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LAB MIDTERM
1-6
249
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/15/2011

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Cards

Term
cardiac output during exercise
Definition
increases
Term
blood flow to the brain during exercise
Definition
stays relatively the same
Term
total peripheral resistance during exercise
Definition
decreases
Term
coronary blood flow during exercise
Definition
increases
Term
Tidal Volume
Definition
volume of air moved in or out of lungs during quiet breathing
Term
Inspiratory Reserve Volume
Definition
volume of air can be inhaled past a normal inspriration
Term
Expiratory Reserve Volume
Definition
volume of air that can be exhaled past a normal exhalation
Term
Residual Volume
Definition
volume of air that remains in lungs at all times
Term
Inspiratory Capacity
Definition
TV+IRV
Term
Vital Capcity
Definition

TV + IRV + ERV

amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation

Term
Functional Residual Capacity
Definition

ERV + RV,

volume of gas in the lung after a normal expiration

Term
Total Lung Capacity
Definition

VC + RV

total volume lungs can hold

Term
variables determined using FVC data
Definition

1. amount of air moved in and out of lungs

2 stiffness of lungs/ chest wall

3. speed of air

4 lungs response to chest physical therapy

5 Diffusion characteristics of the membrane in which the gas passes through

Term
central controller of breathing
Definition

in brain

networks of neurons in the brain stem that controls the muscles of breathing

Term
muscles of breathing
Definition

control air flow in and out of lungs

diaphragm is the major muscle

Term
sensors
Definition
convey sensory feedback to the central controller and chemoreceptors
Term
anatomic dead space
Definition
the volume of the whole respiratory system minus tge alveoli volume
Term
total (physiological) dead space
Definition

almost the same as anatomic dead space

different in patients with lung cancer because not all of aveolar space is used

Term
Bronchial Asthma
Definition

a reversible dosease, brought on by allergic reactions to allergens in the air

cells that line the respiratory tract give off excessive mucus, blocking the airways

contraction of the smooth muscles in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, decreases diameter making breathing difficult

Symptoms: coughing, wheezing or difficulty of breathing

Term
Emphysema
Definition

when elastic tissue in the alveoli is switched with connective tissue

the decreased elasticity makes the alveoli remain inflated and expiration becomes difficult, damages alveolar capillaries and lowers blood O2 levels

Term
Pneumonia
Definition

bacterial, viral or fungal infection

alveoli become infected & inflamed with fluid and dead white blood cells, making diffuion from lung to capillaries more difficult

Term
Lung Cancer
Definition
uncontrolled growth of cells lining respiratory tract caused by carcinogens such as cigarette smoke
Term
muscle fatigue
Definition
occurs after long periods of repeated contraction and relaxtion.
the force the muscle exerts during each contraction progressively decreases
Term
how to delay muscle fatigue
Definition
eating carbohydrates before a race may increase muscle glycogen and delay onset of fatigue
Term
exercises effect on heart rate
Definition
increases to a max of 180 bpm
Term
exercises effect on myocardial contractility
Definition
force of contraction is increased
Term
effect of exercise on stroke volume
Definition
increases due to an increased central venous pressure and end- diastolic volume because veins have constricted, reducing volume
Term
effects of exercise on blood flow to skin
Definition
blood flow is reduced to the skin in order to cool itself
Term
effects of blood flow to the abdominal viscera
Definition
blood flow to the GI tract can be reduced as much as 70%
Term
effects of blood flow on coronary circulation
Definition
increase in response to local vasodialation
Term
effects of blood flow to active muscles
Definition
blood flow is increase in the active muscles to supply them with their new need for oxygen and nutrients
Term
effect of exercise on body temperature
Definition
temperature rises so skin vessels dialate to inc heat loss
Term
mean arterial pressure =
Definition
cardiac output x total peripheral resistance
Term
mean arterial pressure
Definition
diastolic aortic pressure + 1/3 pulse pressure
Term
cardiac output=
Definition
heart reate x stroke volume
Term
stroke volume = end diastolic volume- end systolic volume
Definition
Term
3 strategies of hormone secretion
Definition

1. other hormones

2. neural mechanisms

3. various important substances

Term
pulonary surfactant
Definition

foamy material made up of lipids and proteins that covers the inner surface of the alveoli of the lungs

