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Large Animal Neurological Diseases and Disorder
Spinal Cord Neoplasia in Horses
41
Veterinary Medicine
Graduate
02/21/2012

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Term
Spinal cord neoplasia in horses notes
Definition
-rare
-direct extension of primary soft tissue or bone tumors or metastases
-melanoma
-lymphosarcoma
-HSA
-adenocarcinoma
Term
Spinal cord abscesses
Definition
-young animals as an extension of septic processes:
-Rhodococcus equi in foals or immunosuppressed adults
-Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis
Term
Cauda equina neritis: polyneuritis equi
Definition
-mature horses
-chronic progressive LMN dz or sacrococcygeal and cranial nerve
-paralysis of tail, anesthesia of perineum, poor anal tone, inability or urinate so overflow occurs, fecal obstipation
-eventual sciatic n. involvement and weakness
-may have V, VII, or IX cranial nerve paresis
Term
Cauda equine neuritis dx, tx
Definition
-dx: clinical signs, absence of sacral fracutre, CSF tap: lymphocytic pleucytosis and increased protein
-tx: none exists; may use supportive care for a period of time (i.e. to get a prenant mare to term)
Term
Caudal spinal cord disease
Definition
-sorghum cystitis and ataxia
-causes symmetrical ataxia of pelvic limbs
-urinary incontinence
-hypoalgesia
Term
Spinal cord dz in cattle: traumatic injury
Definition
-hypoderma bovis: migrate into epidural fat (July-Oct); organophosphate tx causes inflammation in spinal cord; clinical findingds: depends on site of lesion
Term
P. tenuis
Definition
-sheep, camelids
-late fall and winter
-trauma
-clinical findings: depends on site of trauma
Term
Spinal cord compression in cattle
Definition
-adults-lymphosarcoma
-clinical signs: vary with size and site of lesion; progressive paresis and paralysis
-dx: titers for BLV; x-ray of spine
Term
Spinal cord disorders in calves
Definition
-vertebral body abscesses
-Actinobacillus pyogenes
-fractures from trauma
-multiple fractures from rickets
Term
Spastic paresis: Elso heel
Definition
-asymmetric spasticity of rear limbs in calves
-extreme extensor tone tone when standing, normal when recumbent
-cause is unknown, possible hereditary component
-tibial nerve neurectomy (82% improvement)
Term
Periodic spasticity: crampy cow
Definition
-adult cows: INTERMITTENTLY hip muscles cramp with leg extended behind and kyphosis
-progressive weight loss
Term
Spinal cord disorders in calves
Definition
-congenital/hereditary disorders
-neuroaxonal dystrophy: Suffolk adn Merino sheep
-Weaver syndrome: Brown Swiss
-Spinal muscular atrophy of brown swiss
-Progressive ataxia: Charolais
Term
Tetanus
Definition
-etiology: Clostridium tetani
-pathogenesis: wounds provide anerobic conditions
-portal of entry: horses-injury, neonates, omphalitis; cattle-paturient metritis; lambs-castration, tail docking
Term
Pathophysiology of tetanu
Definition
-exotoxin transported to the CNS-binds irreversiblely to the ventral horn to interneurone
-Tetanospasmin-prevents release of the inhibitory neurotransmitter, unimpeded contraction with extensors overriding
Term
Early clinical signs of tetanus
Definition
-muscle stiffness and muscle tremor
-difficult chewing
-tense facial muscles
-prolapse of 3rd eyelid
-colic
Term
Tetanus clinical signs:
Definition
-bloat, pump handle tail
-still ears, lock jaw
-kyphosis, stiffness
Term
Tetanus later clinical signs
Definition
-inability to eat and drink
-sawhorse stance
-tetatanic spasms
-triggered by noise
-opisthotonus
-persistent tetany leadig to death
Term
Tetanus clinical course, dx, tx
Definition
-clinical course: sheep (3-4 d), cattle (5-10 days), horses (5-7 d), recovered cases do so slowly
-dx: no definitive dx test
-tx: control of muscle spasms (quiet, dark environment; ace), neutralization of circulating toxin with antitoxin, prevention of further toxin absorption, immjnize, penicillin, supportive care
Term
Tetanus prevention
Definition
-tetanus toxoid: vax annually
-wounds/sx: tetanus toxois, TAT, wound management
Term
Equine motor neuron disease
Definition
-neurodegenerative disorder of somatic motor neurons
-resembles human amyotrophic lateral sclerosis
Term
EMND: epidemiology
Definition
-affects horses of all ages and breeds-QH at highest risk, thoroughbreds at high risk, no sex prediliction
-risk increases with age (peaks at 16 year, then declines)
Term
EMND: risk factors
Definition
-limited or no access to pasture (increases risk by 12-47 fold)
-fed complete feeds (pelleted)-increases risk by 12 fold
-fed supplements without Vit E: increases risk by 6-fold
Term
EMND: pathophysiology
Definition
-primary site of lesion-motor neurons in spinal cord ventral horn cells; brain stem cells V, VII, XII, and nucleus ambiguous
-secondary lesions: ventral root, peripheral nerve degen, neurogenic m. atrophy
Term
EMND: Clinical signs
Definition
-acute onset: trembling, excessive recumbency, constant shifting of weight in rear legs, muscle atrophy, 50% cases: lower than normal head carraige, oprophagia
-no ataxia
-horses walk better than they stand
-appetite normal to ravenous

