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| A cavity or whole inside of a tube, blood vessel or hollow organ. |
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a small, ball-shaped cluster of secretory cells surrounding ducts. |
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| a tubular structure that transport secretions of a gland. Comprised of cubodal epithelium, arranged in a doughnut pattern |
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| The duct is comprised of ______, arranged in a _____ pattern. |
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simple cuboidal epithelium doughnut |
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| large, roundish projections or divisions of an organ. Can be seen with the naked eye. |
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| small divisions of the cell in an organ, forming a functional unit. |
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| The trachea branches into two primary ____. |
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| The bronchi branch into passageways named ______. |
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| The bronchioles branch throughout the lunch and terminate at the ____. |
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| The bronchioles have ________ epithelium lining the lumen. |
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| ciliated pseudostratified columnar |
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| Immediately interior to the epitherlium, brochioles contain a thin layer of ______. |
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| From the bronchioles to the alveoli, the epithelium goes from ______ to _____ to _____ to ____ and finally to ______. |
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pseudostratified ciliated columnar ciliated simple columnar simple columnar simple cuboidal simple squamous |
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| Small, thin walled circular structures that comprise a majority of the lung |
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| _____ are laced throughout the alveoli walls to allow for gas exchange. |
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| In the salivary glands, the three types of acini are ____, _____ and _____. |
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mucous acini serous acini serous demilunes |
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| produce serous; a thin watery substance containing digestive enzymes. |
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| serous acini stain _____ ( what color) |
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| contain a combination of both serous cells andmucous cells. form a half moon pattern. |
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| the ___ cells surround the ___ cells, and form a half moon pattern. |
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| In the order of farthest to closest, the tunics of the general alimentary canal are : |
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serosa musclaris externa submucosa ( three sublayers) mucosa |
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| The three sublayers of the mucosa are: |
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muscularis mucosa lamina propia epithelium |
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| a very thin tunic made of simple squamous epithelium that surrounds the outside of the organ. |
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| The serosa is made up of ____ epithelium. |
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| Comprised of at least two layers of smooth muscle. outlayer has muscle fibers running longitudinally down, next layer has it running circularly. |
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| The muscle layers in the muscularis externa are run ____ first then _____. |
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| contains only scattered nuclei, a few wavy collagen fibers and sometimes glandular tissue. |
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| a thin layer of smooth muscle, usually distinguished by its dark pink band. |
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| a loose matrix of cells and ground tissue |
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| protects the organ from the contents in the lumen |
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| The thick layer of muscularis externa in the stomach is due to: |
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| the presence of a third layer of smooth muscle, the inner oblique layer |
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| The _____ allows the stomach to churn and move the chyme in many directions. |
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| In the mucosa of the stomach, there is the existence of ______ and a modified ____ epithelium that secretes mucous that ____. |
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gastric glands simple columnar protect the tissues fro the low pH in stomach lumen |
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| invaginations of the epithelium |
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| gastric glands extend deep into the _____. |
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| important cells of the gastric glands are the ____ and _____. |
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| Parietal ells secrete ___ and ____ |
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hydrochloric acid intrinsic factor |
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| ____ cluster around the ___ near the base of the gastric gland. |
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chief cells parietal cells |
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| increase of surface area by outfolds of the submucosa |
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| invaginations in the mucosa |
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| intstinal glands (or crypts) |
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| large finger like projections int he mucosa |
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| each ____ in the epitherlium is a ____ with thousands of tiny microvilli |
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absorptive cell modified simple columnar cell |
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| An ____ is require to see individual microvilli |
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| open network of lymphatic vessels in the lamina propria of the villi. apear as empty spaces in lamina propria |
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| absorb moisture and lubricates the foodstuff |
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| ___ are found in the small intestine but are more numerous in the colon |
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| the cells of the ___ are arranged into heaxagonally shaped lobules |
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| The portal triad always contains at least one branch of the ______, ____ and _____. |
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portal vein hepatic artery bile duct |
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| The blood from the artery and vein ilters past the ____ through sinusoids toward the central vein. |
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| ___ appear as empty spaces arrange in a sunburst patter, with a large hole, the _____ forming the middle of the sunburts |
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| The central vein removes the filtered blood from the liver via the _____ |
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| In the female, the respiratory volume values are ______ smaller |
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| In the female, the respiratory volume values are ______% smaller |
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| the amount of air insipred or expired during normal quiet respiration |
