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Lab1
muscles
123
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
06/10/2011

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Cards

Term
Flexion (flex = to bend)
Definition

 

Decrease in the angle of a joint.

 

Term
Extension (exten = to stretch out)
Definition
Increase in the angle of a joint.
Term
Hyperextension (hyper = excessive)
Definition
excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position.
Term
abduction (ab = away; duct = to lead)
Definition
move appendage away from the midline.
Term
adduction ((as = toward)
Definition
move appendage twoard midline.
Term
circumduction (circ = circle)
Definition
move a distal part of an appendage in a circle.
Term
rotation (rota = revolve)
Definition
turn on a pivot with a circle.
Term
elevation
Definition
upward movement raising body part vertically
Term
depression
Definition
downward movement lovering body part vertically.
Term
protraction (pro = in front of: trahere = to draw)
Definition
move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane.
Term
retraction (retractare = to draw back)
Definition
move a body part backward or posterior.
Term
supination (supine = lying on the back)
Definition
turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, it an arm is outstreatched turn palm upward.
Term
pronation (pronate = lying face downward)
Definition
turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is ourstreatched, turn palm downward.
Term
inversion
Definition
turn the sole of the fool inward.
Term
eversion
Definition
turn the sole of the foot outward
Term
dorsiflexion
Definition
point your toes upward; stand on your heels.
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
point your toes downward; raise your heels.
Term

What is item 1 below?

 

 

 

[image]

Definition
Epimysium
Term

What is item 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
Perimysium
Term

What is item 4 below?

 

 

[image]

Definition
endomysium
Term

Where is the periosteum covering?

 

 

[image]

Definition
it's top right, covering the bone.
Term

what is 5 below?

 

 

[image]

Definition
muscle fiber
Term

Where is the tendon?

 

 

[image]

Definition
The white part of tissue stretching out fromt he bone.
Term

 

where is the fascia?

 

 

[image]

Definition
The first covering of the muscle fiber.
Term

What is 1 below?

 

[image]

Definition
endomysium
Term

What is 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
skeletal muscle fiber in cross-section
Term

What is 3 below?

 

[image]

Definition
fascicle
Term

What is 4 below?

 

[image]

Definition
perimysium
Term

What is 5 below?

 

[image]

Definition
width of skeletal muscle fiber
Term

What is 6 below?

 

[image]

Definition
Nucleus
Term

What is 7 below?

 

[image]

Definition
striation
Term

What is 1 below?

 

[image]

Definition
triad
Term

What is 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
sarcolemma
Term

What is 3 below?

 

[image]

Definition
myofibril
Term

What is 4 below?

 

[image]

Definition
t-tubule
Term

What is 5 below?

 

[image]

Definition
terminal cisternae of sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term

What is 6 below?

 

[image]

Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term

What is 7 below?

 

[image]

Definition
sacomere (unit of contraction)
Term

What is 8 below?

 

[image]

Definition
thin filament
Term

What is 9 below?

 

[image]

Definition
thick filament
Term

what is 10 below?

 

[image]

Definition
actin
Term

What is 11 below?

 

[image]

Definition
tropomyosin
Term

What is 12 below?

 

[image]

Definition
troponin
Term


What is 13 below?

 

[image]

Definition
myosin heads
Term

what is 14 below?

 

[image]

Definition
myosin tails
Term

What is 1 below?

 

[image]

Definition
z disc
Term

What is 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
M line
Term

What is 3 below?

 

[image]

Definition
H zone
Term

What is 4 below?

 

[image]

Definition
I band
Term

What is 5 below?

 

[image]

Definition
A band
Term
Definition
No, the thin and thick filaments don't change in length but do slide inward and may overlap shortening the sarcomere and causing the whole muscle fiber to shorten.
Term
Does the A band length change when a muscle contracts?  Explain.
Definition
No, the A band is the length of the thick filament and the length does not change so the A band does not change.
Term
Does the I band length change when a muscle contracts?  Explain.
Definition
Yes, as the thick and then filaments slide past each other in each sarcomere within each myobibril, the ends of the muscle fiber are brough closer together and the I ands decrease in length.
Term
Does the H zone length chang when a muscle contracts?  Explain.
Definition
Yes, as the I band decreases in #3 above the H band disappears.
Term

Is the sarcomere in figure 12.5 most likely from a fully contracted or fulled relaxed skeletal muscle cell?  Explain.

