Impaction, gas, displacement, infectious 

too much grain

increased heart rate and PCV, rolling, stomach bloat, rocking head

analgesia, supportive care, walking 

Prevent by feeding, limit stress, exercise, deworming 

Salmonella

E. coli

Grain overload 

Bloat

Necropsy

Cannula, rumenotomy 

feed hay prior to grazing, anti-foaming agent 

6 months to 2 years 

Diarrhea, increased respiratory rate, biphasic fever, decreased milk production

Infection of pregnant cows 4 - 6 months gestation

Necropsy findings, history

Vaccination, biosecurity