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Lab Practical 4 - Terms
Vocab
141
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
05/03/2014

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Term
Microglia
Definition
act as phagocytes
(ingest and destroy foreign matter)
Term
Oligodendrocytes
Definition
myelinate (insulate) the neurons
Term
Astroccytes
Definition
control the chemical environment around neurons, facilitate capillary-nerve exchanges
Term
Ependymal cells
Definition
circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
myelinate (insulate) the extensions of the neurons
Term
Satellite cells
Definition
surround cell body of the neuron
Term
Neurofibrils
Definition
intermediate filaments in the neuron Function: provide tensile strength
Term
Nissl bodies
Definition
specialized endoplasmic reticulum
Function: protein synthesis
Term
Dendrites
Definition
receive signals to the cell body
(may be many)
Term
Axons
Definition
generate and transmit ACTION potential
(only one axon per neuron, but may have several branches)
Term
Axon hillock
Definition
junction between the cell body and then axon
Term
Axon terminals
Definition
ends of axon, where neurotransmitters are stored
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
whitish fatty proteins covering some axons called myelinated axons
Term
excitability
Definition
the ability to respond to stimuli and convert them into nerve impulses
Term
conductivity
Definition
the ability to transmit the impulse to other neurons, muscles or glands
Term
Myelin
Definition
whitish fatty proteins covering some axons called myelinated axons
Term
Schwann cells
Definition
Axons are myelinated this in PNS
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
axons are myelinated this CNS
Term
Myelin sheath
Definition
concentric rings of the plasma membrane of the Schwann cell wrapped around an axon
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
part of the Schwann cell external to the myelin sheath, housing the nucleus and cytoplasm
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
Gaps in the myelin sheath
Term
Unipolar
Definition
A single process extending from the cell body – divided into peripheral and central processes
Term
Bipolar
Definition
Two processes attached to the cell body – one dendrite, one axon
Term
Multipolar
Definition
Many processes issue from the cell body – many dendrites, one axon
Term
Sensory (afferent) Neurons
Definition
Carry impulses from sensory receptors in skin, internal organs, muscles and special sense organs toward the CNS
Term
Motor (efferent) Neurons
Definition
Carry impulses AWAY from CNS to organs, muscles and glands
Term
Association Neurons (Interneurons)
Definition
Conduct impulses within the CNS
Term
Nerve
Definition
a bundle of axons in the PNS wrapped in connective tissue
Term
Tract
Definition
a bundle of axons in the CNS wrapped in connective tissue
Term
Mixed nerves
Definition
contain both sensory/afferent and motor/efferent processes(all spinal nerves)
Term
Sensory/afferent nerves
Definition
contain only sensory processes(some cranial nerves)
Term
Motor/efferent nerves
Definition
contain only motor processes(ventral nerves of the spinal cord)
Term
4 regions of the brain
Definition
Cerebrum
Diencephalon
Brainstem
Cerebellum
Term
longitudinal fissure
Definition
Separates the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
corpus callosum
Definition
Medially holds the two hemispheres of the cerebrum
Term
septum pellucidum
Definition
Separates the lateral ventricles of the cerebrum
Term
5 lobes of each cerebral hemisphere
Definition
* Frontal lobe
* Temporal lobe
* Parietal lobe
* Occipital lobe
* Insula
Term
Central Sulcus
Definition
separates the frontal lobe from the parietal lobe
Term
Percentral Gyrus
Definition
The gyrus in the frontal lobe located immediately in front of the central sulcus
Term
Postcentral Gyrus
Definition
the gyrus in the parietal lobe immediately behind the central sulcus
Term
Lateral Sulcus
Definition
separates the temporal lobe from the parietal and frontal lobes
Term
Parieto-occipital Sulcus
Definition
separates the parietal lobe from the occipital lobe
Term
3 regions in each Cerebral hemisphere
Definition
Cerebral cortex
White matter
Basal nuclei
Term
Gyrus
Definition
Surface marking: elevated ridge
Term
Sulcus
Definition
Surface marking: “valley” between gyrus
Term
Fissure
Definition
Surface marking: deeper sulcus
Term
Thalamus
Definition
relay center for all sensory info (except smell) to cerebral cortex
Term
Hypothalamus
Definition
regulation of visceral activities and body functions, emotion and instincts, secretes hormones
Term
Epithalamus
Definition
contains the pineal gland which secretes the hormone melatonin
Term
Corpora quadrigemina
Definition
pair of superior colliculi (visual reflex) & pair of inferior colliculi (auditory reflex)
Term
Cerebral peduncles
Definition
tracts in midbrain, connects pons to cerebrum
Term
Cerebral aqueduct
Definition
pathway for cerebral spinal fluid
Term
Pons
Definition
contains fiber tracts
connecting the cerebrum to the
cerebellum
Term
Medulla oblongata
Definition
regulates
autonomic functions (heart rate,
blood pressure, breathing) and
it blends in with the spinal cord
at the level of the foramen
magnum
Term
vermis
Definition
Fissure that separates the two hemispheres of the cerebellum
Term
2 parts of the cerebellum
Definition
1. Thin superficial layer of gray matter
2. Deep layer of white matter, called Arbor Vitae
Term
Primary function of the cerebellum
Definition
coordinates skeletal muscle contractions
Term
Cranium
Definition
bony helmet composed of the 8 cranial bones
Term
Meninges
Definition
3 connective membranes surrounding the brain
Term
outermost meninx (dura mater)
Definition
double-layered – outer periosteal layer lining the internal surface of the cranium and the inner meningeal layer separated from the underlying arachnoid mater by the SUDURAL space
Term
middle meninx (Arachnoid Mater)
Definition
separated from the underlying pia mater by the SUBARACHNOID space. Weblike extensions from the archnoid mater to the subarachnoid space gives this meninx its name ( Arachnida = spider family)
Term
innermost meninx (Pia Mater)
Definition
clings to the surface of the brain
Term
Cerebrospinal fluid ( CSF)
Definition
filtered from blood; located in the ventricles and also in the subarachnoid space hence, CSF is found inside and outside of the brain acting as a “liquid” cushion; provides buoyancy to the brain; provides nutrients; removes metabolic wastes
Term
Blood-Brain barrier
Definition
a selective barrier that prevents harmful substance in blood from crossing to the brain.