 

[image]

Definition
Fully relaxed because the H zone is still present.
Term

What is 1 below?

 

 

[image]

Definition
axon terminal
Term

What is 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
synaptic end bulb
Term

What is 3 below?

 

[image]

Definition
Snyaptic vesicle w/acetylcholine
Term

What is 4 below?

 

[image]

Definition
synaptic cleft
Term

What is 5 below?

 

[image]

Definition
motor end plat
Term

what is 6 below?

 

[image]

Definition
receptors
Term

What is 1 below?

 

[image]

Definition
skeletal muscle fibers
Term

What is 2 below?

 

[image]

Definition
axon terminal w/snyaptic bulbs
Term

What is 3 below?

 

[image]

Definition
motor neuron axon
Term
Connective tissue covering surrounding a fascicle
Definition
Perimysium
Term
Finger-like invaginations of plasma membrane; extend into interior of fiber and surround myofibrils
Definition
transverse tubules
Term
Plasma membrane of skeletal muscle fiber
Definition
sarcolemma
Term
Connective tissue covering surrounding the muscle
Definition
epimysium
Term
Smallest contractile unit within individual muscle fibers
Definition
sarcomeres
Term
Stores calcium within muscle fiber
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Term
Connective tissue covering surrounding individual muscle fibers
Definition
endomysium
Term
Two terminal cisternae and a T tubule
Definition
triad
Term
Rod-like structures within skeletal muscle fiber that contain thin and thick filaments organized into sarcomeres
Definition
myofibrils
Term
Length does not change when sarcomere shortens.
Definition
A Band
Term
This area is the length of thick filaments.
Definition
A bands
Term
This area is the length of thick filaments.
Definition
A bands
Term
Length decreases when sarcomere shortens.
Definition
I band
Term
This area only contains thin filaments.
Definition
I band
Term
Point of attachment for thin filaments.
Definition
Z disk
Term
This area only contains thick filaments
Definition
A band
Term
This area contains overlapping thin and thick filaments
Definition
A band
Term
The area from Z disc to Z disc.
Definition
Sarcomere
Term
This area disappears in a fully contracted muscle.
Definition
H band
Term
Found in synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter molecules
Definition
synaptic vesicles
Term
Area of sarcolemma across from synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal; contains neurotransmitter receptors
Definition
motor end plate
Term
Space between synaptic end bulbs of axon terminal and sarcolemma
Definition
synaptic cleft
Term
Divides into synaptic end bulbs at neuromuscular junction
Definition
axon terminal
Term
Parts of axon terminal that form neuromuscular junction
Definition
synaptic end bulb
Term
Skeletal and cardiac muscle cells are often called muscle fibers.  In terms of cell shape, explain why the term "fiber" is appropriate.
Definition
Because of their elongated shape.
Term
When muscle tissue dies, it is usually replaced with dense irregular collagenous connective tissue.  How do these tissues differ in structure and function?
Definition
Damaged muscle tissue is replaced by fibrous scar tissue.  This is call 'Fibrosis'.  Thicker than the surrounding tissuescar tissue is paler and denser because it has a limited blood supply; although it takes the place of damaged or destroyed tissue, it is limited in function, including movement, circulation, and sensation. 
Term
Which muscle tissue contains intercalated discs?  Where are intercalated discs located in this tissue and what is their overall function?
Definition
Intercalated discs are found in cardiac muscle.  Located where cells connect end to end.  The discs have desmosomes which holds the fibers together, and gap junctions which allow muscle action potentials to spread from one cardiac muscle to another.
Term
Two structures within intercalated discs are desmosomes and gap junctions.  Using your textbook, compare the structure and functions of there two connections.
Definition
The desmosomes prevent the cardiac muscle from pulling apart during contractions.  Their structure attaches cells to one another.  Gap junctions have small intercellular gaps that allow cells in a tissue to communicate with one another.  These gap junctions enable nerve or muscle impulses to spread rapidly amoung cells.  A process that is crucial for the contraction of muscle in the heart.
Term
Smooth muscle is located in the walls of hollow organs, many of which are found in along the body tracts.  Name the four tracts.  For each tract, name three hollow organs containing smooth muscle.  Use the textbook if needed.
Definition

