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Lab Practical - Skeleton
Appendicular and Axial Skeletons
40
Anatomy
Undergraduate 1
10/09/2012

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Cards

Term
Introduction to The Skeletal System
Definition
  • provides an overall framework for all other structures in teh body
  • consists of bone, cartilage, ligaments, and tendons
  • each bone  is a dynamic consists of several different tissue
  • changes to bone at the tissue level can change the overall shape and length of a bone
Term
Number of Bones in the Axial Skeleton
Definition
  1. Skull
  • Cranial bones - 8
  • Facial Bones - 14
  1. Hyoid Bone -1 
  2. Auditory Ossicles - 6
  3. Vertebral Column - 26
  4. Thorax
  • Sternum - 1
  • Ribs - 24

Subtotal: 80

Term
Number of Bones in the Appendicular Skeleton
Definition

1.       Pectoral girdles (shoulders)

a.       Scapula -2

b.      Clavicle -2

2.       Upper Limb

a.       Humerus -2

b.      Radius – 2

c.       Ulna 2

d.      Carpals – 16

e.      Metatarsals – 10

f.        Philanges – 28

3.       Pelvic Girlde

a.       Hip or Coxal Bone - 2

4.       Lower Limb

a.       Femur – 2

b.      Patella

c.       Tibia – 2

d.      Fibula -2

e.      Tarsals – 14

f.        Metatarsals – 10

g.       Philanges – 28

 

subtotal = 126

Term
Six Functions of the Skeletal System (Overview)
Definition
  • Structural Functions
  1. Protection
  2. Movement
  3. Support
  • Homeostatic Functions
  1. Mineral storage
  2. Production of blood cells
  3. Triglyceride storage
Term
[image]
Definition

Irregular Bone

 

Vertebra

Term
[image]
Definition

Flat Bone

 

Sternum

Term
[image]
Definition

Long Bone

 

Humerus

Term
[image]
Definition

Short Bone

 

Trapezoid, Wrist Bone

Term
[image]
Definition

Sesamoid Bone

 

Patella

Term
[image]
Definition
  1. Proximal epiphysis
  2. Metaphysis
  3. Diaphysis
  4. Metaphysis
  5. Distal epiphysis
  6. Articular cartilage
  7. Nutrient artery in the nutrient foramen
  8. Medullary cavity
  9. Periosteum
  10. Compact bone
  11. Endosteum
  12. Epiphyseal plate
  13. Red bone marrow
  14. spongy bone
  15. articular cartilage
Term
About Long Bones
Definition
  • Curved at the ends for strength
  • Curvature allows it to absorb stress at different points to ensure even distribution (if the bones were straight, it would cuase uneven stress distribution and cause more fractures).

REgions of a Long Bone

  1. Diaphysis: The shaft of the bone; contains adipose tissue and bone marrow
  2. Metaphysis (2)
  3. Epiphysis (2) [Distal and proximal]; rounded ends of the long bones at the joints
  4. Marrow Cavity (1)

Surface Tissue

  1. Endosteum  
  2. Periosteum
  3. Articular Cartilage
Term
Endosteum
Definition
  • Tissue Surface of Long Bone
  •  a thin membrane that lines the internal bone surface facing the medullary cavity, contains bone-forming cells
Term
Periosteum
Definition
  • Tissue surface of long bone
  • Tough connective tissue sheath that surrounds the bone surface wherever it is not covered by articular cartilage. 
  • Contains bone-forming cells that enable bone to grow in thickness. 
  • Protects the bone, assists in fracture repair, helps nourish osseous tissue, and serves as an attachment point for ligaments and tendons.
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
  • Tissue Surface of Long Bone
  • Thin layer of hyaline cartilage covering the part of the epiphysis where the bone forms an articulation (joint) with another bone. 
  • Reduces friction and absorbs shock at freely movable joints
Term
Short Bones (Description)
Definition
  • Cube shaped (equal in length and width)
  • Provide stability with little movement
  • Examples: carpals and tarsals
Term
Flat Bones (Description)
Definition
  • Thin
  • Used for portection
  • Provide considerable surface for muscle attachment
  • Examples: Sternum, ribs, shoulder blades
Term
Irregular Bones (Description)
Definition
  • have complex shapes that cannot be grouped with any other bone shape
  • Examples: Vertebrae, calcaneus, hip bones
Term
Sesamoid Bones (Description)
Definition
  • Shaped like a SESame sead
  • Located where there is considerable tension, friction, and physical stress
  • Protect tendons from wear and tear by changing the direction of the pull of the tendon, improving the mechanical advantage of the joint
  • Examples: patella
Term
Bone Surface Markings
Definition
  • They provide anatomical landmarks
  • They develop as the periosteum of the bone but then they are pulled by the tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses, and fasciae, causing new osteaus tissue to be deposited as raised or rough areas
Term
Depressions and Openings
Definition
  • A type of surface marking
  • provide space for the passage of soft tissues
  • take part in joints
  • results from compression of the bone surface
Term
Projections and Processes
Definition
  • A type of bone surface marking
  • helps form joints
  • provide attachmetns of connective tissue
Term
[image]
Definition

