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Lab Practical #4
Lab Practical #4
65
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/27/2014

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Term
central nervous system
Definition
1. brain and spinal chord
2. interprets incoming sensory information and issues instructions
Term
peripheral nervous system
Definition
1. cranial, spinal nerves, ganglia, sensory receptors
2. carries impulses to and from CNS
Term
neurons
Definition
basic functional units of nervous tissue
Term
neuroglia
Definition
supporting cells for neurons
Term
nuclei
Definition
clusters of cell bodies of neurons, typically found in the CNS
Term
ganglia
Definition
collections of neuron cell bodies outside the CNS
Term
nerves
Definition
neuron fibers running through the PNS (peripheral nerves)
Term
tracts
Definition
neuron fibers running through the CNS (tracts of white matter)
Term
microglial cells
Definition
1. defensive cells in the CNS
2. act as macrophages
Term
oligodendrocytes
Definition
1. form myelin sheaths around CNS nerve fibers via processes
Term
astrocytes
Definition
1. control the chemical environment around neurons
2. facilitate capillary-nerve exchanges
Term
ependymal cells
Definition
circulate cerebrospinal fluid
Term
schwann cells
Definition
myelinate (insulate) the extensions of the neurons
Term
satellite cells
Definition
surround cell body of the neuron
Term
neuron cell body
Definition
contains nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm
Term
dendrites
Definition
receptor regions for neurotransmitters released by other neurons
Term
axon
Definition
generate and conduct nerve impulses
Term
axon terminal
Definition
form synaptic junctions with neurons or effector cells
Term
axon hillock
Definition
large cell body structure before axon terminal
Term
myelin sheath
Definition
1. Whitish fatty proteins covering some axons called myelinated axons
2. Concentric rings of the plasma membrane wrapped around an axon.
3. Insulates fibers and increases the speed of transmission of nerve impulse
Term
neurofibrils
Definition
1. intermediate filaments in the neuron
2. Function: provide tensile strength
Term
Nissl Bodies
Definition
1. specialized endoplasmic reticulum
2. Function: protein synthesis
Term
Nodes of Ranvier
Definition
gaps in myelin sheat
Term
Neurilemma
Definition
part of the Schwann cell external to the myelin sheath, housing the nucleus and cytoplasm
Term
sensory/afferent neurons
Definition
1. carry impulses from internal organs, skin, skeletal muscles, joints, and sensory organs
2. often stimulated by specific changes in immediate environment
Term
motor/efferent neurons
Definition
1. carry impulses from the CNS to the viscera, body muscles, and/or glands
2. multipolar
3. cell bodies located in CNS
Term
association neurons/interneurons
Definition
1. connect sensory and motor neurons, and situated between
2. cell bodies located in CNS
3. multipolar
Term
unipolar neurons
Definition
1. A single process extending from the cell body – divided into peripheral and central processes
2. conduct impulses toward the CNS
Term
bipolar neurons
Definition
1. Two processes attached to the cell body – one dendrite, one axon
2. found only in the eye, ear, and olfactory mucosa
Term
multipolar neurons
Definition
1. Many processes issued from the cell body – many dendrites, one axon
2. most abundant type of neurons in the body
Term
nerve
Definition
bundle of neuron fibers
Term
endoneurium
Definition
surrounds each neuron fiber
Term
perineurium
Definition
surrounds groups of neuron fibers to form fascicles
Term
epineurium
Definition
covers groups of fascicles, forming a nerve
Term
blood and lymphatic vessels
Definition
travel within a nerve
Term
2 conditions of neurons
Definition
1. excitability--respond to stimuli by producing electrical symbol
2. conductivity--transmit signals to neurons, muscles, glands, and other body tissues
Term
stimulus
Definition
makes the neuron more permeable to Na+ ions
Term
resting membrane potential
Definition
1. excess of positive ions at external cell surface
2. Na+ is the extracellular ion
3. K+ is the intracellular ion
Term
depolarization
Definition
