal indigestion is a cause of what type of obstruction? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the 2 major clinical forms of vagal indigestion? and what is the major cause of each type? |
|
Definition
-Omasal transport failure
-TRP is most common cause
-Abomasal transport failure
-abomasal volvulus is most common
cause |
|
|
Term
| Inappetance, *abnormal motility patterns, *progressive over-filling of the rumen (Papple shaped), loss of normal rumen stratification, and progressive emaciation with chronicity are all clinical signs of what TRP complication? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe some ways to prevent TRP |
|
Definition
Reticular magnets
Minimize contact w/ junk metal and ingestion of FB:
-magnets in feed mills/choppers
-bale hay/straw w/twine, not wire
-prevent contact w/ junk metal
-keep fences in good repair |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Helicobacter pylori and Clostridium spp. are important causes of abomasal ulcers |
|
Definition
| False. these organisms do NOT cause ulcers |
|
|
Term
All of the following are causes of abomasal ulcers except:
a. stress
b. high-concentrate/silage diets
c. concurrent illness/abomasal disease
d. gestational dairy cows |
|
Definition
D. (this should say dairy cows 6wks post
partum) |
|
|
Term
| What are the 4 levels/types of severity and extent of abomasal ulcers? |
|
Definition
- non-perf, minimal hemorrhage
- non-perf, marked luminal hemorrhage
- perf, localized peritonitis
- perf, diffuse peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs may be noted with non-perforating abomasal ulcers? |
|
Definition
inappetance or anorexia
decreased milk production
ketosis (2nd to reduced feed intake)
abdominal pain
decreased rumen motility
mild free gas bloat
fecal occult blood (+/-melena)
Bleeding ulcers: melena*, blood clots in feces*, anemia* (pale mm), anorexia, agalactia, rumen stasis, abdominal pain, hemorrhagic shock in peracute bleeds |
|
|
Term
| T/F: for a cowside fecal occult blood test you should collect your sample prior to rectal palpation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are assoc. with perforating ulcers that lead to local or diffuse peritonitis? |
|
Definition
Local peritonitis:
-GI signs; fever*; abdominal pain*
Diffuse peritonitis:
-marked depression* & weakness*
-*progressive endotoxemic and
hypovolemic shock
-abdominal pain
-progressive abdominal distension as
exudate accumulates
-recumbency, death... |
|
|
Term
| How might you differentiate abomasal ulcers from TRP as the cause of peritonitis? |
|
Definition
-localize the pain
-fecal occult blood
-stage of lactation
-magnet status |
|
|
Term
| How are abomasal ulcers Dx? |
|
Definition
Clinical signs
(esp. in off-feed dairy cows 6wks
post-calving)
Fecal occult blood test (if no melena)
R/O other disorders:
Abdominocentesis
Ultrasound
Rads |
|
|
Term
| T/F: an abomasoscopy is a good way to diagnose abomasal ulcers. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are abomasal ulcers treated? |
|
Definition
NSAIDs contraindicated*
Oral antacids (MgOH)*
Oral gastric acid suppressors (ranitidine, omeprazole) and sucralfate are useful in preruminant calves (not adult cattle)
IV acid suppressors - in valuable cattle (off-label use)
Dietary management*- eliminate grain/concentrates for 1-2weeks (high quality forage only)
Reduce stress, trx concurrent disease
+/- blood transfusion
+/- Abx therapy for peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| Why are NSAIDs contraindicated in trx of abomasal ulcers? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why are oral gastric acid suppressors not useful in adult cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: dietary management of abomasal ulcers involves eliminating forage and feeding high quality grain until appetite returns |
|
Definition
| False; only feed high quality forage for 2wks/ eliminate grain |
|
|
Term
All of the following are ways to prevent abomasal ulcers EXCEPT:
a. correct dietary problems
b. avoid abrupt changes (transition)
c. ensure adequate fiber content
d. reduce stress, overcrowding, and competition for feed
e. all of the above are correct prevention methods |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are common bacterial causes of neonatal calf diarrhea except
a. E.coli (ETEC)
b. Salmonella spp
c. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis
d. Clostridium spp |
|
Definition
| C. this agent causes diarrhea in adult cattle |
|
|
Term
Which of the following are important viral causes of neonatal calf diarrhea?