Skull

1.Cranial Portion

2.Facial Portion

Pectoral Girdle

3.Clavicle

4.Scapula

Thorax

5.Sternum

6.Ribs

Upper Limb

7.Humerus

8.Ulna

9.Radius

10.Carpals

11.Metacarpals

12.Philanges

Lower Limb

13.Femur

14.Patella

15.Tibia

16.Fibula

17.Tarsals

18.Metatarsals

19.Philanges

 

20.Vertebral Column

21.Pectoral Girdle

22.Vertebral Column

23.Pectoral Girdle

 
Term
Depressions and Openings (Marking, Description, Examples)
Definition
[image]
Term
Processes (Marking, Description, Example)
Definition
[image]
Term
General Bones of the Axial And Appendicular Skeletons
Definition

Axial: Skull, Spinal column, sternum, ribs, 

 

Appendicular: pectoral girdle, upper limb, lower limb, pelvic girdle

Term
Functions of the Skull
Definition
  • Protect the brain
  • Protect sensory organs
  • Provide muscle attachment
  • Entry for digestive and respiratory tracts
Term
[image]
Definition

Anterior View of Skull

  1. frontal bone
  2. parietal bone
  3. sphenoid bone
  4. vomer
  5. mandible
  6. nasal bone
  7. temporal bone
  8. zygomatic bone
  9. maxilla
Term
[image]
Definition

Right Lateral View of Skull

 

  1. parietal bone
  2. temporal bone
  3. occipital bone
  4. mandible
  5. maxilla
  6. nasal bone
  7. zygomatic bone
  8. sphenoid bone
  9. frontal bone
Term
[image]
Definition

Midsagittal view of skull

  1. parietal bone
  2. temporal bone
  3. occipital bone
  4. mandible
  5. maxilla
  6. vomer
  7. sphenoid bone
  8. nasal bone
  9. frontal bone
Term
The vertebral Column (Description)
Definition
  • AKA spine
  • Made of vertebrae and bones made of fused vertebrae
  • Curves increase flexibility and strength
  • Curves develop because of forces acting on developing bones
Term
[image]
Definition
  1. Cervical region - 7
  2. Thoracic - 12
  3. Lumbar - 5
  4. Intervertebral discs
  5. Sacrum
  6. Coccyx
Term
Metaphysis
Definition
  • between the diaphysis and the epiphyses. 
  • In a growing bone eac contains an epiphyseal plate, a layer of hyaline cartilage that allows the diaphysis of the bone to grow in length 
Term
Epiphyseal Line
Definition
  • When a bone ceases to grow in length at about ages 18–21, the cartilage in the epiphyseal plate is replaced by osseous tissue and the resulting bony structure is known as the epiphyseal line.
Term
Marrow Cavity
Definition
a hollow,cylindrical space within the diaphysis that contains yellow bone marrow in adults
Term
Condlye
Definition
  • A process that forms a joint
  • A large, rounded projection at the end of a bone
  • Example: lateral condyle of the femur
Term
Foramen
Definition
  • Depression
  • A type of opening that allows passage of blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments
  • Ex: The optic forament of the sphenoid bone
Term
Fossa
Definition
  • Depression
  • A shallow depression
  • Ex: the coronoid fossa of the humerus
Term
Sulcus
Definition
  • Depression
  • A furrow along a bone that accomodates blood vessels, nerves, and tendons
  • Example: The intertubular surface of the humerus
Term
Meatus
Definition
  • Tyep of depression
  • A tube like opening
  • Example: the external auditory meatus of the temporal bone
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