-surfactant reduces surface tension of the alveolar boundary and makes inflation of the lungs easier, the surfactant also promotes the stability of the alveoli during deflation preventing collapse

Term
respiratory membrane- 4 components
Definition

1.thin aveolar fluid with pulmonary surfactant

2. aveolar epithelium, consists of squamous epithelial cells on their own basement membrane

3. thin interstitial space ( located between the alveolar epithelium and pulmonary capillary)

4. vascular endothelial cells of the capillary wall

Term
two factors responsible for lung elasticity
Definition
1. elasticity of lung tissue
2. surface tension forces that are generated at the wet surface of the alveolar epithelium
Term
anticipation of exercise stimulates this branch of the sympatheric nervous system
Definition
sympathetic
Term
Methionine
Definition
start codon AUG
Term
ATP necessary for muscle contractions aerobic process
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
ATP necessary for muscle contraction's anerobic process
Definition
glycolysis
Term
cholesterol
Definition
precursor from which all steroid hormones are synthesized
Term
anterior pituitary secretes 2 hormones to the gonads
Definition

Follicle Stimulating Hormone

Lutenizing Hormone

Term
anterior pituitary secretes LH & FSH in response to
Definition

GnRH

gonalreleasing hormone

Term
Difference between Mitosis & Meiosis
Definition

Meiosis- 4 haploid cells created

Mitosis- 2 diploid cells created

Term

Genetic transcription

Definition

double helix is unwound and RNA polymerase binds to a small sequence of DNA(the promoter element)

Term
Genetic translation
Definition
RNA polymerase transcribes the DNA into RNA by tracking along the DNA strand, reading off the nucleotide sequence & running off a complementary stand of mRNA
Term
pleural membrane
Definition
visceral & parietal pleura
Term
parietal pleura
Definition
attached to the walls of the thoracic cavity
Term
visceral pleura
Definition
covers the surface of the lungs
Term
nasal cavity epithelium
Definition
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar with mucus-secreting goblet cells
Term
pulmonary aveolar macrophages
Definition
can assist in the removal of particulate matter
Term
pulmonary surfactant
Definition
composed of proteins and phospholipids and lowers surface tension of the fluid wetting the interior surfaces of the alveoli
Term
Inspiration
Definition

 uses the diaphragmm- thin sheet of muscle moves downward and enlarges the thoracic cavity

external intercoastals-pulls ribs upward forwards and outwards

accessory muscles used in exercise

Term
Expiration
Definition

normally a passive affair

abdominal wall muscles, raise the pressure in the abdominal cavity

contract during coughing, vomiting and defecation

internal intercoastals- contract and pull ribs downwards backwards and inwards

Term
Vagus nerve in respiration
Definition
contricts bronchioles by releasing acetylcholine that binds to muscarinic receptors on smooth muscle cells of bronchioles
Term
peripheral chemoreceptors in the carotid & aortic bodies respond to
Definition
low partial pressure of O2 in arterial blood
Term
Endocrine communication
Definition
release their chemical messengers into the blood stream, which are carried to various target tissues
Term
Paracrine communication
Definition
diffuse through the extracellular fluid to neighboring target cells
Term
autocrine communication
Definition
cell responds to the chemical messenger it secreted a moment or two ago
Term
3 functions of the major hormones
Definition

-homeostasis

-digestion and metabolism

-reproduction, growth and development

Term
5 chemical classes of hormones
Definition

1. steroids- derived from cholesterol

2. peptides & proteins

3.amines

4.eicosanoids

5. retinoids- derived from retinol

Term
steroid solubility
Definition
lipid solubility
Term
peptide & protein solubility
Definition
water soluble
Term
amine solubility
Definition
split (lipid & water)
Term
eicosanoid solubility
Definition
lipid soluble
Term
retinoid dolubility
Definition
lipid soluble
Term
lipid soluble hormone receptos
Definition

intracellular

 

Term
water-soluble hormone receptors
Definition
extracellular
Term
3 ways in which hormone secretion is controlled
Definition

other hormones

neural mechanisms

by various important substances

Term
negative feedback
Definition
mechanisms control hormone concentrations in the blood, preventing them from swinging wildly from one extreme to another
Term
negative feedbacks control of hormone secretion
Definition

