measured by the investigator and is graphed on the y axis.

 divides body into unequal left and right parts

Respiratory System

o   Nose

o   Nasal cavity

o   Pharynx (throat)

o   Laynx

o   Trachea

o   Bronchi

o   Lungs

Urinary System

o   Kidney

o   Ureter

o   Urinary bladder

Urethra

Nervous System

o   Brain

o   Spinal crod

o   Nerve

Muscular System

o   Temporalis

o   Pectoralis major

o   Biceps brachii

o   Rectus abdominis

o   Sartorius

o   Quadriceps femoris

o   Gastrocnemius

Reproductive System

o   Mammary gland

o   Uterine tube

o   Ovary

o   Uterus

o   Vagina

o   Testes

o   Ductus deferens

o   Seminal fluid glands

o   Penis

Skeletal System

o   Skull

o   Clavicle

o   Sternum

o   Ribs

o   Humerus

o   Vertebral column

o   Radius

o   Pelvis

o   Ulna

o   Femur

o   Tibia

o   Fibula

o   Tonsils

o   Cervical lymph node

o   Thymus

o   Axillary lymph node

o   Mammary plexus

o   Thoracic duct

o   Spleen

o   Lymphatic vessel

o   Inguinal lymph node

Integumentary System

Skin

Digestive System

o   Oral cavity (mouth)

o   Pharynx (throat)

o   Salivary glands

o   Esophagus

o   Stomach

o   Liver Pancreas

o   Gallbladder

o   Small intestine

o   Large intestine

o   Appendix

o   Rectum

o   Anus

Endocrine System

o   Hypothalamus

o   Pineal body

o   Pituitary

o   Parathyroids

o   Thyroid

o   Thymus

o   Adrenals

o   Pancreas

o   Ovaries

o   Testes

 Cardiovascular System

o   Carotid artery

Superior

o   Right hypochondriac

o   Left hypochondriac

o   Epigastric

o   Right lumbar

o   Left lumbar

o   Umbilical

o   Hypogastric

o   Right iliac

o   Left iliac

Describe x-ray penetration and color change with dense and/or less dense tissue

·         X-rays do not penetrate dense material as readily as they penetrate less dense material.

·         Dense tissues absorb the x-rays and the film is underexposed, appearing white in color on the developed film.

·         Less dense tissues are overexposed and appear dark in color.

·                     Radioactive isotopes are commonly used because sensitive measuring devices can detect the radioactive rays emitted from isotopes.

o   Used to determine the concentration of hormones (thyroid gland metabolizes iodine)

o   Used to detect tumors (more dense)

o   Used to treat cancers (high energy content penetrates and destroys tissues)

·         Plasma membrane

·         Cytoplasm

·         Organelles

·         Mitochondria

·         Ribosomes

·         Rough endoplasmic reticulum

·         Smooth endoplasmic reticulum

·         Golgi apparatus

·         Nucleus

§  Nuclear envelope

§  Nucleolus

·         Lysosome

·          Vessicles

·          Cillia and flagella

·          Centrosomes

·           Microvilli

Prophase

o   Chromatin condenses to form chromosomes

o   Nuclear envelope disappears

o   Spindle fibers form

o   Nucleolus disappears

Metaphase

Chromosomes align on the metaphase plate

Anaphase

Chromosomes split and daughter chromosomes migrate to

poles. Cytokinesis often begins

Telophase

·                                 Chromosomes reach poles’ nuclear envelope reforms

·                                 Chromosomes unwind to chromatin’ cytokinesis divides the

cytoplasm

·                                 Nucleolus reappears

The splitting of the cell’s cytoplasm into 2 parts. It begins during late anaphase or early telophase.

Describe the 3 separate phases of interphase

·                     G1-Growth of cells and production of organelles

·                     S-Synthesis. DNA of the cell is duplicated

·                     G2- The cell continues to grow and prepare for mitosis

Identify the 6 parts a DNA molecule is made of

·         Backbone: sugar deoxyribose and phosphate

·         Bases: adenine, thymine, cytosine, and guanine

Identify the 4 nitrogenous bases of DNA and their pairs

·         Cytosine – Guanine

·         Thymine – Adenine

Transcribe DNA to mRNA

·         The strands of the DNA molecule separate from each other. 1 DNA strand serves as a template for mRNA synthesis.

·         Nucleotides that will form mRNA  pair with DNA nucleotides according to the base-pair combinations.

·         Cytosine – Guanine

·         Thymine – Adenine

·         Uracil – Adenine

·                                 As nucleotides are added, an mRNA molecule is formed

·         Diffusion is the movement of particles

·         Osmosis is the movement of fluid (H20)

·         For both, movement occurs from areas of higher concentration to areas of lower concentration

·         Hypotonic (<300 mOsm/L)- water moves from the vascular space into the cell. Less particles. More water. Cell swells.

·         Hypertonic (>300 mOsm/L)- water moves from the cell to the vascular space. More particles. Less water. Cell shrinks.

·         Isotonic (300 mOsm/L)- there is no fluid shift/ Intravascular volume remains the same.

