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Lab Practical 2 - Terms
BSCI 201
110
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/02/2014

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Term
List the 5 strata of the epidermis and their description
Definition
Stratum Basale – deepest stratum

Stratum Spinosum – contains tonofilaments

Stratum Granulosum – contains granules

Stratum Lucidum – present only in thick skin

Stratum Corneum - superficial stratum
Term
Keratinocytes
Definition
mitotically active producing cells for the superficial layers
Term
Melanocytes
Definition
produce the pigment MELANIN contained in melanosomes
Term
Melanin
Definition
protects the skin from the harmful effects of UV radiation in sunlight, gives skin its color
Term
Merkel cells
Definition
at the epidermal-dermal junction associate with free nerve endings to form Merkel Discs which act as Touch receptors
Term
Desmosomes
Definition
hold cells together which cause the cells to appear “spiny” during histological preparation
Term
Tonofilaments
Definition
– intermediate filaments contained in cells
Term
Langerhans’ cells
Definition
Epidermal dendritic cells, act as macrophages to engulf and digest pathogens
Term
Lamellated granules
Definition
contain Glycolipids which make the epidermis water-proof
Term
keratohyaline granules
Definition
contain the tough, insoluble protein, Keratin, which makes the epidermis tough and abrasive-resistant
Term
Meissner’s Corpuscles
Definition
act as touch receptors
Term
Dermal Ridges
Definition
form in thick skin, the surface of the papillary layer forms impressions on the epidermal surface called the EPIDERMAL RIDGES (= friction ridges) – increase friction and enhance gripping
Term
Pacinian corpuscles
Definition
touch receptors for deep pressure, located in the reticular layer of the dermis, respond to deep pressure placed on the skin
Term
merkel discs
Definition
epidermal-dermal junctions
Term
Root hair plexus
Definition
wrapped around the base of a hair follicle called the hair bulb, stimulated when the hair bends
Term
Eccrine sweat glands
Definition
Abundant in the palms, soles and forehead, Secrete SWEAT, Use the MEROCRINE mode of secretion
Term
Apocrine sweat glands
Definition
Secrete via MEROCRINE mode of secretion
Secretion is associated with body odor hence, the apocrine sweat glands are also known as “ODORIFEROUS” glands
Term
Ceruminous glands
Definition
specialized sweat glands located in the lining of the external ear canal; secrete CERUMEN (earwax) a bitter substance which prevents entry of foreign objects
Term
Mammary glands
Definition
specialized sweat glands located in breasts; secrete milk to feed the young
Term
Sebaceous Glands
Definition
Secretes SEBUM an oily substance called into hair follicles and via pores to the surface of the skin, Secrete via the HOLOCRINE mode of secretion
Term
Hair shaft
Definition
region exposed above the skin
Term
Hair root
Definition
region below the skin enclosed by the hair follicle
Term
How hair is produced
Definition
Produced by cells in the MATRIX inside hair follicles
Term
arrector pili muscles function
Definition
contract pulling the hair follicles and hairs from an oblique position to an upright position, layer of air can be trapped on the surface of skin to act as an insulator to prevent heat loss from the body
Term
5 majors parts of the axial skeleton
Definition
Skull
Auditory ossicles
Hyoid bone
Vertebral column
Bony thorax
Term
4 major parts of the appendicular skeleton
Definition
Pectoral girdle
Upper extremities
Pelvic girdle
Lower extremities
Term
Skull consists of
Definition
Cranial and facial bones
Term
Auditory ossicles
Definition
ear bones
Term
Hyoid bone
Definition
point of attachment for tongue and many neck muscles
Term
Vertebral column consists of
Definition
cervical, thoracic, & lumbar, intervertebral disks, sacrum & coccyx
Term
Bony thorax consists of
Definition
12 pairs of ribs, sternum, costal cartilage
Term
Pectoral girdle
Definition
clavicle and scapulae
Term
Upper extremities
Definition
humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, metacarples & phalanges
Term
Pelvic girdle
Definition
2 coxal bones (hip bones)
Term
Lower extremities
Definition
femur, patellae, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, & phalanges
Term
Compact bone
Definition
smooth and homogenous, solid but space for blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels which provide needed substances and carry away waste products. Its main function is to support the whole body, protect organs, provide levers for movement, and store and release chemical elements, mainly calcium.
Term
Spongy bone
Definition
