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Lab practical 2
none
123
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
04/28/2008

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Cards

Term
[image]
Definition
Lung
Term
[image]
Definition
parotid saliva
Term
[image]
Definition
mixed saliva
Term
[image]
Definition
stomach
Term
[image]
Definition
stomach
Term
[image]
Definition
stomach
Term
[image]
Definition
small intestine
Term
[image]
Definition
colon
Term
[image]
Definition
colon
Term
[image]
Definition
colon
Term
[image]
Definition
small intestine
Term
[image]
Definition
pancrease
Term
[image]
Definition
pancreas
Term
[image]
Definition
liver
Term
[image]
Definition
liver
Term
A cavity or whole inside of a tube, blood vessel or hollow organ.
Definition
Lumen
Term

a small, ball-shaped cluster of secretory cells surrounding ducts.

Definition
acini
Term
a tubular structure that transport secretions of a gland.  Comprised of cubodal epithelium, arranged in a doughnut pattern
Definition
duct
Term
The duct is comprised of ______, arranged in a _____ pattern.
Definition

simple cuboidal epithelium

doughnut 

Term
large, roundish projections or divisions of an organ.  Can be seen with the naked eye.
Definition
lobes
Term
small divisions of the cell in an organ, forming a functional unit.
Definition
lobules
Term
Lobules form a______.
Definition
functional unit
Term
The trachea branches into two primary ____.
Definition
bronchus
Term
The bronchi branch into passageways named ______.
Definition
bronchioles
Term
The bronchioles branch throughout the lunch and terminate at the ____.
Definition
alveoli
Term
The bronchioles have ________ epithelium lining the lumen.
Definition
ciliated pseudostratified columnar
Term
Immediately interior to the epitherlium, brochioles contain a thin layer of ______.
Definition
smooth muscle
Term
From the bronchioles to the alveoli, the epithelium goes from ______ to _____ to _____ to ____ and finally to ______.
Definition

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

ciliated simple columnar

simple columnar

simple cuboidal

simple squamous 

Term
Small, thin walled circular structures that comprise a majority of the lung
Definition
alveoli
Term
_____ are laced throughout the alveoli walls to allow for gas exchange.
Definition
pulmonary capillaries
Term
In the salivary glands, the three types of acini are ____, _____ and _____.
Definition

mucous acini

serous acini

serous demilunes 

Term
Produce mucus.
Definition
mucous acini
Term
produce serous; a thin watery substance containing digestive enzymes.
Definition
serous acini
Term
serous acini stain _____ ( what color)
Definition
a deep purple
Term
contain a combination of both serous cells andmucous cells.  form a half moon pattern. 
Definition
serous demilunes
Term
the ___ cells surround the ___ cells, and form a half moon pattern.
Definition

serous

mucous 

Term
In the order of farthest to closest, the tunics of the general alimentary canal are :
Definition

serosa

musclaris externa

submucosa ( three sublayers)

mucosa 

Term
The three sublayers of the mucosa are:
Definition

muscularis mucosa

lamina propia

epithelium 

Term
a very thin tunic made of simple squamous epithelium that surrounds the outside of the organ.
Definition
serosa
Term
The serosa is made up of ____ epithelium.
Definition
simple squamous
Term
Comprised of at least two layers of smooth muscle. outlayer has muscle fibers running longitudinally down, next layer has it running circularly.
Definition
muscularis externa
Term
The muscle layers in the muscularis externa are run ____ first then _____.
Definition

longitudinally

circularly 

Term
contains only scattered nuclei, a few wavy collagen fibers and sometimes glandular tissue.
Definition
submucosa
Term
a thin layer of smooth muscle, usually distinguished by its dark pink band.
Definition
muscularis mucosa
Term
a loose matrix of cells and ground tissue
Definition
lamina propria
Term
protects the organ from the contents in the lumen
Definition
epithelium
Term
The thick layer of muscularis externa in the stomach is due to:
Definition
the presence of a third layer of smooth muscle, the inner oblique layer
Term
The _____ allows the stomach to churn and move the chyme in many directions.
Definition
muscularis externa
Term
In the mucosa of the stomach, there is the existence of ______ and a modified ____ epithelium that secretes mucous that ____.
Definition