Term
Subarachnoid space
Definition
area between the arachnoid mater and pia mater, filled with cerebrospinal fluid
Term
choroid plexuses
Definition
small collections of capillaries in ventricles
Term
2 layers of the dura mater
Definition
Periosteal layer: outer layer, attached to inner surface of cranium
Meningeal layer: inner layer, projects into fissures, continuous with dura mater of spinal cord
Term
Palpebrae
Definition
eyelids
Term
Medial & Lateral commisurers (canthi)
Definition
medial & lateral junctions of eyelids
Term
Lacrimal caruncle
Definition
fleshy elevation at the medial commissure function: secretes oily white solution
Term
Conjunctiva
Definition
mucus membrane, underneath eyelids and covering eyeball, function: lubrication of eyeball
Term
Cilliary glands
Definition
sweat glands between eyelashes
function: lubrication of eyeball
Term
Lacrimal gland
Definition
produces lacrimal fluid (tears), containing salt & lysosomes
Term
Pathway of tears
Definition
lacrimal gland, through the lacrimal punctum, into the lacrimal canaliculi (canals) and then the nasolacrimal duct
Term
Three layers of the eye
Definition
1. Fibrous (outer)
2. Vascular(Uvea)
3. Sensory layer (Retina)
Term
Sclera
Definition
opaque region occupying the posterior 5/6 of the fibrous layer
Term
Cornea
Definition
the anterior transparent region, modified to let in light (anterior-most portion)
Term
Choroid
Definition
highly vascularized posterior region of the uvea,
contains melanin which prevents scattering of light
Term
Ciliary muscle
Definition
controls lens shape
Term
Zonules (suspensor ligaments)
Definition
Extended from the ciliary muscles, hold the lens in an upright position
Term
Ciliary processes
Definition
contain capillaries from which aqueous humor is filtered
Term
Iris
Definition
colored part of the eye, circularly and radially arranged smooth muscles, regulate the diameter of the pupil
Term
Pigmented layer
Definition
outer sensory layer
Term
Neural layer
Definition
transparent inner layer
Contains photoreceptors
Term
Rods
Definition
dim light vision
Term
Cones
Definition
high acuity color vision
Term
Fovea centralis
Definition
site of neural layer where cones are highly concentrated
Term
Optic disc
Definition
blind spot, lacks photoreceptors
Term
3 types of cells contained in sensory layer (retina)
Definition
1. Photoreceptors
2. Biopolar cells
3. Ganglion cells
Term
2 eye segments
Definition
1. Anterior segment - between cornea and lens
2. Posterior segment - everything posterior to lens
Term
aqueous humor
Definition
watery fluid formed and drained throughout life, inside of the anterior segment
Term
vitreous humor
Definition
jelly-like fluid formed during embryonic development and last life time, inside of the posterior segment
Term
3 major areas of the ear
Definition
1. Outer
2. Middle
3. Inner
Term
Pinna (external ear)
Definition
composed of elastic cartilage, located in the outer ear
Term
external auditory canal (external auditory meatus)
Definition
located in the outer ear, lined with skin containing ceruminous glands that secrete cerumen (earwax)
Term
3 ossicles
Definition
malleus, incus, stapes connected by synovial joints, located in the middle ear
Term
pharyngotympanic tube
Definition
connects the middle ear and the throats, located in the middle ear
Term
Tympanic membrane
Definition
separated the outer ear from the middle ear, located in the middle ear
Term
2 parts of the inner ear
Definition
1. Bony labyrinth
2. Membranous labyrinth
Term
Cochlear duct
Definition
snail shaped membranous labyrinth inside the cochlea; filled with endolymph (fluid)
Term
Organ of corti
Definition
organ of hearing, located inside the cochlear duct between 2 membranes:
- Basilar membrane
- Tectorial membrane
Term
Cristae ampullares
Definition
Equilibrium receptors for rotation at the end of each semicircular canal in the ampulla
Term
cupula
Definition
moved when the head moves by the flow of endolympth, when moved nerve fibers are stimulated
Term
Olfaction
Definition
sense of smell
Term
Gustation
Definition
sense of taste
Term
Olfactory receptor cells
Definition
bipolar neurons with radiating olfactory cilia called olfactory hairs
Term
Supporting olfactor cells
Definition
surround and cushion olfactory receptor cells
Term
Basal cells
Definition
lie at the base of the epithelium and they divide to replace olfactory receptor cells