latticework of trabeculae w/ lots of open space. Softer and has a lot of open space. Can be found typically at the end of long bone, proximal to joints and within the interior of the vertebrae. It frequently contains red bone marrow
Term
Long bones
Definition
much longer than wide, mostly compact bone, examples- femur (thigh bone) & phalanges (bones in fingers)
Term
Short bones
Definition
cube shaped, more spongy than compact bone, examples- carpels (wrist bones) & tarsals (ankle bones).
Term
Irregular bones
Definition
not short, long or flat example- vertebra
Term
Flat bones
Definition
thin with two very thin layers of compact bone with an inner core of spongy bone, bone may be curved, examples- bones of the cranium & scapula (sholder)
Term
Diaphysis
Definition
smooth shaft composed of compact bone
Term
Periosteum
Definition
“around bone”, fibrous membrane covering the entire bone except the joint surfaces. Richly supplied with blood vessels and nerves, which enter the bone
Term
Sharpey’s fibers
Definition
: fibers that secure the periosteum to the bone
Term
Endosteum
Definition
“within bone”, delicate fibrous membrane. Lines internal bone surfaces.
Term
Osteoclasts
Definition
bone resorbing cells, only found in living bones. Found in periosteum and endosteum.
Term
Epiphysis
Definition
the end of a long bone, composed of a thin layer of compact bone enclosing a mass of spongy bone
Term
Articular cartilage
Definition
covers the epiphyseal (joint) surfaces; composed of hyaline cartilage; provides smooth articulating surface (low friction)
Term
Epiphyseal plate
Definition
(growth plate) disc of hyaline cartilage that grows during childhood to lengthen the bone. In an adult, cartilage is replaced by bone and the plate becomes a barely discernable “epiphyseal line”.
Term
Yellow marrow
Definition
adipose tissue stored in the medullary cavity.
Term
Red marrow
Definition
involved with forming blood cells. Located in marrow cavities of infant bones, confined to the interior of the epiphysis (between the trabeculae) in adult bones.
Term
Osteon
Definition
structural unit of compact bone; consists of central canal and the lamellae surrounding it.
Term
Central (Haversian) canal
Definition
runs parallel to the long axis of the bone. Carries blood vessels, nerves and lymph vessels.
Term
Osteocytes
Definition
mature bones cells (housed in lacunae).
Term
Lacunae
Definition
chambers arranged in concentric circles that house osteocytes.
Term
Lamellae
Definition
concentric circles of bone surrounding the central canal (tree rings).
Term
Canaliculi
Definition
tiny canals radiating outward from the central canal which connect the osteocytes to the nutrient supply.
Term
Volkmann’s canals
Definition
canals which run (perpendicular to the central canal) from the periosteum to the medullary cavity
Term
2 divisions of the skeleton and their major parts
Definition
1. Axial: Head, neck and trunk
2. Appendicular: Bones of the limbs
Term
5 characteristics of the hyoid bone
Definition
Not a facial bone
Located in throat
Above larynx
Attachment for tongue
Attachment for many neck muscles
Term
Paranasal Sinuses
Definition
Mucous lined cavities that lead to nasal cavities
Term
Function of vertebral column
Definition
Surrounds and protects the spinal cord while allowing the spinal nerves to issue from the spinal cord through the openings
Term
intervertebral discs
Definition
made of fibrocartilage
(cushion and absorb shock)
Term
composition of vertebral column
Definition
Vertebrae (24 total)
7 cervical (neck)
12 thoracic (chest)
5 lumbar (lower back)
and 2 composite, or fused, bones
sacrum (5 fused vertebrae)
coccyx (3-4 fused vertebrae)
Term
vertebra body
Definition
rounded central portion of the vertebra
faces anteriorly in the human spinal column.
Term
composition of vertebral arch
Definition
composed of pedicles laminae and the spinous process
Term
vertebral foramen
Definition
Opening enclosed by the body and vertebral arch
Term
vertebrae transverse process
Definition
Two lateral projections from the vertebral arch
Term
vertebrae spinous process
Definition
single medial and posterior
projection from the vertebral arch.
Term
vertebrae superior articular process
Definition
face toward the spinous process.
Term
vetebrae inferior articular process
Definition
face away from the spinous process.
Term
2 cervical vertebrae characteristics
Definition
Wide body
Transverse foramen
Term
3 thoracic vertebrae characteristics
Definition
Heart-shaped body
Costal facets on transverse processes
Long, sharp spinous process, points down
Term
2 lumbar vertebrae characteristics
Definition
Kidney-shaped body
short hatchet-shaped spinous processes, points straight back
Term
C1: Atlas
Definition
lacks a body

