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Lap 11 Intro to CNS
Functions of CNS
71
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/26/2012

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Meninges 
Definition

Three connective tissue mebranes that lie external to the CNS

 

Dura Matter 

Arachnoid Matter

Pia Matter

Term
Functions of the Meninges 
Definition

Cover and Protect CNS

Protect Blood Vessels and Enclose venous sinuses

Contain Cerebrospinal Fluid

Form partitions within the skull

 

Term

Dura Matter

"The Tough Mother"

Definition

Leathery Strong Menis composed of two fibrous connective tissue

Periosteal Layer-Outer layer lining the bones (only in brain)

Meningeal Layer-Inner Layer covering the brain and extending into the vertebral column

 

Meningeal layer 

Term
Dura Matter seperates in certain areas and form what:
Definition

Dural Sinuses

 

Term
Three drual septa 
Definition

Falx cerebri 

Falx cerebelli

Tentorium cerebelli

 

Term
Falx cerebri 
Definition
fold that dips into the logitudinal fissure
Term
Falx Cerebelli 
Definition

runs along the bermis of the cerebellum

 

Term
Tentorium cerebelli
Definition
Tent over the cerebellum  horizontal dural fold extends into the transverse fissure
Term
Arachnoid mater
Definition

The middle meninx which forms a loose brain covering

 

Seperated from the dura mater by the subdrual space

 

Arachnoid villi protruce superiorly and permit CSF to be absorbed into venous blood 

Term

Pia Mater

"Gentle Mother"

Definition

Deep menix composed of delicate connective tissue that clings tightly to the brain

 

Floowos every convolution of the brain

 

Contains many tiny blood vessels

Term

Cerebrospinal fluid

 

Definition

Liquid Cushion 

Water solution similar to blood plasma

provides bouancy to CNS organs

 

Term

Location of CSF

Cerebralspinal fluid

Definition

Inside the CNS- Brain Ventricles and central canal of the spinal cord

 

Outside the CNS- in subarachnoid space

 

Term
CFS-Physical Characteristics
Definition

150 ml in volume

Approx 1/2 Cup

Replaces itself every 8 hours

Clear Colorless Liquid 

Reduces weight of CNS organs by 97%

 

Term
CSF Chemical Characteristics
Definition

Formed from blood plasma

Not buffered like most body fluids

carefully controls water soluble solutes

 

Term

CSF- Functions

 

Definition

Prevents the brain from crushing under its own weight 

Protects the CNS from blows and other trauma 

Nourishes the brain and carries chemical signals throughout it

Assists in waste removal 

 

Term
Choroid Plexuses 
Definition

Clusters of capillaries that form tissue fluid filters--in which hange from the roof of each ventricle 

 

Each have ion pump which allows them to alter ion concentrations of the CSF

 

Help cleanse the CSF by removing wastes

 

Term
Spinal Cord
Definition

Cnetral Cavity surrounded by gray matter core

 

External to which is white matter composed of myelinated fiber tracts

 

Term
Brain 
Definition

Similar to spinal cord but with additional areas of gray matter

 

Cerebellum has gray matter in nuclei

 

Cerebrum has nuclei and additional gray matter in the cortex

 

Term
Ventricals of the Brain 
Definition

Are fluid filled spaces within the brain 

Filled with CSF and lined with ependmal cells 

Term
Name the ventricals
Definition

Lateral Ventricle

Third Ventricle 

Fourth Ventricle

 

Term

Lateral Ventrical 

 

Characteristics

and Function 

Definition

Paired 

 

C or Wishbone deep in the cerebral hemisphere

 

Septum pellucidum

 

Interventricular Foramen- A channel between the lateral and Third Ventrical through which the CSF empties

 

 

Term

Third Ventrical

 

Characteristics and Function 

 

Definition

A space shaped like a silver dollar located on the brain called the diencephalon 

 

Cerebral Aqueduct-  A thin canal that connects the third and fourth ventricals

 

Term

Fourth Ventrical

 

Characteristic and Function 

 

Definition

It is continuous with the central canal of the spinal cord

 

Contains apertres that connect the ventricals with the subarachnoid space

Lateral Apertures-Openings of the side walls

Median aperture-Opening on the roof

Term
The Cerebrum 
Definition

2 Cerebral Hemispheres

 

Forms the superior part of the brain and makes up 83% of its mass

 

Contains Ridges (gyri), Shallow grooves (sulci)

and Deep Grooves (fissures)

 

Three Regions: Cortex, White Matter and Basal Nuclei

 

Term
Three Regions of Cerebrum 
Definition

Cortex-- A surface layer of gray matter (cerebral cortex)