a. Rotavirus, Coronavirus
b. Coronavirus, Herpesvirus
c. Herpesvirus, BVD
d. Rotavirus, BVD |
|
Definition
a. Rotavirus, Coronavirus
(BVD is also a viral cause of calf diarhhea) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Cryptosporidium parvum and Coccidiosis are both important parasitic causes of neonatal calf diarhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List 8 agents that are important causes of neonatal calf diarrhea |
|
Definition
E. coli (ETEC=enterotoxigenic E.coli)
Salmonella spp
Clostridium spp
Rotavirus
Coronavirus
BVD
Cryptosporidium parvum
Coccidiosis |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Calf scours is usually not considered to be infectious or contagious until a definitive diagnosis is obtained |
|
Definition
| False. considered infectious and contagious until proven otherwise |
|
|
Term
Which of the following accurately describes the pathogenesis of calf scours?
a. electrolyte/acid/base derangements
b. Dehydration-> hypotension/shock
c. fluid/electrolyte loss
d. metabolic acidosis
e. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following electrolyte derrangements (and consequences of these derrangements) is NOT seen with calf scours?
a. Metabolic acidosis
b. Hyperchloremia, hypernatremia
c. Hypo- or hyperkalemia-> bradycardia
d. Hypochloremia, hyponatremia |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs might be noted with calf scours due to the electrolyte/acid/base derrangements? |
|
Definition
| dehydration, *weakness, *cardiac arrhythmia, bradycardia |
|
|
Term
| T/F: it is possible to determine the etiological diagnosis of neonatal calf diarrhea based upon the clinical signs alone. |
|
Definition
| False. NOT possible on the basis of clinical signs alone. |
|
|
Term
| What is required for difinitive diagnosis of neonatal calf diarrhea? |
|
Definition
testing for specific pathogens
-fecal, necropsy |
|
|
Term
| What etiologic agent causes diarrhea in neonates <3days old? |
|
Definition
| ETEC (enterotoxigenic E. coli) |
|
|
Term
| What etiologic agent of neonatal calf diarrhea has K99+ fimbrial antigens to facilitate adhesion? |
|
Definition
| ETEC (enterotoxigenic E.coli) |
|
|
Term
| By what mechanism does ETEC cause diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Fimbrial antigens (ie. K99+) facilitate adhesion
Enterotoxins trigger hypersecretion diarrhea-> increased secretion of Na, Cl, K |
|
|
Term
What is the most common cause of calf scours in North America?
a.Salmonella
b.Coronavirus
c.BVD
d.Rotavirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What age calves are often affected by Rotavirus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you differentiate a calf with ETEC vs a calf with Rotavirus or coronavirus based on signalment? |
|
Definition
Age:
ETEC: calves <3do
Rota/Corona: calves 4d-3wk |
|
|
Term
| How is Rotavirus transmitted? |
|
Definition
fecal-oral
(present in the gut/feces of adults and asymptomatic calves) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathogenesis of Rotavirus |
|
Definition
| invades/destroys small intestinal villous epithelial cells-> villous atrophy and diarrhea due to *maldigestion/malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| Rotavirus invades/destroys small intestinal villous epithelial cells, leading to villous atrophy and diarrhea due to __________/__________. |
|
Definition
| maldigestion/malabsorption |
|
|
Term
| What is the signalment of calves affected by Coronavirus? |
|
Definition
| calves 4days-3kws old (similar to rotavirus) |
|
|
Term
| Describe how the pathogenesis of Coronavirus leads to maldigestion/malabsorption |
|
Definition
| small intestinal villous and crypt epithelial cells affected-> villous atrophy and maldigestion*/ malabsorption* |
|
|
Term
Which of the following agents does not lead to villous atrophy and subsequent maldigestion/malabsorption?
a. Coronavirus
b. ETEC
c. Rotavirus
d. Cryptosporidium parvum |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following agents are zoonotic?