Term
Basal cells (in taste buds)
Definition
dynamic stem cells
Term
Gustatory cells (in taste buds)
Definition
taste cells
Term
5 basic taste sensations
Definition
1. Sweet
2. Sour
3. Salt
4. Bitter
5. Umami
Term
Endocrinology
Definition
– the study of the biological effects of hormones released by ENDOCRINE GLANDS and the diseases caused by their dysfunction
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
ductless glands that release hormones directly into the extracellular fluid (interstitial fluid and blood)
Term
Hormones
Definition
Chemical regulators
Term
Stimuli
Definition
Homeostatic imbalances, which cause hormone release
Term
Negative Feedback Mechanism
Definition
the biological effects of hormones negate/eliminate the stimuli that caused the release of the hormones
Term
Humoral stimuli
Definition
changes in the levels of chemicals in the body’s humors (bodily fluids) stimulate endocrine glands to release hormones
Term
Neural stimuli
Definition
activation of the nervous system stimulates endocrine glands to release hormones
Term
Hormonal stimuli
Definition
released hormones stimulate endocrine glands to release other hormones
Term
Hormones are named based on these 3 criteria
Definition
1. organ of origin
2. Function
3. Chemical structure
Term
Biogenic amine hormones
Definition
hormones derived from the amino acid TYROSINE, these are generally polar chemicals
Term
Peptide/protein/glycoproteins hormones
Definition
hormones composed of a sequence of amino acids: attain structural complexity; protein with carbohydrate moiety attached, these hormones are polar chemicals
Term
Steroid hormones
Definition
Hormones derived from cholesterol, they are non polar substances
Term
Follicle stimulating hormone (FSH)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: ovaries, testes
A: regulate gamete production and hormonal activities
Term
Luteinizing hormone (LH)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: ovaries, testes
A: regulate gamete production and hormonal activities
Term
Adrenocorpticotrophic hormone (ACTH)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: adrenal gland
A: Regulates endocrine activity in the cortex portion
Term
Thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: thyroid gland
A: influences growth and activity
Term
Growth hormone (GH)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: muscle and long bone
A: determines body size
Term
Prolactin (PRL)
Definition
G: anterior pituitary
T: breast
A: Stimulates breast development, maintains lactation, possibly stimulates testosterone production in males
Term
Oxytocin
Definition
G: posterior pituitary
T: uterus, breast
A: Simulates uterine contraction during birth and coitus, causes milk ejection
Term
Antidiuretic hormone (ADH)
Definition
G: posterior pituitary
T: kidneys
A: Stimulates tubule cells to resorb water
Term
Thyroid hormone (TH)
Definition
G: thyroid
T: every cell
A: Controls the metabolism rate, cellular oxidation
Hypersecretion: Graves disease
Hyposecretion: Goiters
Term
Calcitonin
Definition
G: thyroid
T: blood and bones
A: decreases blood calcium levels by stimulating calcium salt deposit in bones
Term
Parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Definition
G: parathyroid
T: blood, kidneys
A: Regulator of calcium balance (blood)
Activates vitamin D (kidneys)
Term
Mineralocorticoid (mainly aldosterone)
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: kidneys
A: regulate water and electrolyte balance in the extracellular fluids by regulating sodium ion reabsorption by tubules
Term
Glucocorticoid (mainly cortisol)
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: body cells
A: Help body resist long term stressors by increasing blood glucose levels
Hypersecretion: Cushing’s syndrome
Term
Gonadal Steroids
Androgens (male)
Estrogen (female)
Definition
G: adrenal gland
T: female reproductive system
A: Contributes to female reproductive development, estrogen source after menopause
Term
Insulin
Definition
G: pancreas
T: body cells
A: Decreases blood sugar levels
Hyposecretion: diabetes
Term
Glucagon
Definition
G: pancreas
T: liver
A: Increases blood sugar levels, antagonist to insulin
Term
neurons
Definition
conducting cells
Term
neuroglia
Definition
supporting cells
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