gastric glands

simple columnar

protect the tissues fro the low pH in stomach lumen 

Term
invaginations of the epithelium
Definition
gastric pits
Term
gastric glands extend deep into the _____.
Definition
lamina propria
Term
important cells of the gastric glands are the ____ and _____.
Definition

parietal

chief cells 

Term
Parietal ells secrete ___ and ____
Definition

hydrochloric acid

intrinsic factor 

Term
____ cluster around the ___ near the base of the gastric gland.
Definition

chief cells

parietal cells 

Term
Chief cells secrete ____
Definition
pepsin
Term
increase of surface area by outfolds of the submucosa
Definition
okucae curcykares
Term
invaginations in the mucosa
Definition
intstinal glands (or crypts)
Term
large finger like projections int he mucosa
Definition
villi
Term
each ____ in the epitherlium is a ____ with thousands of tiny microvilli
Definition

absorptive cell

modified simple columnar cell 

Term
An ____ is require to see individual microvilli
Definition
electron microscope
Term
open network of lymphatic vessels in the lamina propria of the villi.  apear as empty spaces in lamina propria
Definition
lacteals
Term
absorb moisture and lubricates the foodstuff
Definition
colon
Term
___ are found in the small intestine but are more numerous in the colon
Definition
goblet cells
Term
the cells of the ___ are arranged into heaxagonally shaped lobules
Definition
liver
Term
The portal triad always contains at least one branch of the ______, ____ and _____.
Definition

portal vein

hepatic artery

bile duct 

Term
The blood from the artery and vein ilters past the ____ through sinusoids toward the central vein.
Definition
hepatocytes
Term
___ appear as empty spaces arrange in a sunburst patter, with a large hole, the _____ forming the middle of the sunburts
Definition

sinusoids

central vein 

Term
The central vein removes the filtered blood from the liver via the _____
Definition
hepatic vein
Term
In the female, the respiratory volume values are ______ smaller
Definition
20-25%
Term
In the female, the respiratory volume values are ______%  smaller
Definition
20-25
Term
the amount of air insipred or expired during normal quiet respiration
Definition
Tidal Volume (TV)
Term
The amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and bejoy that taken during normal insipiration
Definition
Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV)
Term
The maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration
Definition
Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV)
Term
The amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort
Definition
residual volume
Term
The total amount of air the lungs can contain.  the sum of all four volumes
Definition
Total lung capacity (TLC)
Term
the maximal amount of air that can be forcully expired after a mixmum inspiration
Definition
Vital capacity (VC)
Term
the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration
Definition
Functional Residual Capacity (FRC)
Term
the maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration
Definition
Inspiratory Capacity (IC)
Term
The device used to measure respiratory volumes with a drum filled with water
Definition
spirometer
Term
the test involving 5 deep breaths and holding for as long as possible.  normal values for men are ___ and women ___.
Definition

Heymer test of respiratory reserve

50-70 seconds

50-60 seconds 

Term
In some heart disease, ____ is found to decrease
Definition
Vital capacity
Term
The decrease in vital capacity from heart disease is due to _____ in lung capilarries, which leads to _____ thus having a decrese in VC
Definition

blood congestion

pulmonary edema 

Term
The VC deaces in paralytic polio is due to
Definition
partial paralysis of respiratory muscles
Term

The nomogram predicts ___ and ____ by using measurements of ____ and ____.