 

Basal Nuclei--A deep gray island of tissue in the CNS

 

White Matter

 

Term
Longitudinal Fissure
Definition

Long Medial fissure that divides the let and right cerebral hemispheres

 

Falx Cerebri: Infolding of the drua matter called dura septa which dips into the longitudinal fissure limiting excessive brain movement

 

Term

Major Lobes, Gyri and Sulci of the Cerebral Hemisphere

 

Deep Sulci divide the hemispheres into 5 lobes

Definition

Frontal, Parietal, temporal, occipital, and insula

 

 

Term
Frontal Lobe
Definition

Cental Sulcus- Posterior Border

 

Term
Occipital Lobe
Definition

Parieto-Occipital Sulcus-- Seperates the parietal and occipital lobes

 

Transverse fissure-- separates the occipital lobe from the cerebellum

 

Tenorium Cerebelli-- A dural septa that extends into the transverse cerebral fissure

 

Term
Temporal Lobe
Definition

Lateral Sulcus-- Separates the temporal from the parietal and frontal lobes

 

 

 

Term
Insula-Island of Reil 
Definition

the internal 5th lobe

It is covered by portion of the temporal parietal and frontal lobes

Term
Cerebral Cortex
Definition

Superfical Gray Matter, accounts for 405 of the mass of the brain

Enables sensation, communication memory, understanding and voluntary movements

 

Each Hemisphere controls opposite side of the body

 

No functional area acts alone, conscious behavior involves the entire cortex

 

All neurons of the cortex are interneurons

-Neurons before and after

Term

Functional Areas of the Cerebral Cortex

 

Three Types of functional areas

Definition

Motor Areas- Control Voluntary Movement

 

Sensory Areas-Conscious Awareness of Sensation

 

Association Areas- Integrate diverse information 

 

 

Term
Sensory Area
Definition

Conscious Awareness of Sensation 

 

Occur in the parieta, insular, temporal and occipital lobes

 

Term
Sensory Areas
Definition

Primary Somatosensory Cortex

 

Primary Visual Area

 

Primary Auditory Cortex

 

Olfactory Area

 

Gustatory Area

Term

Primary Somatosensory Cortex


Definition

Located in the postcentral Gyrus

 

Receives information from the skin and skeletal muscles

 

Exhibits spatial discrimination-- the ability of the neurons to indenify the body region being stimulated

Term
Primary visual Area
Definition

Located on the extreme posterior tip of the occipital lobe

 

largest of all sensory area

 

Receives visual information that origionates on the retina 

 

Term
Olfactory Area-
Definition

Not on the surgace but is a small area of the frontal lobe above the orbits

 

Term
Gustatory Area
Definition

Taste

 

Not on the surface but is a small area within the insula just inderneath the temporal lobe

 

Term
Association Area
Definition

Multimodal--Recieving imputs from multiple senses and sending output to multiple areas

 

Allows us to give meaning to the inormation we recieve, store it in memory, and tie it to previous experiences and knowledge

 

 

Term
Association Areas
Definition

Anterior Association Area

 

Posterior Area

 

Limbic Association Area

 

Term
Anterior Association Area
Definition

AKA Prefrontal Cortex

 

Located in the anterior portion of the forntal lobe

 

Involved with intellect, cognition, recall, and personality

 

Necessary for judgement, reasoning persistence, and conscience

 

Term
Posterior Association Area
Definition

Important in recognising patterns and faces

 

Binding different sensory inpouts into coherent whole

 

Includes Wernicke's Area- Involved in understanding written and spoken language

 

Term
Limbic Association Area
Definition
Provides the emotional impact which makes a scene important to us
Term
Cerebral Cortex: Motors Areas
Definition

Primary Motor Cortex 

Pre Motor Cortex

Brocas Area

Term
Primary Motor Cortex
Definition

Located in the precenral Gyrus 

 

Pyramidal Cells whise axons project to the spinal cord without synapses

 

Allows conscious control of precise, skilled voluntary movements (ex typing, playing a musical instrunment)

 

Term
Premotor Cortex
Definition

Located anterior to the precentral gyrus 

 

Controls learned, reetitous or patterened Motor Skills

 

Coordinates simultaneous or sequential actions

 

Involved in the planning of movements

 

Term
Broca's Area
Definition

Present in one hemisphere (usually the Left)

 

A motor speech area that directs muscles of the tongue

 

Is active as one prepares to speak

 

Term
Cerebral White matter= Mylinated Fibers
Definition

Mylinated Fibers

 

It is responsible for communication between the cerebral cortex and lower CNS center