-chronic cases: tail head elevated, unusual gait abnormalities
Term
EMND: Laboratory findings
Definition
-mild to moderate increase: serum creatine kinase (1200 IU/L), aspartate aminotransferase (1300 IU/L)
-serum vit E concentrations: <1 ug/ml
-serum selenium concentrations: normal
Term
EMND: Dx
Definition
-preliminary dx made upon: clinical signs, environmental hx, elevations in serum CK and AST, abnormally low serum vit E concentrations
-electromyography
-muscle biopsy/spinal accessory nerve biopsy-> sacrocaudalis dorsalis tail head m, sensitivity and specificity of 90%
-neurogenic atrophy: affects both type and II axons
Term
EMND Biopsies
Definition
-spinal accessory nerve (ventral branch)-> innervates paired sternocephalicus muscles=> bilateral contractions: flexes neck ventrally; unilateral contractions: flexes neck to same side-> sensitivity and specificity of 90%, must be performed under general anesthesia
Term
Ocular manifestations of EMND
Definition
-fundic examination: distinct pigmented reticulatd pattern at tapetal-nontapetal junction or throughout fundus-> pattern colors ranges from yellow brown to black, areas of hyperreflectivity form mosaic patterns at tapetal fundus
Term
EMND Tx
Definition
-6000 IU of vitamin E/day
-natural better than synthetic vit E for absorption
-stabilization of clinical signs can occur
-may not completely recover
-usually only one or two horses on premises affected but the vit E in the diet should be addressed for all horses
Term
EMND Prognosis
Definition
-poor for return to function
-guarded for life
-some horses have residual effects: d/n regain muscle mass, appear emaciated, develop gait abnormalities, usually euthanied wihin one year
Term
Disease of NMJ: Botulism
Definition
-C. botululinum: gram +, eight distinct types, B/C/D affect ruminants, disease in adults usually caused by ingestion of preformed toxin
-epidemiology: drinking stagnant water, infected rodent mixed into feed, discarded canned foods, haylage or round bale hay
-toxicoinfectious botulism spores are ingested and toxin produced in the G
Term
Botulism pathogenesis/ clinical signs
Definition
-pathogenesis: impairs transmission at all peripheral cholinergic sites especially the NMJ; progressive flaccid paralyis of striatd m

-clinical signs: first sign is loss of tongue tone, flaccid paralysis, dysphagia, ileus and constipation, tremor associated with muscular weakness, death from respiratory arrest
Term
Shaker foals
Definition
-C. botulinum in stomach ulcers release toxins
-foals tremble violently before returning to laterla recumbency
Term
Botulism: Dx, tx, control
Definition
-dx: no definitive dx, isolation of botulism toxin (feed)
-tx: botulism antitoxin=hyperimmune plasma ($500-100/dose) given early; supportive care: feeding via stomach tube, deep bedding
-control: vaccinate for type B; keep feed bunks clean; avoid access to ponds with stagnant water
Term
Lesions of peripheral nerves
Definition
-usually unilateral loss of muscle tone, cutaneous sensation
-usually limited to one or two nerves-> differentiate from musculoskeletal disease
-diffuse PNS; occur with metabolic, toxic, and degenerative insults
Term
Diseases of peripheral nerves: suprascapular n
Definition
-innervates: supraspinatus and infraspinatus muslces
-results of damage: atrophy of these muscles
-clincally: abduction of limb during forward motion, little lameness

-"Sweeney"
Term
Disease of peripheral nerves: radial n.
Definition
-innervates-> extensors of elbow, carpus, digits
-results of damage: extensor paralysis
-clinically: dropped elbow (loss of triceps function), flexion of limb, usually carried due to lack of carpal extension
Term
Diseases of peripheral nerves: median/ulnar n
Definition
-innervates: flexors of carpi and digitis
-results of damage: flexor paralysis
-clinically: lower limb hyperextension, walks as if hypermetric or stands with sawhorse stance
Term
Obturator nerve
Definition
-innervates adductor mm of hind limb
-damage causes abduction of hind limb unilaterally or bilaterally
-historically associated with calving paralysis of sciatic nerve
Term
Femoral nerve
Definition
-innervates extensors of stifle
-paralysis of quadriceps muscle-> no weight bearing by stifle joint
-limb flexed and toe dragged
Term
Misc dzs of peripheral n
Definition
-peroneal nerve paralysis
-tibial nerve paralysis
-sciatic nerve paralyss
-inability to place limb correctly or bear weight
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