 

Definition

Forced expiratory volume (FEV ) L

Vital Capacity (VC) L

height

age 

Term
Minute Volume (Vm) is to respiratory system as ____ is to circulatory system
Definition
cardiac output
Term

The equation for the rate of oxygen consumption

(V O2) is :

Definition

V O2 = (Vm) (C o2i - C o2e)

=(CO) (C o2a - C o2v) 

Term
in mixed venous blood, the saturation is ___%
Definition
60
Term
SV = CO/HR
Definition
Term
During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood ____
Definition
falls
Term
PPr/PPe = SVr/SVe
Definition
Term

what factors occur during exerise to increase the amplitude and rate of breathing? 

Definition

-Forced expiration by the contraction of intercostal muscles

-the respiratory control center in the medulla insures gas demands are met in the body.  (elevated demands) 

Term
What factors operate to elevate cardiac output during exercise?
Definition

Stroke volume further increases, thus increase in CO is due to increases in HR.

-initially it was due to an increase in both SV and HR 

Term
reduces the amount of CO2 in the blood below normal
Definition
hyperventilation
Term
Deeper or quicker breaths exchange more of the _____with air and have the net effect of drawing more carbon dioxide out of the body, since the carbon dioxide concentration in normal air is ______.
Definition

alveolar gas

very low

Term
 Any obstruction of the respiratory passageways will result in the retention of ___ by the lungs
Definition
CO2
Term
In silent reading the respiratory rate and depth ______ due to increased cortical activity
Definition
decrease
Term
why can't u hold your breath forever?
Definition
Eventually, the PCO2 becomes so elevated (and the blood pH so low) that their stimulation of the respiratory centers “breaks through” the voluntary cortical inhibition (the PCO2 reaches the “breaking point”) and respiration begins involuntarily.
Term
effects of concentration of respiratory rates
Definition

the rate and depth of respiratory movements should decrease or even short periods of apnea may be produced, if the concentration is deep

-increase of PCO2 can cause a yawn 

Term
what are theeffects of obstructing respiratory passageways?
Definition
This results in an increase in PCO2, increased stimulation of the respiratory centers, and finally increased rate and depth of respiration. 
Term
An acid dissociates into
Definition
H+
Term
A base dissociates into
Definition
OH-
Term
In a healthy individual, the pH of body fluids is stablized between :
Definition
7.35 and 7.45
Term
____  functions in maintaining acid-base balance
Definition
Respiration
Term
An increase in CO2 ____pH
Definition
lowers
Term
a decrease in CO2 ___ pH
Definition
increases
Term
Kidney excretion contributes to homeostasis of pH by secretion and reabsoprtion of ___,____ and ____
Definition

H+

NH4+ (ammonium)

NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) 

Term
Phenol Red is a pH indicator.  At what values is it yellow and what values is it red.
Definition

below 6.6

above 8.0 

Term
An increase in temperature ___ pH
Definition
decreases
Term
A decrease in temperature ___ pH
Definition
increases
Term
What does higher temperature do to the rate of hydrolysis?
Definition
it speeds up the rate
Term
Exercise ____ CO2 production.
Definition
increases
Term
____ is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands and starts ___ digestion.  It hydrolyzes it into ____.
Definition

salivary amylase

starch

maltose 

Term
We test for starch hydrolysis by ____
Definition
adding iodine reagent.  Black means starch is present and hydrolysis did not occur.
Term
Increase substrate concentration , _____ time for hydrolysis to complete.
Definition
increase
Term
 ____ is released by chief cells in the ____.
Definition

Pepsin

stomach 

Term
The precursor of pepsin is ____
Definition
pepsinogen
Term
pepsinogen is activated by ___
Definition
HCl
Term
Pepsin operates best in ___ pH environments
Definition

low

1.5-2 

Term
Catalyizes hydrolysis of peptid bonds
Definition
trypsin
Term
Trypsin is secreted into the ____. 
Definition
duodenum
Term
Trypsin is produced by the____
Definition
 panreas
Term
The inactive form of trypsin is _____ and it is actived by ___.
Definition

trypsinogen

the enyme enterokinase 

 

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