1. the hormone itself can provide the negative signal

2. other hormones released by the first hormone provide the negative signals

3.the effect of the hormone is the negative signal

Term
corticotropin-releasing hormone stimulates the release of
Definition
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone stimulates the release of
Definition
cortisol
Term
Corticotopin-releasing hormone
Definition
Hypothalamus
Term
gonadotropin-releasing hormone
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
somatostatin
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
growth hormone releasing hormone
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
prolactin release inhibiting factor
Definition
hypothalamus
Term
prolactin releasing factor
Definition
thyrotropin releasing hormone
Term
adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
lutenizing hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
growth hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
prolactin
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
thyroid stimulating hormone
Definition
anterior pituitary
Term
antidiuretic hormone
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
oxytocin
Definition
posterior pituitary
Term
thyroid bridge of tissue that connects the two lobes
Definition
ithmus, well supplied with blood
Term
follicles
Definition

masses of spherical structures that make up the thyroid

--filled with colloid, which is mad eup of thyroglobuling

Term
thyroxine
Definition

T4

Thyroid

Term
Triiodothyronine
Definition

T3

Thyroid

Term
calcitonin
Definition
thyroid
Term
hypothyroidism
Definition

too little thyroid hormone is secreted into the blood

atrophy of  the gland or lack of iodine in diet

can cause a goiter

can cause retardation of growth in infants

in adults- large weight gain, and general slowing down of movements

Term
hyperthyroidism
Definition

abnormally high metabolic rate, wight loss, bulging eyes, toxic goiter, rapid heart weight- Graves

can be fixed with surgery

Term
parathyroid hormone
Definition

parathyroid

secreted when calcium levels are low because there are calcium receptors in the parathyroids plasma membrane

Term
hypoparathyroidism
Definition

occurs if the parathyroids are damages or surgically removed

blood calcium  ion concentration drops leading to muscle cramps, twitches, convulsions and seizures

Term
hyperparathyroidism
Definition

enlargement of the parathyroid glands

leads to inc bone reabsorption, which can lead to bone damage

Term
epinepherine
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
norepinepherine
Definition
adrenal medulla
Term
aldosterone
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
cortisol
Definition
adrenal cortex
Term
cushings disease
Definition
secretion of cortisol is in excess
Term
addisons disease
Definition
deficiency of cortisol
Term
melatonin
Definition

pineal gland

involved in daily rythms

Term
Islets of Langerhans
Definition
cells responsible for the release of hormones
Term
Glucagen
Definition
alpha cells of the pancreas
Term
insulin
Definition
beta cells of the pancreas
Term
somatostatin
Definition
Δ cells of the pancreas
Term
pancreatic polypeptide
Definition
F cells of the pancreas
Term
Type 1 Diabetes
Definition

destruction of beta cells by T cells

glucose production up, bodies use of glucose is down

drop in blood pH may occur

Term
Type 2 Diabetes
Definition

association with obesity

beta cells are less responsive

Term
estrogens
Definition
ovaries
Term
progesterone
Definition
ovaries and placenta
Term
Inhibin
Definition
ovaries, testes
Term
androgens
Definition
testes
Term
estrogens
Definition
placenta
Term
progesterone
Definition
placenta
Term
relaxin
Definition
progesterone
Term
human chorionic gonadotropin
Definition
placenta
Term
human chorionic somatomammotropin
Definition
placenta
Term
gastrin
Definition
stomach
Term
secretin
Definition
small intestine
Term
cholecystokinin
Definition
small intestine
Term
gastric inhibitory peptide
Definition
small intestine
Term
somatomedin
Definition
liver
Term
erythropoietin
Definition
liver
Term
vitamin D
Definition
skin
Term
atrial natiuretic factor
Definition
heart
Term
leptin
Definition
adipose tissue
Term
3 parts to the nucleotide
Definition

1. nigenous base, guanine, adenine, thymine or cytosine

2. pentose suger- deoxyribose

3. phosphate group

Term
gene
Definition

contain genetic info without which it would be impossible for us to synthesize proteins, to survive and perpetuate our species

-each protein is represented in the DNA molecule as a master sequence of nucleotides