a. ETEC, Rotavirus
b. Coronavirus, Cryptosporidium
c. Salmonella, ETEC
d. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium
e. Rotavirus, Coronavirus |
|
Definition
| d. Salmonella, Cryptosporidium |
|
|
Term
Calves of what are are typically affected with Cryptosporidium parvum?
a. 4d-4wk
b. <3d
c. >4wk
d. 4d-3wk |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following describes the pathogenesis of Cryptosporidium parvum?
a. enterotoxins trigger hypersecretion
b. invades/destroys small intestinal villous epithelial cells-> villous atrophy
c. organism resides in extracytoplasmic vacuoles under the cell membrane of enterocytes-> villous atrophy and malabsorption
d. mucosal injury-> acute diarrhea, hemorrhage, protein loss |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: it is important to wear gloves, assess hydration status/circulation function/estimate base deficit, and *look for evidence of localized or generalized bacterial infection on PE of a calf with diarrhea |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following mechanisms contribute to metaabolic acidosis assoc. with calf scours, EXCEPT:
a. intestinal loss of bicarb
b. L-lactic acid accumulation due to tissue perfusion
c. D-lactic acid absorption from bacterial fermentation of undigested milk in the gut
d. hypersecretion of acid in the stomach |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: calf's attitude, strength, and age may help predict the magnitude of acidosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How would you go about trx calves with diarrhea? |
|
Definition
*ISOLATE affected calves
*SYMPTOMATIC and SUPPORTIVE care
-*Fluids
-*Correct acidosis & electrolytes
-Abx (parenteral) if bacterial
infxn/endotoxemia
-Oral Abx for ETEC
-nursing care (clean bum, keep warm)
-nutrition support (milk; IV glucose) |
|
|
Term
Which of the following if an important consideration when determining route of fluid and alkalinizing agent admin?
a. degree of dehydration/acidosis/shock
b. on-farm vs. in-clinic
c. suckling vs. not
d. value of calf
e. all of the above |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When is IV fluid therapy necessary for calves with diarrhea? |
|
Definition
| calves w/ moderate/severe dehydration and acidosis but no suckle |
|
|
Term
| If severe acidosis is present in a calf with diarrhea what agent(s) is critical to administer with IV fluid therapy |
|
Definition
| IV bicarbonate +/- IV glucose |
|
|
Term
| How do you go about calculating bicarb requirements? |
|
Definition
1. measure/calculate base deficit
2. Bicarb= base deficit x 0.5 x BW (kg) |
|
|
Term
| why is it important to avoid fluid therapy products containing large amounts of citrate or bicarb unless milk is withheld? |
|
Definition
| interferes with clotting and digestion |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Na, alkalinizing capacity, energy, and glucose (facilitates Na absorption) are the most important ingredients of oral fluid therapy for calves with diarrhea. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Why is it NOT recommended to tube inappetant calves with milk? |
|
Definition
ferments in the rumen
exacerbates acidosis |
|
|
Term
| When should Abx be considered in the treatment of calves with diarrhea? |
|
Definition
-evidence of systemic illness/ toxemia
-failure of passive transfer
-blood or shreds of mucosa in the feces (breakdown of gut-blood barrier)
-salmonellosis |
|
|
Term
Which of the following factors should NOT be considered in Abx selection for calves with diarrhea?
