Term
| The endocrine system is the _____ largest control system of the body, and it works with the _____ system. |
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Definition
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Term
| Hormones are _____ based molecules. |
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Definition
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Term
| What, in general, do hormones do? |
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Definition
| arouse the body's tissues and stimulate metabolic change |
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Term
| The pituitary gland is aka _____, and its two lobes are _____ that are aka _____. |
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Definition
hypophysis
anterior (adenohypophysis)
posterior (neurohypophysis) |
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Term
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Definition
GHIH/GHRH, TRH, MRH, GnRH, PRH/PIH, CRH
OT and ADH |
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Term
| anterior pituitary hormones (which are tropic?) |
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Definition
tropic: FSH, LH, ACTH, TSH
other: GH, PRL |
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Term
| What are the gonadotropins? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which nuclei of the hypothalamus release the hormones that go to the posterior pituitary? |
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Definition
| supraoptic and paraventricular |
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Term
| secretory cells of the anterior pituitary |
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Definition
somatotrophs: GH
lactotrophs: PRL
gonadotrophs: LH and FSH
thyrotrophs: TSH
corticotrophs: ACTH |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
dwarfism: hyposecretion in child
gigantism: hypersecretion in child
acromegaly: hypersecretion in adult |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates the synthesis and secretion of thyroid hormones by the thyroid gland |
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Term
| What inhibits the release of TSH? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
females: induces ovarian secretion of estrogens and initiates development of oocytes
males: stimulates testes to produce sperm |
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Term
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Definition
females: stimulates secretion of estrogens and progesterone, ovulation, and formation of the corpus luteum
males: stimulates testes to produce testosterone |
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Term
| Which gonadotropin stimulates the testes to produce sperm, and which stimulates the testes to produce testosterone? |
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Definition
sperm: FSH
testosterone: LH |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates milk production of the mammary glands in females (no known function in males) |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulates secretion of glucocorticoids (mainly cortisol) by the adrenal cortex |
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Term
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Definition
| stimulate the production and release of melanin (melanogenesis) by melanocytes in the skin and hair |
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Term
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Definition
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Definition
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Definition
females: stimulates the mammary glands to eject milk and the contractions of the uterus' smooth muscles during birth
males: increased level during ejaculation |
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Term
| OT is secreted by the hypothalamus in response to what? |
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Definition
| uterine distention and stimulation of the nipples |
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Term
| TSH is regulated by what kind of feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
| OT is regulated by what kind of feedback? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| stimulation of the mammary glands to eject milk by OT when a baby cries |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| kidneys reabsorb (conserve) H2O, decreasing urine volume and increasing urine concentration |
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Term
| The hypothalamus secretes ADH in response to: |
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Definition
| an increase in blood osmotic pressure (dehydration), a decrease in overall blood volume (hemorrhage), pain, or stress |
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Term
| What will high levels of ADH do to the body? |
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Definition
| raise blood pressure by arteriole constriction |
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Term
| What will inhibit ADH production? |
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Definition
| low blood osmotic pressure, high blood volume, and alcohol |
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Term
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Definition
| edema, headaches, and disorientation |
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Term
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Definition
| diabetes insipidus: dehydration from excessive urine output (polyuria), severe ionic imbalances, and excessive thirst (polydipsia) |
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Term
| hypophyseal-hypothalamic tract |
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Definition
| a tract of unmyelinated nerves connecting the hypothalamus and the neurohypophysis; their cells bodies are located in the supraoptic and paraventricular nuclei of the hypothalamus |
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Term
| The posterior pituitary is made up of |
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Definition
| nervous tissue and pituicytes |
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Term
| What are the hormones of the thyroid gland, and which cells produce them? |
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Definition
| T3/T4 (follicular cells), and CT (calcitonin) (C cells or parafollicular cells) |
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Term
| The thyroid gland also has what kind of cells? |
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Definition
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Term
| Secretion of the thyroid hormones stimulated how? |
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Definition
| TRH stimulates release of TSH by the ant pit in response to low thyroid hormone levels, low metabolic rate, cold, pregnancy, and high altitudes |
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Term
| High levels of thyroid hormones will do what? |
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Definition
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Term
| What suppresses thyroid hormones? |
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Definition
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Term
| thyroid hormones' principal actions |
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Definition
| increase basal metabolic rate (BMR): stimulates synthesis of proteins, increased use of glucose and fatty acids for ATP production, increased lipolysis, and accelerated body growth |