Term
introns
Definition
transcribed when messenger RNA is being made and must be cut out and discarded
Term
mRNA
Definition
carries the code for the protein master sequence from the DNA of the nucleus to the protein- synthesizing machinery in the cytoplasm
Term
transcription
Definition

copying of the gene

unwinds, RNA polymerase binds to a small sequence of DNA close to the coding region(promoter element), RNA polymerase then transcribes the DNA into RNA by tracking slong the DNA strand, reading off the sequence and running off a complementary strand

Term
tRNA
Definition
transfer RNA- molecules provide the ribosomes with the correct amino acids and ensures that each codon is read correctly 
Term
2% of DNA
Definition
codes for proteinns
Term
proof mitochondria were once free living bacteria
Definition
contain a small circular piece of DNA
Term
histones
Definition
little balls composed of protein w/ DNA tightly wound around it
Term
Chromatin
Definition
histone + DNA
Term
protamines
Definition
replace histones in sperm, which allows DNA to be condensed into very small volume
Term
Telomeres
Definition

cap the ends of chromosomes

two functions-

1. insures proper replication of the ends of the chromosomes

2. protect the ends of chromosomes from degradation

Term
centomere
Definition
holds the two chromatids together
Term
somatic cells
Definition
 diploid with 44 autosomes and 2 sex chromosomes
Term
gametes
Definition

haploid

sperm & ova

23 chromosomes

go through meiosis

Term
S-phase of the cell cycle
Definition
DNA from parent cells must be replicated
Term
reduction division
Definition
Meiosis 1, maternal and paternal chromoses are divided between the two daughter cells
Term
non-disjunction
Definition
homologous chromosomes or chromatids do not separate properly
Term
Downs Syndrome
Definition

Trisomy 21

 

Term
cause of non disjunction
Definition
involves the mother cyotplasm, injections from youger women may help to avoid abnormalities
Term

PKU
Definition
defective enzyme
Term
turner syndrome
Definition
X
Term
SRY
Definition
sex determining region of the Y chromosome
Term
muellerian ducts-
Definition
precursors of the female reproductive tract
Term
Wolffian ducts
Definition
 precursors of the male reproductive tract
Term
Kleintfelters
Definition
XXY
Term
Barr body
Definition
inactive structure of the X chromosome
Term
4 types of mutations in DNA
Definition

1. Bade changes

2. Insertions or deletions of extra bases during replication

3.sections of DNA may be deleted transposed or inserted into other chromosomes

4. expanision in numbers of trinucleotide repeats in a gene sequence

Term
2 broad types of chromosome abnormality
Definition

variations in chromosome #

variations in chromosome structure

Term
5 abnormalities of schromosome structure
Definition

1. deletions

2. translocations

3. inversions

4. duplications

5. rings

Term
factors responnsible for chromosome structural abnormalities
Definition

errors in replication or crossing over

mutations in genes that normally repair breaks in DNA

environmental factors, such as uv light, radiation, ect

Term
granulosa cells
Definition

surround the oocyte

secrete estrogen and inhibin

(male equivalent- Sertoli)

Term
luteal cells
Definition

come from granulosa cells

secrete estrogens, inhibin and progesterone

Term
theca cells
Definition

synthesize androgens

(male equivalent= Leydig)

Term
Sertoli
Definition
secretes estradiol, inhibin
Term
Leydig cells
Definition
androgens
Term
The release of GnRH from the hypothalamus tiggers the anterior pituitary to release
Definition
FSH & LH
Term
Sertoli cells respond to
Definition
FSH, stimulating spermatogenesis--> sperm cells
Term
inhibin
Definition
functions to prevent the over secretion of FSH in the male sysytem
Term
Androgens in males
Definition

mainly testosterone, essential for development of the reproductive organs

Synthesized by Leydig cells

Term
Inhibin in males
Definition

secreted by sertoli cells into the blood stream

suppresses FSH when spermatogenesis is proceeding too rapidly

Term
estradiol in males
Definition
important for spermatogenesis
Term
estrogens in females
Definition

cause cellular proliferation and development and growth

produced from granulosa cells

Term
progesterone
Definition

secreted by the luteal cells

helps to develop the placenta during pregnancy

Term
inhibin
Definition

secreted by the granulosa cells

inhibits FSH secretion

Term
androgena
Definition

made by the theca

used to produce estradiol by the granulosa cells

Term
tunica albuginea
Definition
connective tissue that surrounds the testes
Term
testes functions
Definition
hormone production & spermatogenesis
Term
epidiymides functions
Definition