changes membrane permeability to allow Na+ ions to flow into the cell
Term
action potential
Definition
wave of depolarization spreads along membrane
Term
repolarization
Definition
1. negative charge of inner membrane and positive charge of outer membrane is re-established
2. K+ diffuses out of the cell
Term
absolute refractory period
Definition
Occurs when the sodium gates are still open (depolarization phase) and the neuron is unable to initiate a new action potential
Term
relative refractory period
Definition
When the neuron is undergoing repolarization and therefore the sodium gates are closed an exceptionally strong stimulus can cause initiation of another action potential
Term
on
Definition
name and number: olfactory (I)
location: olfactory epithelium ti synapse in olfactory bulbs
modality: sensory
function: afferent impulses associated with sense of smell
Term
occasion
Definition
name and number: optic (II)
location: retina of eye to visual cortex of cerebrum
modality: sensory
function: afferent im[ulses associated with vision
Term
our
Definition
name and number: oculomotor (III)
location: dorsal midbrain to orbit
modality: motor
function: provides somatic motor fibers for direction of eyeball, reflex responses to varying light and eye focus
Term
trusty
Definition
name and location: trochlear (IV)
location: midbrain
modality: motor
function: provides somatic motor fibers to oblique muscles which move eyeball
Term
truck
Definition
name and number: trigeminal (V)
location: pons
modality: mixed (sensory and motor)
function: conducts sensory impulses from face, motor fibers innervate muscles for mastication
Term
act
Definition
name and number: abducens (VI)
location: inferior pons
modality: motor
function: carries somatic motor fibers to lateral rectus muscles that move eyeball
Term
funny
Definition
name and number: facial (VII)
location: pons to face
modality: mixed (Motor and sensory)
function: supplies somatic motor fibers for facial expression, carries sensory fibers for taste
Term
very
Definition
name and number: vestibulocochlear (VIII)
location: inner-ear to pons
modality: sensory
function: transmits impulses for sense of equilibrium and hearing
Term
good
Definition
name and number: glossopharyngeal (IX)
location: medulla to throat
modality: mixed (sensory and motor)
function: motor fibers serve salivary glands, sensory fibers carry impulses from taste buds
Term
vehicle
Definition
name and number: vagus (X)
location: medulla to thorax and abdomen
modality: mixed (sensory and motor)
function: paraympathetic motor fibers that supply heart and smooth muscles of abdominal visceral organs
Term
any
Definition
name and number: accessory (XI)
location: superior spinal chord to muscles of neck and back
modality: mixed (primarily motor)
function: provides somatic motor fibers to sternocleidomastoid
Term
how
Definition
name and number: hypoglossal (XII)
location: medulla to tongue
modality: mixed (primarily motor)
function: carries somatic motor fibers to muscles of tongue
Term
anterior pituitary
Definition
hormone: growth hormone
Target: muscle tissue and long bones of the body
Action: growth of muscle and long bones of the body
Term
posterior pituitary
Definition
hormone: oxytocin
Target: uterus and mammary glands
Action: stimulates powerful uterine contractions during birth
Term
thyroid
Definition
hormone: thyroid hormone
Target: body cells
Action: controls rate of body metabolism and cellular oxidation
Term
hypersecretion of thyroid
Definition
Grave's Disease
Term
hyposecretion of thyroid
Definition
Goiters
Term
parathyroid
Definition
hormone: parathyroid hormone (PTH)
Target: bone matrix and kidneys
Action: causes release of calcium from bone matrix, prods kidneys to produce more calcium, stimulates kidneys to convert Vitamin D to its active form
Term
adrenal glands
Definition
hormone: glucocorticoid (mainly cortisol)
Target: body cells
Action: increases blood glucose levels
Term
glucocorticoid hypersecretion
Definition
Cushing's Syndrome
Term
pancreas
Definition
hormone: insulin
Target: blood/many cell types
Action: decreases blood sugar levels
Term
insulin hyposecretion
Definition
diabetes
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