Digestive tract - stomach, esophagus, intestines

urinary tract - ureter, bladder, urethra

respiratory tract - lungs, trachea, pharynx

reproductive tract - uterus, vagina, fallopian tubes

Term
compare the functions of ligaments and tendons in the musculoskeletal system.
Definition
Ligaments connect bone to bone.  Tendons connect muscle to bone.
Term
Name the protein, known for its strength, found in tendons.  Muscle tendons are attached to the covering of bones -- name this covering.  
Definition
collagen, periosteum
Term
When a skeletal muscle contracts, the force pulls on tendons, which in turn pull on bones.  Using your textbook to investigate Sharpey's Fibers, explain why muscle contraction does not normally tear the tendon away from the done.
Definition
Sharpey's Fibers are thick bundles of collagen fibers that extend from the periosteum into the extracullar bone matrix.
Term
Both muscle tissue and nervous tissue are excitable -- what does this mean?
Definition
The ability to respond to action potential (electrical signals stimuli).
Term
Why does the motor neuron need a neurotransmitter to signal the skeletal muscle?  (In other words, why can't the action potential "jump" directly to the muscle fiber.)
Definition
 Action potential move along an axon and therefore cannot jump the gap between two cells because the cells don't physically touch.
Term
Myasthenia gravis is an autoimmune disease in which the patient's immune system make antibodies that cause destruction of acetylcholine receptors on the motor end plate.  What symptoms would you expect with this disease and explain your answer.
Definition
Muscles become increasinly weaker because ACH receptors have been damaged and ACH receptors are needed to product ATP.
Term
The drug Botox is made from the toxin of the bacterium Clostridium botulinum. It is injected subdermally to minimize fine lines in the face. The toxin prevent motor neurons from releasing acetycholine.  What is acetylcholine?  When released, what does it bind?  How does Botox produce the desired cosmetic results.  What would happen if this toxin were absorbed systemically?
Definition
Acetylcholine is a neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction.  ACH binds to its receptor on the motor end plate.  In cosmetic results Botox relaxes muscles that cause facial wrinkles.  If Botox is absorbed into the system, a tiny amount can cause death by paralysis of the respiratory muscles including the diaphragm.
Term
Compare the structure and function of 3 types of joints (fibrous, cartilagenous, and synovial).
Definition
Fibrous joints have dense fibrous connective tissue with strong collagen fibers that hold the joints firmly together with synovial cavity.  Has very little movement (ex. skull tissue, teeth).  Cartilagenous joints have either hyaline cartilage or fibro cartilage connecting bones with no synovial cavity.  A small degree of movement ( ex, intervertabrial joints).  Synovial joints have a small synovial cavity between the two bones that permits a greater amount of movement than fibrous or cartilaginous joints.
Term
Nearly flat bone surfaces slide or glide over each other.
Definition
gliding
Term
Decrease in the angle of a joint
Definition
flexion
Term
Increase in the angle of a joint.
Definition
Extension
Term
Excessive extension movement beyond normal anatomical position.
Definition
hyperextension
Term
Move appendage away fromt he midline. 
Definition
abduction
Term
move appendage toward midline
Definition
adduction
Term
move a distal part of an appendage in a circle.
Definition
circumduction
Term
turn on a pivot with a circle
Definition
rotation
Term
upward movement raising body vertically
Definition
elevation
Term
downward movement lowering body vertically
Definition
depression
Term
 move a body part forward or anterior on a horizontal plane.
Definition
protraction
Term
move a body part backward or posterior
Definition
retraction
Term
turn palm of the hand to face forward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm upward.
Definition
supination
Term
turn palm of the hand to face backward, or, if arm is outstretched, turn palm downward.
Definition
pronation
Term
turn the sole of the foot inward
Definition
inversion
Term
turn the sole of the foot outward
Definition
eversion
Term
point your toes upward; stand on your heels.
Definition
dorsiflexion
Term
point your toes downward; raise your heels.
Definition
planter flexion
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