Term
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Definition
Decrease in the angle of a joint.
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Term
| Extension (exten = to stretch out) |
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Definition
| Increase in the angle of a joint. |
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Term
| Hyperextension (hyper = excessive) |
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Definition
| excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position. |
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Term
| abduction (ab = away; duct = to lead) |
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Definition
| move appendage away from the midline. |
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Term
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Definition
| move appendage twoard midline. |
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Term
| circumduction (circ = circle) |
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Definition
| move a distal part of an appendage in a circle. |
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Term
| rotation (rota = revolve) |
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Definition
| turn on a pivot with a circle. |
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Term
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Definition
| upward movement raising body part vertically |
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Term
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Definition
| downward movement lovering body part vertically. |
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Term
| protraction (pro = in front of: trahere = to draw) |
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Definition
| move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane. |
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Term
| retraction (retractare = to draw back) |
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Definition
| move a body part backward or posterior. |
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Term
| supination (supine = lying on the back) |
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Definition
| turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, it an arm is outstreatched turn palm upward. |
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Term
| pronation (pronate = lying face downward) |
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Definition
| turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is ourstreatched, turn palm downward. |
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Term
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Definition
| turn the sole of the fool inward. |
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Term
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Definition
| turn the sole of the foot outward |
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Term
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Definition
| point your toes upward; stand on your heels. |
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Term
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Definition
| point your toes downward; raise your heels. |
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Term
What is item 1 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What is item 2 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What is item 4 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the periosteum covering?
[image] |
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Definition
| it's top right, covering the bone. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
Where is the tendon?
[image] |
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Definition
| The white part of tissue stretching out fromt he bone. |
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Term
where is the fascia?
[image] |
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Definition
| The first covering of the muscle fiber. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| skeletal muscle fiber in cross-section |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| width of skeletal muscle fiber |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sacomere (unit of contraction) |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
what is 10 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What is 11 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What is 12 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
What is 13 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
what is 14 below?
[image] |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| No, the thin and thick filaments don't change in length but do slide inward and may overlap shortening the sarcomere and causing the whole muscle fiber to shorten. |
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Term
| Does the A band length change when a muscle contracts? Explain. |
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Definition
| No, the A band is the length of the thick filament and the length does not change so the A band does not change. |
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Term
| Does the I band length change when a muscle contracts? Explain. |
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Definition
| Yes, as the thick and then filaments slide past each other in each sarcomere within each myobibril, the ends of the muscle fiber are brough closer together and the I ands decrease in length. |
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Term
| Does the H zone length chang when a muscle contracts? Explain. |
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Definition
| Yes, as the I band decreases in #3 above the H band disappears. |
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Term
Is the sarcomere in figure 12.5 most likely from a fully contracted or fulled relaxed skeletal muscle cell? Explain.
[image] |
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Definition
| Fully relaxed because the H zone is still present. |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Snyaptic vesicle w/acetylcholine |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| axon terminal w/snyaptic bulbs |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue covering surrounding a fascicle |
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Definition
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Term
| Finger-like invaginations of plasma membrane; extend into interior of fiber and surround myofibrils |
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Definition
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Term
| Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue covering surrounding the muscle |
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Definition
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Term
| Smallest contractile unit within individual muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Stores calcium within muscle fiber |
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Definition
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Term
| Connective tissue covering surrounding individual muscle fibers |
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Definition
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Term
| Two terminal cisternae and a T tubule |
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Definition
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Term
| Rod-like structures within skeletal muscle fiber that contain thin and thick filaments organized into sarcomeres |
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Definition
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Term
| Length does not change when sarcomere shortens. |
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Definition
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Term
| This area is the length of thick filaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| This area is the length of thick filaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Length decreases when sarcomere shortens. |
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Definition
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Term
| This area only contains thin filaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| Point of attachment for thin filaments. |
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Definition
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Term
| This area only contains thick filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| This area contains overlapping thin and thick filaments |
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Definition
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Term
| The area from Z disc to Z disc. |
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Definition
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Term
| This area disappears in a fully contracted muscle. |
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Definition
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Term
| Found in synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter molecules |
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Definition
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Term
| Area of sarcolemma across from synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter receptors |
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Definition
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Term
| Space between synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal and sarcolemma |
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Definition
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Term