·         produce sebum, an oily substance that also contains waxes and lipids

o   Embedded in the dermis

o   More concentrated in the scalp, face, and forehead

o   Begin to function in puberty

·         secrete mostly water, sodium chloride (salt)

o   Ex. Urea, ammonia, and uric acid

o   Waste products of protein metabolism and toxic to body

o   Once secreted onto skin surface, sweat evaporates, cooling the surface.

o   3 main functions:

1.    Moisten skin

2.    Excrete waste

3.    Regulate body temp

·         most common; sensitive to temp; produce perspiration.

Discuss the protective nature of melanin

·         Group of pigments responsible for skin, hair, and eye color

·         Provides protection against UV light from the sun

·         lowest layer; composed of connective tissue, blood bessels, nerve endings, hair follicles, sweat and oil glands.

o   Sensory functions: pain, itch, tickle, temp, touch, pressuer, two point discrimination

Identify the many functions/purposes of the skin

·                                 Barrier to the environment

·                                 Protect us from UV rays (melanin)

·                                 Regulate body temp through sweat glands

·                                 Regulate metabolism

·                                 Has esthetic and beauty qualities

Epidermis is slightly burned.

Can produce mild pain slight

            Swelling and redness of the

            Skin

Due to hot water, steam, hot object,

            Or by sun

Extensive sunburns cause restlessness

            Headaches and fever

Injures the epidermis and extends down to dermis

These burns are very painful, and pulse increases

            Because of pain

Skin is really red and blistered and may look wet

            Because of fluid loss

Caused by deep sunburn, flames, hot liquids, gas or chemicals

If burn affects more than 10%, they may go into shock because of large

            quantities of fluid are lost

Third Degree Burn

The epidermis and the dermis are completely destroyed

Skin can appear white, tan, brown, black, leathery, or deep

            Cherry red in color

Can be caused by prolonged contact with flames, hot liquids,

            Chemicals or electricity

Skin can regenerate in a 3^rd degree burn only from the edges,

            And skin grafts are often necessary

The body is divided into areas that are about 9% or multiples of it of the total body surface.

We assess the severity of a burn by determining what % of the total body surface affected

            Mild less than 15%

            Moderate more than 15%

            Severe more than 25%

Explain the difference between partial-thickness & full-thickness burns

Partial thickness injures the dermis and epidermis while the full thickness completely destroys the two layers

Explain why third degree burns are usually painless

3^rd degree burn is usually painless because sensory

            Receptors are destroyed

Explain how a skin graft facilitates healing of burn injuries

• consists of a single layer of cells with each cell extending from the basement membrane to the free surface

·         1 single layer of flat cells that lie on the basement membrane

·         Functions: Diffusion, filtration, Secretion, and Absorption

·         Located in air sacs of our lungs, Kidney tubules, Lining of blood and lymphatic vessels

Simple Columnar

·         Structure- Single layer of tall narrow

cells. Some have cilia or microvilli

·         Functions- Produces mucus,

lubrication for food passage, movement

of particles, secretion by gland cells,

           absorption.

·      Examples- Along the inner portion of the digestive tract, Uterine tubes, Bronchioles, Glands and some ducts

Located in urinary bladder and urethra.

Responsible for stretch

Stratified Epithelium

Structure:

May be moist or Keratinized (dead cells)

Multiple layers 

Function:

            Responsible for protecting the underlying tissue from abrasion, injury or infection. Found in areas of  friction

Examples:

            Moist: upper airway, esophagus, anus, vagina, urethra, cornea

            Keratinized: skin

Structure: Single layer, Cube shaped cells,Some have microvilli or cilia

Functions: Active transport and facilitated diffusion, Secrtion by gland cells, Movement of particles

Examples: Kidney Tubules, Glands and their ducts, Brochioles of lunges

Pseudostratified

Structure: Single layer of cells. Some tall and thin reaching the free surface. Nuclei at different levels gives the appearance of being stratified. almost always ciliated.

Functions: Responsible for protective ability. Synthesize and secrete mucus.

Examples: Upper and lower airway, Auditory tubes

Skeletal Muscle Tissue

Located in skeletal muscle, attaches to bone

Striated (crosshatching in fiber)

Many elongated nuclei occurring on the edge of the cell

Function is voluntary, it requires an electric signal.

We have conscious control.

Cardiac Muscle Tissue

Heart muscle

Single centrally located nucleus

Striated and cylindrical

Joined together with intercalated disks

The function is involuntary. your heart beats on its own

Smooth Muscle Tissue

Located in glands, walls of hollow organs,

(uterus/digestive tract), hair follicles, iris of the eye

Non-striated, narrow spindle shaped fibers

Single nucleus

Tapered at each end

The function is involuntary

Responsible for peristalsis and contractions

Nerve Tissue

Nerve cell or neurons

Consists of cell body dendrites and axons

Some are multipolar (star shaped)

Located in the brain, spinal coard, and peripheral nerves

Create action potiential

Loose/ Areolar

Callagenous fibers, elastic and reticular fibers and

            A collection of various cells

Between fat and muscle under the skin

Found as a wrapping around organs in areas of the

            Body where 2 different tissuses meet

Dense/Elastic

Densely packed collagen fibers

Located in arterial walls, vocal cords, dermis

Ligaments between vertebrae

Responsible for stretch and recoil

found in knee, jaw, or between vertebrae where more pressure is applied to joints. Very tough. Slightly compressible.

found in external ears, epiglottis. Rigid but elastic properties.