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Term
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Definition
| ATP production from glucose and fatty acids in BMR in response to T3/T4 |
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Term
| Hyposecretion of thyroid hormones leads to which disorders? |
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Definition
| myxedmea, goiter, and cretinism |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine disorder from hyposecretion of thyroid hormones, leading to reduced metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy, and mental sluggishness |
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Term
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Definition
| enlarged thyroid from hyposecretion of thyroid hormones resulting from an inadequate dietary intake of iodine |
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Term
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Definition
| infantile hypothyroidism that leads to stunted growth, thickened facial features, abnormal bone development, and mental retardation |
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Term
| Hypersecretion of thyroid hormones leads to which disorders? |
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Definition
| grave's disease and exophthalmos |
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Term
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Definition
| endocrine disorder from hypersecretion of thyroid hormones that produces an enlarged thyroid; symptoms: nervousness, heat intolerance, insomnia, and weight loss |
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Term
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Definition
| protrusion of the eyeballs cause by edematous tissue behind the eyes from hypersecretion of the thyroid hormones |
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Term
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Definition
| lowers blood Ca2+ levels by inhibiting osteoclasts and increasing uptake of Ca2+ into bone and extracellular matrix |
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Term
| CT secretion is stimulated/inhibited by |
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Definition
| high blood Ca2+ levels stimulate and low inhibit |
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Term
| Which hormone is the opposite of CT? |
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Definition
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Term
| The parathyroid gland produces |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| increases blood Ca2+ levels by increasing the rate of Ca2+ absorption by the GI tract, increasing number and activity of osteoclasts, and increasing Ca2+ absorption by the kidneys; promotes formation of calcitriol |
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Term
| What controls the secretion of PTH? |
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Definition
| low blood Ca2+ levels stimulate secretion, and high blood Ca2+ levels inhibit it |
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Term
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Definition
| demineralization of bone resulting in possible bone deformity, softening, and fracture, and stones in the urinary tract |
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Term
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Definition
| decreased plasma Ca2+ levels which can lead to sever muscle tetany (prolonged muscle spasm can result in respiratory paralysis and death) |
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Term
| The adrenal cortex consists of |
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Definition
| mineralocorticoids (aldosterone), glucocorticoids (cortisol), and gonadocorticoids (androgens) |
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Term
| aldosterone principal actions |
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Definition
| increases blood levels of Na+ (and therefore H2O), decreases blood level of K+ and H+, and finally increases blood volume (which increases b.p.) |
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Term
| Aldosterone is controlled by |
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Definition
| the renin-angiotensin system: stimulated by dehydration, Na+ deficiency, increased K+ levels, and hemorrhage (aka decrease in blood volume and pressure) |
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Term
| cortisol principal actions |
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Definition
| increases protein breakdown, provides resistance to stress, dampens inflammation, and depresses the immune response |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| hyposecretion of glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids |
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Definition
| Addison's disease: tolerate stress poorly, low b.p. and glucose levels, fatigue, muscle weakness, loss of appetite, dehydration, and hyperpigmentation of the skin |
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Term
| hypersecretion of glucocorticoids/mineralcorticoids |
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Definition
| Cushing's syndrome: redistribution of fat, the arms and legs are thin, pendulous abdomen, buffalo hump (fat between shoulder blades), and a moon face |
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Term
| androgens principal actions |
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Definition
| assist in growth of axillary/pubic hair; in females, source of estrogen post-menopause |
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Term
| hypersecretion of androgens |
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Definition
| Hirsutism: abnormal hairiness and masculinization |
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Term
| The adrenal medulla produces _____, whose secretion is stimulated by _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| E and NE principal actions |
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Definition
| "flight or fight" response; sympathomimetic: enhances effects of the sympathetic nervous system during stress |
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Term
| hypersecretion of E and NE |
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Definition
| hypertension, hyperglycemia, nervousness, sweating, and complete exhaustion |
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Term
| The endocrine pancreas is made up of _____, and the exocrine is made up of _____. |
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Definition
islets of Langerhans (aka pancreatic islets)
acinar cells |
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Term
| hormones of the pancreas (and cells they're produced by) |
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Definition
| glucagon (alpha cells), insulin (beta cells), and somatostatin (delta cells) |
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Term
| The other type of endocrine pancreas cell is ____, and they produce _____. |
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Definition
F cells
pancreatic polypeptide |
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Term
| The exocrine pancreatic cells produce what? |
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Definition
| digestive enzymes that are released into the pancreatic duct |
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Term
| Glucagon production is stimulated by _____, and it then does what? |