a. oral route ideal
b. bactericidal preferred
c. broad-spectrum w/ gram-neg efficacy
d. good safety profile in dehydrated patients |
|
Definition
| a. *Parenteral route is ideal* |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 antibiotic options with broad-spectrum (inc. gram-neg efficacy) and a good safety profile that are often used in calf diarrhea? |
|
Definition
Parenteral: Ceftiofur, Ampicillin
Oral: Amoxicillin |
|
|
Term
| Why might you give calves with diarrhea anti-inflammatories? and what anti-inflammatory drug would you use? |
|
Definition
improve milk intake
reduce weight loss
reduce abdominal discomfort
increase activity level
Flunixin (beneficial w/ fluid therapy) |
|
|
Term
| What drug is known to reduce the incidence and severity of diarrhea, as well as shedding of oocysts in calves affected with Crypto? |
|
Definition
| Halofuginone lactate (not avail. in US) |
|
|
Term
| T/F: coccidiostats are very effective antiprotozoal agents in treatment of calves affected with Crypto. |
|
Definition
| False. coccidiostats have little effect except at very high doses. |
|
|
Term
| List some ways to prevent neonatal calf diarrhea. |
|
Definition
Address all known risk factors: calf, pathogen, environment
Optimize calf viability:
-optimize passive transfer
-treat FPT (failure of passive
transfer)in affected calves
-address dystocia (if herd problem)
-feed more colostrum
-clean, dry housing
Environment: Reduce environmental contamination w/ pathogens and calf exposure to pathogens
-isolate diarrheic calves
-clean bottles/utensils
-move/clean/disinfect hutches b/w
calves
-clean/disinfect maternity pens
Boost Specific Immunity:
-Vaccination (E.coli K99+, rotavirus,
coronavirus, Salmonella spp) |
|
|
Term
All of the following have a vaccine EXCEPT
a. E.coli K99+
b. Cryptosporidium
c. Salmonella
d. Coronavirus
e. Rotavirus |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
For neonatal vaccination, which vaccine confers passive immunity and which confers active immunity? Also which vaccine do colostral Ab interfere with?
-MLV rotavirus/coronavirus vaccine
-Equine-origin anti-ETEC antibody |
|
Definition
Passive: ETEC antibody
Active: rotavirus/coronavirus vaccine
colostral Ab interference: rotavirus/coronavirus vaccine |
|
|
Term
| List the 3 bacterial causes of diarrhea in cattle |
|
Definition
Salmonella
Johne's disease (Mycobacterium avium)
Peritonitis |
|
|
Term
| List a nutritional defieciency/cause of bacterial in cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| what are 3 viral causes of diarrhea in cattle |
|
Definition
Winter dysentery (coronavirus)
BVD
Malignant Catarrhal fever (herpesvirus) |
|
|
Term
| what are two parasitic causes of diarrhea in cattle |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| List the common bacterial, nutritional, viral, parasitic, and other causes of diarrhea in cattle |
|
Definition
Bacterial: Salmonella spp, Johne's dz, peritonitis
Nutritional: Copper deficiency
Viral: Winter dysentery, BVD, Malignant catarrhal fever
Parasitic: coccidiosis, worms
Other: lymphosarcoma, amyloidosis |
|
|
Term
| What (diarrhea causing) parasite is known to have a high morbidity and low mortility and is common in ruminants of all ages? |
|
Definition
| coccidiosis (Eimeria spp.) |
|
|
Term
| how is coccidiosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: diarrhea is common in adult cattle affected with coccidiosis |
|
Definition
| False: diarrhea is rare in adults. |
|
|
Term
| What group of cattle has the highest incidence of coccidiosis? |
|
Definition
| confined youngstock housed in groups |
|
|
Term
| Under what conditions would you expect a coccidiosis outbreak? |
|
Definition
poor sanitation
stressful conditions
-overcrowding
-auctions
-extreme environmental conditions |
|
|
Term
All of the following describe the pathophysiology of coccidiosis EXCEPT:
a. distal small intestine and large intestine are affected
b. significant mucosal injury-> acute diarrhea, hemorrhage*, and protein loss
c. animals acquire infection early in life but clinical disease occurs much later
d. potential for bacteremia due to breach of gut-blood barrier |
|
Definition
| c. this describes the pathophysiology of Johne's disease |
|
|
Term
All of the following are clinical signs of what cause of diarrhea in cattle?