-monitors &adjusts the composition of tubular fluid

-absorbs damaged spermatozoa & cellular debris

-stores spermatozoa

Term
inner layer of seminal vesicle tissue
Definition
pseudostratified columnar with microvilli
Term
two dorsal columns of erectile tissue
Definition
corpora cavernosa
Term
ventral tissue of the penis
Definition
corpus spongiosum
Term
primary spermatocytes
Definition

come from spermatogonia

contain 46 chromosomes

generate secondary spermatocytes

Term
secondary spermatocytes
Definition

23 chromosomes

from primary spermatocytes

Term
spermatids
Definition

after secondary spermatocytes

produced after meiosis 2

22 autosomes & an X or Y

Term
major area of sperm storage
Definition
vas deferens
Term
anatomy of a sperm cell
Definition

1. Head-

a.nucleus- with protamines

b. acrosome- made up mainly from the Golgi apparatus & enzymes similar to those found in lysosomes- which help the sperm penetrate the oocyte

2. Middle piece- contains mitochondria that generate ATP for movement

3. Tail- contractile microtubules that drive the sperm cell through the surrounding fluid

Term
composition of semen
Definition

*contents of the vas deferens- 20-30%, high conc of estrogen

*prostate gland secretions- 10-20% mildly alkaline- neutralizes womens vaginal secretions- w/out spermatoza would be inactivated

*semial vesicel secretions- 60% of the final volume of the semen, mucoid consistency, fructose and prostaglandins

*bulborethral gland secretions- supply a small volume of mucous secretion, minor lubricatory function

Term
fallopian tubes
Definition

carry oocytes released by the ovaries to the uterus

-sight of fertilization

-openings lined with fimbriae

Term
fimbriae
Definition
finger-like processes that surround the openings of the fallopian tubes
Term
Uterus's 3 parts
Definition
fundus, body & cervix
Term
peritoneum's of the uterus
Definition

1. perimetrium

2. myometrium

3. endometrium- consists of a layer of ciliated columnar epithelium

Term
endometrium takes place in the formation of the `
Definition
placenta
Term
four phases of the endometrium
Definition

1. proliferative phase

2. secretory phase

3. Ischemic phase

4. mestral phase

Term
germinal epithelium
Definition

sheet that covers the ovaries, simple cuboidal epithelium

-overlies a dense layer of connective tissue called tunica albuginea

 

Term
atresia
Definition
primary oocytes grow in size, but many will die before puberty
Term
formation of secondary oocytes
Definition
secondary oocyte hogs all the cytoplasm after the meiotic division, while the other cell is left to degenerate-->polar body
Term
cytostatic factor
Definition

causes metaphase arrest

inactivate the M-phase promoting factor

Term
ovulation
Definition
mature secondary oocyte is released from the ovary and swept into the Fallopian tube by the cilia lining the fimbrae
Term
what triggers the secondary oocyte to finish meiosis 2?
Definition
penetration of the sperm --> ovum
Term
zona pellucida
Definition
amporphous zone composed of glycoproteins around the growing primary oocyte
Term
Graafian follicle
Definition

dominant follicle

expands rapidly and more fluis accumulates in the antrum pushing the oocyte to one side

Term
3 phases of the ovarian cycle
Definition

1. follicular phase of the ovarian cycle

2. ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle

3. luteal phase of the ovarian cycle

Term
follicular phase of the ovarian cycle
Definition

lasts until day 14

6-12 follicles

follicle stimulating hormone

secretes more estradiol

Term
ovulatory phase of the ovarian cycle
Definition
lasts 1-3 days
Term
luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
Definition

lasts 13-14 days

LH controls

exerts its influence with progesterone

Term
4 phases of the proliferative phase
Definition

proliferative

secretory

ischemic (premenstal)

menstral

Term
proliferative phase
Definition

-caused by estradiol secretion from granulosa cells

-endometrium is thin and starts to gain thickness

-

Term
secretory phase
Definition

caused by progesterone secreted from luteal cells

growth is stopped

Term
menstral phase
Definition

result of ischemia caused by vasoconstrictor spasms of the spiral arterioles

endometrium is discarded

Term
to fertilize, the sperm mus first penetrate the
Definition
corona radiata
Term
sperm recognize and bind to the
Definition
zona pellucida
Term
acrosome reaction
Definition