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Definition
hypoglycemia
increases blood glucose levels |
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Term
| Insulin production is stimulated by _____, and it then does what? |
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Definition
hyperglycemia
decreases blood glucose levels |
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Term
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Definition
| hypoglycemia: anxiety, nervousness, tremors, weakness, leading to a lack of glucose delivery to the brain causing disorientation, unconsciousness, and even death |
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Term
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Definition
Type 1 diabetes (insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus): elevated blood and urine glucose levels; vascular and neural problems over time; poor circulation may lead to gangrene (death and decay of body tissue), blindness, kidney damage, and impotence
Type 2 diabetes: occurs later in life, has same conditions and problems of Type 1 |
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Term
| somatostatin principal actions |
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Definition
| inhibits secretion of insulin and glucagon and slows absorption of nutrients form the GI tract |
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Term
| The pineal gland is part of what part of the brain? |
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Definition
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Term
| The pineal gland secretes _____ in response to what? |
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Definition
melatonin
darkness (increases production), strong sunlight (decreases production) |
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Term
| melatonin principal actions |
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Definition
| contributes to setting the body's "biological clock"/day and night cycle |
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Term
| hormones of the ovaries (and cells that produce them) |
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Definition
| estrogens (follicle cells aka granulosa cells), progesterone (follicle cells aka granulosa cells), relaxin (corpus luteum and placenta during pregnancy), and inhibin (follicle cells aka granulosa cells) |
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Term
| estrogens and progesterone principal action |
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Definition
| these are the female sex hormones that regulate female reproductive cycle and oogenesis, maintain pregnancy, prepare mammary glands for lactation, and promote/develop/maintain female secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| relaxin principal actions |
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Definition
| increase flexibility of pubic symphysis during pregnancy and help dilate uterine cervix during labor/delivery |
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Term
| inhibin principal actions |
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Definition
| inhibits secretion of FSH from the anterior pituitary |
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Term
| hormones of the testes (and cells) |
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Definition
| testosterone (an androgen) (interstitial cells) and inhibin (sertoli cells) |
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Term
| testosterone principal actions |
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Definition
| stimulates descent of testes before birth, regulates spermatogenesis, and promotes development and maintenance of male secondary sex characteristics |
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Term
| hormones of the kidney (and cells) |
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Definition
| calcitriol (renal tubules) and erythropoietin (renal cortex) |
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Term
| erythropoietin principal action |
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Definition
| RBC production in the bone marrow |
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Term
| calcitriol principal action |
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Definition
| it's the active form of vitamin D; increases Ca2+ levels by increasing absorption in the intestines |
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Term
| What is the precursor of calcitriol? |
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Definition
| vitamin D3 (it's the inactive form) |
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Term
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Definition
| thymulin, thymosin (thymus corpuscles), and thymopoietin |
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Term
| thymosin and thymopoietin principal action |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is the thymus gland located? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the heart's role in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| produces atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP) that increases Na+ excretion in the kidneys |
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Term
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Definition
| IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor), angiotensinogen, and thrombopoietin |
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Term
| IGF-1 (insulin-like growth factor) principal action |
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Definition
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Term
| angiotensinogen principal actions |
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Definition
| increases aldosterone secretion and b.p. |
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Term
| What is the stomach's role in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| produces gastrin that assists in digestion and absorption of nutrients in the GI tract and the pancreas |
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Term
| What is the small intestine's role in the endocrine system? |
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Definition
| secretes secretin and cholecystokinin (CCK) that assist in digestion in the GI tract and pancreas |
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Term
| What are the cells of the parathyroid gland? |
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Definition
| parathyroid or chief cells and oxyphil cells |
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Term
| What are the cells of the adrenal medulla? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the structures in testes cells? |
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Definition
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Definition
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Term
| Which hormones are hydrophobic? |
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Definition
| steroid- they're lipid soluble, so they can pass through the p.m.; estrogen, progesterone, testosterone, glucocorticoids, mineralocorticoids |
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Term
| Which hormones are hydrophilic? |
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Definition
| polypeptides, catecholomines, glycoproteins- not lipid soluble so they use 1st messengers (hormones), 2nd messengers (cAMP), and G proteins |
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