-*profuse mucoid diarrhea +/- hematochezia
-*tenesmus; may result in rectal prolapse
-clinical course is 7-10days
-severely affected animals may die acutely or become dehydrated and ill
-gut takes several weeks to heal
-reduced feed efficiency
-poor condition
-stunted growth
-Encephalopathy w/ recumbency, opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| occasional coccidiosis cases may develop "nervous coccidiosis". What are the clinical signs and the cause of "nervous coccidiosis"? |
|
Definition
Encephalopathy: recumbency, opisthotonus, nystagmus, seizures, high mortality rate
cause: parasite related neurotoxin |
|
|
Term
| what diarrhea causing agent may also show clinical signs related due to neurotoxin? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is coccidiosis diagnosed? |
|
Definition
Fecal float or Direct smear
(lots of oocysts)
Necropsy: hemorrhagic enteritis |
|
|
Term
| hemorrhagic enteritis is a necropsy finding found with what cause of cattle diarrhea? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What trx method is most effective at reducing the morbidity and mortality of coccidiosis in cattle? |
|
Definition
| metaphylaxis (mass medication) with anti-coccidial medications |
|
|
Term
| T/F: anti-coccidial meds are of limited value in treatment of coccidiosis because the gut damage has already been done |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| under what conditions (setting, season) is "nervous coccidiosis" more common? |
|
Definition
feedlot settings
winter months |
|
|
Term
| List some ways to prevent coccidiosis |
|
Definition
Reduce stocking density, buildup of contaminated feces, and stressors
Coccidiostats during high-risk periods to *prevent (not trx) clinical dz |
|
|
Term
| What is Winter Dysentery? what causes it? |
|
Definition
Sporadic outbreaks of acute diarrhea in dairy and feedlot cattle
coronavirus |
|
|
Term
| Describe the clinical signs assoc. w/ winter dysentery |
|
Definition
high morbidity, low mortality
+/- blood in feces
reduced milk production
+/- fever
diarrhea resolves in 3-10days |
|
|
Term
| How do you Dx winter dysentery? |
|
Definition
R/O dietary etiology, Salmonella, coccidiosis
Fecal ELISA
Electron microscopy |
|
|
Term
| How would you trx Winter Dysentery? |
|
Definition
self-limiting dz
-supportive/symptomatic care while
infxn runs its course; keep animals
eating and drinking
Make oral electrolytes available
Hygiene- isolate affected cattle if
practical
Quarantine new arrivals
Consider vaccination if persistent |
|
|
Term
| Is there vaccine for Winter Dysentery? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What disease is caused by Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| chronic diarrhea, weight loss, and protein-losing enteropathy |
|
|
Term
| T/F: subclinically affected cattle w/ Johne's disease are only a minor source of economic loss to the dairy industry and milk production is not severely affected |
|
Definition
| False! major source of loss; decreased milk producion |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Johne's disease is reportable and zoonotic |
|
Definition
| False. only reportable (not zoonotic) |
|
|
Term
| Describe the pathophysiology of Johne's dz. (transmission, age of infection, incubation period, etc) |
|
Definition
Animals acquire infxn early in life but clinical disease occurs much later:
-In utero, fecal-oral, colostrum
transmission
Very long incubation period (2-10yrs)
Clinically affected cattle are just the
tip of the iceberg w/in affected herd |
|
|
Term
Which cause of diarrhea in cattle has the longest incubation period?
a. Winter dysentery
b. Rotavirus
c. Coccidiosis
d. Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| how does infection with mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis lead to chronic diarrhea and weight loss? |
|
Definition
| bacteria invades ilial enterocytes-> intestinal granulomatous lesions-> malabsorption and protein loss-> chronic diarrhea, progressive weight loss |
|
|
Term
| What does 'terminal diarrhea' mean in regards to Johne's in small ruminants? |
|
Definition
| diarrhea occurs until right before death |
|
|
Term
The following clinical signs are indicative of which diarrhea causing agent in adult cattle?