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| The amount of air which can be forcefully inspired above and bejoy that taken during normal insipiration |
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| Inspiratory Reserve Volume (IRV) |
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| The maximal amount of air which can be forcefully expired following a normal expiration |
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| Expiratory Reserve Volume (ERV) |
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| The amount of air which remains trapped in the lungs after maximal expiratory effort |
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| The total amount of air the lungs can contain. the sum of all four volumes |
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| Total lung capacity (TLC) |
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| the maximal amount of air that can be forcully expired after a mixmum inspiration |
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| the amount of air remaining in the lungs after a normal expiration |
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| Functional Residual Capacity (FRC) |
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| the maximal amount of air which can be inspired after a normal expiration |
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| Inspiratory Capacity (IC) |
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| The device used to measure respiratory volumes with a drum filled with water |
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| the test involving 5 deep breaths and holding for as long as possible. normal values for men are ___ and women ___. |
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Heymer test of respiratory reserve 50-70 seconds 50-60 seconds |
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| In some heart disease, ____ is found to decrease |
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| The decrease in vital capacity from heart disease is due to _____ in lung capilarries, which leads to _____ thus having a decrese in VC |
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blood congestion pulmonary edema |
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| The VC deaces in paralytic polio is due to |
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| partial paralysis of respiratory muscles |
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The nomogram predicts ___ and ____ by using measurements of ____ and ____. |
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Forced expiratory volume (FEV ) L Vital Capacity (VC) L height age |
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| Minute Volume (Vm) is to respiratory system as ____ is to circulatory system |
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The equation for the rate of oxygen consumption (V O2) is : |
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V O2 = (Vm) (C o2i - C o2e) =(CO) (C o2a - C o2v) |
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| in mixed venous blood, the saturation is ___% |
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| During exercise, the oxygen content of venous blood ____ |
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what factors occur during exerise to increase the amplitude and rate of breathing? |
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-Forced expiration by the contraction of intercostal muscles -the respiratory control center in the medulla insures gas demands are met in the body. (elevated demands) |
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| What factors operate to elevate cardiac output during exercise? |
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Stroke volume further increases, thus increase in CO is due to increases in HR. -initially it was due to an increase in both SV and HR |
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| reduces the amount of CO2 in the blood below normal |
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| Deeper or quicker breaths exchange more of the _____with air and have the net effect of drawing more carbon dioxide out of the body, since the carbon dioxide concentration in normal air is ______. |
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| Any obstruction of the respiratory passageways will result in the retention of ___ by the lungs |
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| In silent reading the respiratory rate and depth ______ due to increased cortical activity |
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| why can't u hold your breath forever? |
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| Eventually, the PCO2 becomes so elevated (and the blood pH so low) that their stimulation of the respiratory centers “breaks through” the voluntary cortical inhibition (the PCO2 reaches the “breaking point”) and respiration begins involuntarily. |
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| effects of concentration of respiratory rates |
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the rate and depth of respiratory movements should decrease or even short periods of apnea may be produced, if the concentration is deep -increase of PCO2 can cause a yawn |
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| what are theeffects of obstructing respiratory passageways? |
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| This results in an increase in PCO2, increased stimulation of the respiratory centers, and finally increased rate and depth of respiration. |
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| In a healthy individual, the pH of body fluids is stablized between : |
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| ____ functions in maintaining acid-base balance |
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| An increase in CO2 ____pH |
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| Kidney excretion contributes to homeostasis of pH by secretion and reabsoprtion of ___,____ and ____ |
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H+ NH4+ (ammonium) NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) |
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| Phenol Red is a pH indicator. At what values is it yellow and what values is it red. |
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| An increase in temperature ___ pH |
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| A decrease in temperature ___ pH |
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| What does higher temperature do to the rate of hydrolysis? |
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| Exercise ____ CO2 production. |
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| ____ is an enzyme produced by the salivary glands and starts ___ digestion. It hydrolyzes it into ____. |
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salivary amylase starch maltose |
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| We test for starch hydrolysis by ____ |
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| adding iodine reagent. Black means starch is present and hydrolysis did not occur. |
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| Increase substrate concentration , _____ time for hydrolysis to complete. |
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| ____ is released by chief cells in the ____. |
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| The precursor of pepsin is ____ |
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| pepsinogen is activated by ___ |
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| Pepsin operates best in ___ pH environments |
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| Catalyizes hydrolysis of peptid bonds |
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| Trypsin is secreted into the ____. |
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| Trypsin is produced by the____ |
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| The inactive form of trypsin is _____ and it is actived by ___. |
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trypsinogen the enyme enterokinase |
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