 

 

Term
Types of Cerebral White Matter
Definition

Commissures

Corpus Callosum

Association Fibers

Projection Fibers

 

Term
Commissures
Definition

Connect corresponding gray areas of the two hemispheres (transfer information from right the left)

 

Term
Corpus Callosum 
Definition
Lies superior to the lateral ventricles, deep within the longitudinal Fissure
Term
Association Fibers 
Definition
Connect different parts of the same hemisphere
Term
Projection Fibers 
Definition
Tie the cortex to the rest of the nervous system and to the body's receptors and effectors
Term
Basal Nuclei 
Definition

Masses of gray matter found deep with in the crticalw white matter

 

Motor Dampener

Inhibit antagonistic and uncessary movement

Term
Diencephalon
Definition

Consists of three parired structures

 

thalamus

Hypothalamus 

Epithalamus

 

Term
Thalamus 
Definition

Bean looking 

Mediates sensation, motor activites, cortical arousal, learning andmemory

 

Acts as the relay station for almost all sensory information 

 

Decides where information will be send sensory, motor or association area

 

Term
Hypothalamus 
Definition

Located below the thalamus; it caps the brainstem

 

mammillary bodies:

Relay station for the olfatory pathways

 

Infudnibulum- stalk of the hypothalamus;connects to the pituitary gland

 

main visceral control center of the body 

 

Term
Hypothalamic Function 
Definition

Autonomic Control Center--regulates blood pressure, rate and force of heartbeat, digestive tract mobility, rate and depth of breathing 

 

Center for emotional response; preception of pleasure, fear, rage

 

Maintains normal body temperature (sweating vs shivering)

 

Regulates feelings of hunger and satiety

 

Regulates sleep and sleep cycle 

 

Regulates water balance and thirst

Term
Epithalamus
Definition

Pineal gland- Extends from the posterior border and secretes melatonin

 

Melatonin- A homrone involved with sleep regulation, sleep wake cycles and mood

 

Along with the hypothalamus, helps to regulate the sleep wake cycle

Term
Brain Stem 
Definition

Consists of three regions

Midbrain, pons, and medulla oblongata

 

Simular to the spinal cord but contains embedded nuclei

 

Controls automatic behaviors necessary for survival 

 

Provides the pathway for tracts between higher and lower brain centers

 

Term
Midbrain
Definition

Located between the diencephalon and the pons

 

Midbrain structures include 

Cerebral peduncles

Cerebral Aqueduct 

Various Nuclei

Term
Cerebral peduncles
Definition
Two bulging structures that contain descending pyramidal motor tracts
Term
Cerebral Aqueduct
Definition
Hollow tube that connects the third and fourth ventricles
Term
Pons
Definition

Bulging brainstem rgion between the midbrain and bedulla oblongata 

 

Fibers of the pons: connect higher brain centers and the spinal cord

 

Relay impulses between the motor cortex and the cerebellum

 

Term
Medulla Oblongata
Definition

Most inferior part of the brain stem

 

Pyramids- Two longitudinal Ridges formed by coticospinal tracts descending from the motor cortex

 

Olives- Lateral to the pyramids, sensory infomation on the state of the stretch  of muscles and joints

 

Term
Medulla Nuclei Function 
Definition

Autonomic Reflex Center 

 

Cardiovascular control Center- Adjust force and rate of heart contraction

 

Respiratory Centers- Control rate and depth of breathing 

 

Additional Centers- Regulate vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing, coughing, and sneezing

 

Hypothalamus relays its instructions to the medulla which carries them out

 

Term
The Cerebellum 
Definition

makes up 11% of the brains mass

 

provides precise timing and appropriate patterns of skeletal muscle contraction for smooth coordinated movement

 

Cerebellar activity occurs subsonsciously 

Term
Anatomy of the Cerebellum 
Definition

Two Bilaterally symmetrical hemispheres connected medially by the vermis

 

Folia- transversly oriented gyri

 

Neural Arrangment- Gray matter cortex, internal white matter, scattered nuclei

 

Arbor vita- Distinctive Treelike pattern of the erebellar white matter

 

Term
Cerebellar Processing
Definition

Cerebellum receives impulses of the intent to initate volunatry muscle contraction 

 

Proprioceptors and visual signals "inform" the cerebellum of the body's condition

 

Cerebellar Cortex calculates the best way to perform a movement

 

A blueprint of coordinated movement is sent to the cerebral motor cortex

 

Term
Cerebellar Cognitive Function 
Definition

Plays a role in language and problem solving 

 

Recognizes and predicts sequesnces of events

 

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