reduced milk production
weight loss despite good appetite
pipestream diarrhea
(no blood/mucus/tenesmus)
peripheral edema /hypoalbuminemia
(bottle jaw, brisket edema)
terminal cachexia
*clinically normal for years w/ long incubation |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| in a cow with emaciation and diarrhea think _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| T/F: there is a curative trx for Johne's |
|
Definition
| false; no drug eliminates the infection (can only improve clinical signs) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
**No practial therapy
-isoniazid and rifampin may induce
remission of symptoms in valuable
individuals or pets
NO drug eliminates infection; can only improve clinical signs
Affected animals should be culled
-pose a risk to youngstock via
environmental conamination |
|
|
Term
| What 2 drugs may induce remission of symptoms in Johne's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Johne's Dx (individual animal)? |
|
Definition
if clinical dz:
Serology (ELISA >AGID)
*Fecal (Culture, PCR)
early subclinical stage:
difficult to Dx/ not shedding
Late subclinical dz:
Fecal or serology
Other tests: staining feces/tissues, rectal/lymph node biopsy, gamma interferon assay, necropsy (histopath w/ positive culture from ileum and ileocecal lymph nodes) |
|
|
Term
| To Dx Johne's in a herd what should be done? |
|
Definition
ELISA serology as initial screen
-one positive test likely means many
more affected
Annual whole herd cultures to guide culling if eradication is desired |
|
|
Term
| Describe control & Prevention methods for Johne's |
|
Definition
*Clean-up program:
-prevent new infxns
-test herd and cull affected
-do NOT introduce infected cattle to
the herd
Emphasis on youngstock management and
farm hygeine
Vaccine (not useful; may result in a
positive TB test) |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Johne's? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is salmonellosis zoonotic? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is Salmonellosis transmitted? |
|
Definition
fecal-oral transmission (livestock/rodents):
-Feed; contaminated raw milk; poor
environmental hygiene |
|
|
Term
All of the following are clinical findings of Salmonellosis EXCEPT:
a.Fever
b.Diarrhea (+/- fibrin/blood)
c.Endotoxemia
d.Septicemia (calves)
e.Respiratory distress
f.Abortion |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
All of the following are appropriate trx recommendations for Salmonellosis EXCEPT:
a. correct fluid, elctrolyte, acid-base problems
b. oral antibiotics
c. NSAID for endotoxemia
d. Parenteral Antibiotics
e. Salmonella typhimurium antiserum |
|
Definition
| b. (oral meds not effective in adult cattle) |
|
|
Term
| Is there a vaccine for Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
Which of the following etiologic agents of diarrhea in cattle does not have a preventative vaccine?
a. Coccidiosis
b. Winter Dysentery
c. Johne's Disease
d. Salmonellosis |
|
Definition
| a. coccidiosis (is due to parasitic infn) |
|
|
Term
| What is the most important control method for Salmonellosis in cattle? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Describe appropriate control measures for Salmonellosis. |
|
Definition
ID/Cull carriers
Inspect farm,feed,and patternsof animal
movement to ID sources of spread
Hygiene & manure management
Isolate diarrheic cattle
Calf management & colostrum practices
to minimize exposure
Vaccination |
|
|
Term
| The vaccine for which diarrhea causing disease in cattle may lead to a positive TB test? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of vaccine is available for Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
Bacterins
MLVs for calves
SRP subunit vaccine
Endotoxin vaccine |
|
|
Term
| T/F: vaccination for salmonellosis leads to 100% protection |
|
Definition
| False: reduces morbidity and mortality in calves |
|
|
Term
| Why is it difficult to control Salmonellosis? |
|
Definition
chronic carriers/shedders and contaminated feeds
long-term carrier state w/ S. dublin |
|
|
Term
| T/F: Ruminants have upper and lower incisors |
|
Definition
| false. upper dental pad, lower incisors |
|
|
Term
what two important substances are produced/secreted by the ruminant salivary gland?