once the sperm binds to the zona pellucida

breaks down the acrosomal cap and releases enzymes enclosed in the acrosome

Term
cortical reaction
Definition
once the zona pellucida has been penetrated, a change occurs preventing other sperm from binding to and penetrating it
Term
completion of meiosis 2
Definition

occurs when the sperm enters the cytoplasm of the mature secondary oocyte, which triggers an inc in the Ca+ concentration, which then tells the oocyte to proceed with meiosis 2

creates a "true ovum"

Term
once the sperm penetrates into the oocyte the sperms DNA
Definition
decondenses from protamines to make a pronucleus
Term
embryo
Definition
from the time of conception to the 8th or 9th week
Term
morula
Definition
solid ball of cells representing the embryo at 16-cell stage to the 60-100 cell stage
Term
ectopic pregnancy
Definition
when the blastocyst implants at a site other than the uterus
Term
progesterone
Definition
essential for the process of initial implantation and sustenance of the embryo
Term
implantation
Definition

1. zona pellucida dissolves

2. cells of the trophoblast attach themselves to endometrial cells- blastocyst then burrows itself into the eroded endometrium

3. development of the placenta- responsible for supplying the developing embryo with nutrients and oxygen

Term
3 blastocyst layers
Definition

1. ectoderm

2. mesoderm

3.endoderm

Term
ectoderm develops into
Definition

-nervous system

-portions of most sensory organs

-lens of the eye

-adrenal medulla

-posterior pituitary gland

-epidermis

-hair

-nails

-sweat glands

Term
mesoderm develops into
Definition

muscle tissue

skeletal tissue

connective tissues

blood vessels

dermis

bone marrow

lymphatic tissue

kidney & ureters

gonads and gonadal ducts

adrenal cortex

 

Term
endoderm develops into
Definition

epithelial linings of the digestive urinary and respiratory tracts

epithelial lining of vagina

liver

pancreas

thyroid

parathyroid

thymus

anterior pituitary

Term
amnion
Definition

develops from ectoderm

amniotic fluid

amniocentesis

Term
yolk sac
Definition

develops from the endoderm

source of red blood cell production

allantois is an extension, umbilical artery 

Term
chorion
Definition

from the surrounding trophoblast

begins to form the placenta

Term
embryonic development during first 3 weeks
Definition

1. 3 germ layers are formed

2. neural plate formation from the ectoderm

3. somites appear

Term
3-5 weeks
Definition

1. small limb buds appear- 4th week

2. heart is beating

3. hand and foot rudiments are visible by the 5th week

4. embryo is fully enclosed in the chorion

Term
8th week
Definition

1. digits have appeared

2. external ears are visible

3. eyes move anteriorly

4. distinct neck

6. major organ systems

7. brain cont to grow

8. cartilagenous model of the skeleton is laid down

9. external genitalia-- still too early to tell

Term

end of the first trimester

(9-12 weeks)

 

Definition

1. male can be distinguished from female

2. kidney functioning begins

3. reflexes

 

Term
second trimester
Definition

fetus size and wt inc

fetus may start sucking its thumb and gripping movements can occur

Term
thrid trimester
Definition

eyes open

period of rapid growth

Term

Human chorionic gonadotropin

(hCG)

Definition

secreted by the trophoblast

can be detected in urine within 9 days of conception

peaks at 3-4 months

stimulates the corpus luteal to secrete progesterone and estradiol

-detected for pregnancy tests

Term
progesterone
Definition

essential for implantation and early survival of the embryo

-stimulates the endometrium to secrete nutrients

-maintains the uterine lining

stimulates mammary gland production

 

Term
estrogens
Definition
-enlargement of the myometrium of the uterus
Term

Human Chorionic sommatomammotropin

 

Definition

directs maternal metabolism to generate a continuos supply of nutriendts such as glucose to the fetus

may be involved in mammary gland function

Term
Relaxin
Definition
softens the cervix and loosens connective tissue at the symphysis pubis join
Term
prolactin
Definition
helps to regulate milk production
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