lateral masses receive the occipital condyles of the skull.
Term
C2: Axis
Definition
acts as a pivot for the rotation of the atlas (and skull)
has a large vertical process called the dens (odontoid process) that serves as the pivot point
Term
Sacrum: Medial sacral crest
Definition
remnant of the spinous processes of the fused vertebrae
Term
Sacrum: Alae
Definition
formed by the fusion of the transverse processes,
articulate laterally with the hipbones
Term
Sacrum: Sacral promontory
Definition
anterior border of the
body of the sacrum
Term
Sacrum
Definition
Composite bone formed from the fusion of 5 vertebrae
Term
Coccyx
Definition
Formed from the fusion of 3 to 5 irregularly shaped vertebrae
Term
Sternum composition
Definition
3 fused bones: Manubrium, Body, & Xiphoid process
Term
Rib composition
Definition
12 pairs of ribs
- 1-7= true (vertebrosternal) ribs
8-12= false ribs
8-10: vertebrochondral
11-12: floating
Term
pectoral girdle composition
Definition
Clavicle
Scapula
Term
pectoral girdle function
Definition
attach the upper limbs to the axial skeleton
serve as attachment points for many trunk and neck muscles
Term
Carpus
Definition
wrist
Term
Number of metacarpals
Definition
5
Term
Number of phalanges
Definition
14/hand
Term
projections
Definition
site of muscle and ligament attachment
Term
Process
Definition
prominence or projection
Term
Tubercle
Definition
small rounded projection or process
Term
Trochanter
Definition
very large, blunt, irregularly shaped process
Term
Condyle
Definition
rounded articular projection
Term
Epicondyle
Definition
raised area on or above condyle
Term
Spine
Definition
sharp, slender, often pointed projection
Term
Crest
Definition
Narrow ridge of bone, usually prominent
Term
Line
Definition
narrow ridge of bone, less prominent than a crest
Term
Depressions and openings
Definition
allow blood vessels and nerves to pass
Term
Foramen
Definition
round or oval opening through a bone
Term
Meatus
Definition
canal-like passageway
Term
Fissure
Definition
Narrow, slit-like opening
Term
Fossa
Definition
shallow, basin-like depression (often serving as an articular surface)
Term
Groove
Definition
Furrow
Term
2 ways of classifying joints
Definition
Functional Classification - based on amount of movement allowed at the joint

Structural Classification - based on the material binding the body and the absence or the presence of a joint cavity
Term
Synarthroses
Definition
immovable joints
Term
Amphiarthroses
Definition
slightly movable joints
Term
Diathroses
Definition
freely movable joints
Term
Fibrous joints
Definition
bones joined together by dense CT; joint cavity absent
Term
Cartilaginous Joints
Definition
cartilage connects the bones; joint cavity absent
Term
Synovial joints
Definition
ligaments bind the bones
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