a. HCO3, vit D
b. K+, vit B12
c. HCO3, K+
d. vit D, vit B12 |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How does salivary HCO3 secretion benefit ruminants? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the primary clinical signs associated with medical and surgical disorders of the ruminant oral cavity & esophagus? |
|
Definition
abnormal prehension
dropping feed
excess salivation
swelling
anorexia/weigh loss
bloat |
|
|
Term
| List the differentials for abnormal prehensionin ruminants. |
|
Definition
tongue lesions
oral masses
neuro dysfunction (botulism, rabies) |
|
|
Term
| List the differentials for dropping feed in ruminants |
|
Definition
dental disease/trauma
tongue lesion
oropharyngeal masses
neuro dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| What are 3 (general) mechanisms resulting in excess salivation in ruminants? list differentials for each. |
|
Definition
Increased salivation
-oral trauma/FB
-excess minerals (mercury, iodine,
lead, copper, arsenic)
Inability to Swallow
-esophageal obstruction
-pharyngeal trauma/swelling
-neuro dysfunction
-Rumen/omasal/abomasal dysfunction |
|
|
Term
| List some differentials that would result in swelling of the head and neck of ruminants |
|
Definition
Firm swelling: trauma, infection
(wooden tongue/ lumpy jaw)
Soft/non-fluctuant/painful: abscess
(fibrinous), cellulitis
(pharyngeal trauma)
Fluctuant: abscess (early), sialocele
Pitting edema |
|
|
Term
| what 3 mechanisms lead to bloat in ruminants? |
|
Definition
Interference with eructation
-physical obstruction
-pharyngeal pain, dysfunction
-inflammation of vagal nerve |
|
|
Term
| what disorder that affects the incisors occurs in sheep/cattle on sandy/low forage pastures. And what is a predisposing factor to deveoping this condition? |
|
Definition
Dental Attrition/Erosion
predisposing factor: poor enamel |
|
|
Term
| Poor enamel is a predisposing factor for development of dental attrition/erosion, what causes poor enamel development in ruminants? |
|
Definition
low Ca or Ca:P imbalance
low copper |
|
|
Term
| How is dental attrition/erosion managed? |
|
Definition
supplementing pasture
avoiding overgrazing
supplement Ca w/ 1% ground limestone |
|
|
Term
All of the following describe periodontal disease, EXCEPT:
a. gingival trauma->secondary bacterial
infxn
b. clinical signs include: swollen face
& gums, tooth loss, weight loss
c. flock problem
d. primarily a disease of cattle |
|
Definition
| d. primarily a disease of SHEEP |
|
|
Term
| how is periodontal disease managed? |
|
Definition
| grazing on long pasture, supplement |
|
|
Term
| How are dentigerous cysts trx? |
|
Definition
| surgical resection if valuable |
|
|
Term
| T/F: ruminants are more commonly afflicted with toth root abscesses than horses |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What dental disorder of ruminants is characterized by resorption of calcium from bone, Ca/P/vit D deficiency or hyperparathyroidism |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do animals with osteodystrophia fibrosa present? |
|
Definition
| presentation: growing animals w/ soft, non-painful swelling of the maxilla or mandible or both |
|
|
Term
An adult bovine produces ____ saliva/day
a. 5L
b. 5000L
c. 500L
d. 50L |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
disruption of architecture w/ saliva
fluctuant cystic lesion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Sx exterpation
or open and chemically debride |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of sialoadenitis? |
|
Definition
| infections, penetrating wounds, plant awns |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of sialoadenitis? |
|
Definition
| infections, penetrating wounds, plant awns |
|
|
Term
| how is sialoadenitis trx? |
|
Definition
systemic abx, antiinflammatories
drain if abscessed
-may develop fistulae |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiologic agent of Wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
| Actinobacillus lignieresii |
|
|
Term
| What is the pathogenesis of wooden tongue |
|
Definition
actinobacillus is normal flora-> enters mucosa via a lesion
lesion caused by abrasive feed or plant awns |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| pyogranulomatous lesion of soft tissues caused by actinobacillus |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are assoc. with wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
*anorexia (if tongue involved)
facial/tongue/lymph node nodules or fistulous tracks
-nodules ulcerated, may fistulate
-cud dropping, green staining of
lips