| Divides into synaptic end bulbs at neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
| Parts of axon terminal that form neuromuscular junction |
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Definition
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Term
| Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are often called muscle fibers. In terms of cell shape, explain why the term "fiber" is appropriate. |
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Definition
| Because of their elongated shape. |
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Term
| When muscle tissue dies, it is usually replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue. How do these tissues differ in structure and function? |
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Definition
| Damaged muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue. This is call 'Fibrosis'. Thicker than the surrounding tissue, scar tissue is paler and denser because it has a limited blood supply; although it takes the place of damaged or destroyed tissue, it is limited in function, including movement, circulation, and sensation. |
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Term
| Which muscle tissue contains intercalated discs? Where are intercalated discs located in this tissue and what is their overall function? |
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Definition
| Intercalated discs are found in cardiac muscle. Located where cells connect end to end. The discs have desmosomes which holds the fibers together, and gap junctions which allow muscle action potentials to spread from one cardiac muscle to another. |
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Term
| Two structures within intercalated discs are desmosomes and gap junctions. Using your textbook, compare the structure and functions of there two connections. |
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Definition
| The desmosomes prevent the cardiac muscle from pulling apart during contractions. Their structure attaches cells to one another. Gap junctions have small intercellular gaps that allow cells in a tissue to communicate with one another. These gap junctions enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly amoung cells. A process that is crucial for the contraction of muscle in the heart. |
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Term
| Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs, many of which are found in along the body tracts. Name the four tracts. For each tract, name three hollow organs containing smooth muscle. Use the textbook if needed. |
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Definition
Digestive tract - stomach, esophagus, intestines
urinary tract - ureter, bladder, urethra
respiratory tract - lungs, trachea, pharynx
reproductive tract - uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes |
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Term
| compare the functions of ligaments and tendons in the musculoskeletal system. |
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Definition
| Ligaments connect bone to bone. Tendons connect muscle to bone. |
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Term
| Name the protein, known for its strength, found in tendons. Muscle tendons are attached to the covering of bones -- name this covering. |
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Definition
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Term
| When a skeletal muscle contracts, the force pulls on tendons, which in turn pull on bones. Using your textbook to investigate Sharpey's Fibers, explain why muscle contraction does not normally tear the tendon away from the done. |
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Definition
| Sharpey's Fibers are thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the extracullar bone matrix. |
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Term
| Both muscle tissue and nervous tissue are excitable -- what does this mean? |
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Definition
| The ability to respond to action potential (electrical signals stimuli). |
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Term
| Why does the motor neuron need a neurotransmitter to signal the skeletal muscle? (In other words, why can't the action potential "jump" directly to the muscle fiber.) |
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Definition
| Action potential move along an axon and therefore cannot jump the gap between two cells because the cells don't physically touch. |
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Term
| Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the patient's immune system make antibodies that cause destruction of acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate. What symptoms would you expect with this disease and explain your answer. |
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Definition
| Muscles become increasinly weaker because ACH receptors have been damaged and ACH receptors are needed to product ATP. |
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Term
| The drug Botox is made from the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is injected subdermally to minimize fine lines in the face. The toxin prevent motor neurons from releasing acetycholine. What is acetylcholine? When released, what does it bind? How does Botox produce the desired cosmetic results. What would happen if this toxin were absorbed systemically? |
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Definition
| Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction. ACH binds to its receptor on the motor end plate. In cosmetic results Botox relaxes muscles that cause facial wrinkles. If Botox is absorbed into the system, a tiny amount can cause death by paralysis of the respiratory muscles including the diaphragm. |
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Term
| Compare the structure and function of 3 types of joints (fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial). |
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Definition
| Fibrous joints have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joints firmly together with synovial cavity. Has very little movement (ex. skull tissue, teeth). Cartilagenous joints have either hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage connecting bones with no synovial cavity. A small degree of movement ( ex, intervertabrial joints). Synovial joints have a small synovial cavity between the two bones that permits a greater amount of movement than fibrous or cartilaginous joints. |
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Term
| Nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other. |
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Definition
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Term
| Decrease in the angle of a joint |
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Definition
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Term
| Increase in the angle of a joint. |
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Definition
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Term
| Excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position. |
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Definition
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Term
| Move appendage away fromt he midline. |
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Definition
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Term
| move appendage toward midline |
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Definition
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Term
| move a distal part of an appendage in a circle. |
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Definition
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Term
| turn on a pivot with a circle |
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Definition
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Term
| upward movement raising body vertically |
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Definition
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Term
| downward movement lowering body vertically |
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Definition
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Term
| move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane. |
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Definition
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Term
| move a body part backward or posterior |
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Definition
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Term
| turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm upward. |
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Definition
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Term
| turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward. |
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Definition
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Term
| turn the sole of the foot inward |
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Definition
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Term
| turn the sole of the foot outward |
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Definition
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Term
| point your toes upward; stand on your heels. |
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Definition
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Term
| point your toes downward; raise your heels. |
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Definition
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