occasional granulomas of internal
organs |
|
|
Term
| how is wooden tongue diasnosed? |
|
Definition
clinical signs
pus NOT malodorous
cytology (narrows options)
-pus: sulfur granules, clublike
rosetts, club colonies, small
gram - rods
*Biopsy and culture* |
|
|
Term
| How is wooden tongue trx? |
|
Definition
sodium iodide
-may cause abortion
Sx debridement of large lesions |
|
|
Term
| What is the prognosis of wooden tongue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the etiologic agent of lumpy jaw |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
osteomyelitis via mucosal/dental lesions caused by actinomyces bovis
-bony enlargemnt of mandible>maxilla
-occasional granuloma of soft tissues |
|
|
Term
| what clinical signs are assoc with lumpy jaw? |
|
Definition
hard, immovable, painless mass
usu. horizontal ramus of mandible
+/- draining tracts, tooth |
|
|
Term
| how is lumpy jaw diagnosed? |
|
Definition
confirm osseous lesion (rads, palpation)
gram stain/culture: gram + filamentous,
branching w/ sulfur granules
Necropsy/biopsy: granulomatous abscess
w/ basophilic clumps of long*,
filamentous branching rods |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
*Goal is to arrest the lesion
sodium iodide, isoniazid, or penecillin
(florfenicol, ampicillin, streptomycin)
trx for 2-4wks at least
debride large lesions, remove loose teeth |
|
|
Term
| what is the prognosis of lumpy jaw? |
|
Definition
| good if small lesion/ no fistulae |
|
|
Term
| What are the differentials for infectious diseases that cause oral lesions |
|
Definition
FMD
vesicular stomatitis
bovine papular stomatitis
BVD
malignant catarrhal fever
rinderpest
bluetongue
contagious echthyma (Orf) |
|
|
Term
| what are the clinical signs of FMD? |
|
Definition
fever
vesicles-> oral, hoof, teat lesions |
|
|
Term
| where are the clinical signs of vesicular stomatitis? |
|
Definition
fever
vesicles-> erosions in the mouth nares, muzzle, teats, feet (coronary bands, interdigital space) |
|
|
Term
| What are some causes of pharyngeal trauma in ruminants? |
|
Definition
Iatrogenic: balling gun (most common in
cattle); traumatic stomach tube
Ingested materials: ingested FB; rough,
fibrous feed or grass awns |
|
|
Term
| What clinical signs are assoc. with pharyngeal trauma? |
|
Definition
malodorous breath, head & neck extended, anorexia, drooling, feed at nostrils, bloat/rumen stasis, pain on pharyngeal palpation
severe cases: visible pharyngeal/ cervical swelling, fever, dyspnea, aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| How is pharyngeal trauma in ruminants diagnosed? |
|
Definition
*careful digital palpation of pharynx
Visualization/endoscopy: hole small and easy to miss; pharynx often collapsed; may help assess severity/FB
Radiographs: extent of cellulitis; assess for aspiration pneumonia |
|
|
Term
| how is pharyngeal trauma trx? |
|
Definition
broad spectrum abx
antiinflammatories
control aspiration by limiting feed access
fluid/nutritional support if needed |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiologic agent of caseous lymphadenitis? |
|
Definition
| corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis |
|
|
Term
| how is caseous lymphadenitis dx? |
|
Definition
positive culture of transtracheal wash
or abscess (lung, mediastinal)
SHI, ELISA? |
|
|
Term
| how is caseous lymphadenitis trx/managed? |
|
Definition
benign neglect
surgically resect
cull
cull or isolate affected animals
vaccinate |
|
|
Term
| list some causes of choke |
|
Definition
ingested solid feed chunks or FB
-apples,potatoes,beets,corn cobs
external compression
pharyngeal dysfunction
congenital-aortic arch abnormalities
esophageal diverticula, strictures |
|
|
Term
| list the clinical signs of choke |
|
Definition
anxiety, ptyalorrhea, head swinging, rapid attempts to swallow, staggering, bloat
primary sites: cranial cervical, thoracic inlet, heart base
dysfunction, diverticulae, stricture
R/O rabies!!! |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
external palpation
oral exam
pass stomach tube
contrast radiography |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
Relieve bloat!* (trochar, tube, fistula)
Relieve choke:
-manual removal if possible
-massage into pharynx if cervical
-probang or wire snare
-lavage packed feed with head down
Antiinflammatories, soft moistened feed |
|
|
Term
| how is megaesophagus caused in ruminants? |
|
Definition
pharyngeal trauma
congenital defect
parasitic damage (sarcocystis)
hiatal hernia |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
regurgitation
contrast radiography
exploration via rumenotomy |
|
|
