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Lab CH 11 Special Senses
TEXT from reading (no tables or questions)
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
10/04/2017

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Term
Where are special senses found?
Definition
in distinct epithelial structures &/or complex sensory organs
Term
Receptor cells respond to a _______ _______ such as _______ or ________.
Definition
Particular stimulus
such as
light or chemicals
Term
Receptor cells convert a stimulus into __________.
Definition
Electrical signals (sensory input)
Term
Where do receptor cells send their information?
Definition
The brain
Term
How do receptor cells get their information to their destination?
Definition
Receptor cells send electrical signals (sensory input) to the brain via CRANIAL NERVES.
Term
Olfaction
Definition
smell
Term
Gustation
Definition
taste
Term
Olfaction and Gustation are referred to as the _______ senses because they detect ________ in the _________ environment.
Definition
Olfaction and Gustation referred to as CHEMICAL senses because they detect CHEMICALS in the EXTERNAL environment
Term
__________ cells are the receptors that respond to chemicals in the air, such as perfume or smoke.
Definition
Olfactory
Term
What is olfactory epithelium and where is it?
Definition
a patch of epithelium lining the roof of the nasal cavity
Term
Olfactory cells are ________ neurons because they are located, along with supporting cells, in olfactory epithelium
Definition
bipolar
Term
Supporting cells
Definition
In CNS:
oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocyte, ependymal cells (all found in gray matter)

In PNS:
Schwann cell, glial cell
Term
Volatile
Definition
easily vaporized
Term
To be smelled, an odorant's molecules must be ________ and ______ ______.
Definition
volatile (easily vaporized) & water soluble
Term
Why must odorants be volatile (easily vaporized) to be smelled?
Definition
so they can enter the nose in inspired air
Term
Why must an odorant's molecules be water soluble to be smelled?
Definition
so they can dissolve in the mucus layer coating the olfactory epithelium
Term
Oncle an odorant's molecules dissolve in the mucus layer coating of the olfactory epithelium, what do they aim to reach?
Definition
the dendrites of olfactory cells
Term
Signals about an odorant travel along ______ of olfactory cells
Definition
axons
Term
The axons of olfactory cells for ______ _______ _______
Definition
Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve)
Term
Cranial Nerve I travels through the ______ to the overlying _______ _________
Definition
Cranial nerve I travels through the CRIBRIFORM PLATE to the overlying OLFACTORY BULB.
Term
Once signals hit the olfactory bulb they travel to the brain via the ______ ______.
Definition
Olfactory tract
Term
We can distinguish ________ odors some at _______ concentrations.
Definition
thousands

very low concentrations (methyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so that leaks are noticible, at 1 methyl reception molecule per 50 billion air molecules!)
Term
The sense organ for taste is the _________.
Definition
Taste bud
Term
Taste buds are located on the ________ of the tongue.
Definition
Papillae
Term
Tastebuds contain ________ cells and __________ cells.
Definition
Gustatory cells
and
Basal epithelial cells
Term
Gustatory cells are ______ for ________
Definition
receptor for taste buds
Term
Gustatory cells are modified ________ cells
Definition
epithelial
Term
gustatory cells respond to ______ in food and drink
Definition
chemicals
Term
When stimulated, the signals from gustatory cells travel to the brain along sensory neurons in which cranial nerves?
Definition
VII, IX or X
Term
Name cranial nerves VII, IX & X.
Definition
VII = facial nerve
IX = glossopharyngeal nerve
X = vagus nerve
Term
In order for molecules to stimulate gustatory cells and be tasted, what must happen to them?
Definition
They must be in solution, which means solids dissolved in saliva or ingested fluids
Term
What kind of cell process new gustatory cells?
Definition
Basal epithelial cells
Term
How many primary tastes are there?
Definition
5
Term
Name the primary tastes
Definition
Salt
Sour
Sweet
Bitter
Umami
Term
What does umami taste like?
Definition
subtle tasted responsible for "beef" taste and characteristic of tang in aging cheese
Term
Can long-chain fatty acids be tasted?
Definition
Evidence of this, yes
Term
The salt taste is produced by _______.
Definition
Ions (Na+ and K+)
Term
Sour taste is produced by _________.
Definition
Acids, specifically hydrogen ions
Term
Sweet and bitter tastes are not elicited by a single class of chemicals but instead by many different types of chemicals most of which are _________.
Definition
Organic
Term
Sweet and bitter tastes are not elicited by a single class of chemicals but instead by many different types of chemicals most of which are _________.
Definition
Organic
Term
What elicits the sweet taste?
Definition
sugars
alcohols
some amino acids
Term
What elicits the bitter taste?
Definition
alkaloids (such as caffeine)

long-chain organic substances containing nitrogen
Term
What elicits umami taste?
Definition
The amino acids:

aspartate
and
glutamate
Term
The many tastes you perceive are combinations of _______ taste sensations.
Definition
Primary

(similar to how an artist creates many colors from the three primary colors)
Term
Why are nutritious foods eaten?
Definition
Because they elicit pleasant taste
Term
An acidic taste is sometimes and indication of ________ food.
Definition
Rotting
Term
A bitter taste is sometimes indicates a _______ substance.
Definition
toxic
Term
Many plant poisons taste _______.
Definition
bitter
Term
What are the sensory receptors for vision?
Definition
Rods and cones
Term
Where are the sensory receptors for vision located?
Definition
rods and cones are located in the retina
Term
Rods and cones are _______ that respond to ___________.
Definition
neurons that respond to visible light
Term
_______ give a person black and white vision
Definition
rods
Term
_______ give a person color vision
Definition
cones
Term
Sensory input about vision reaches the brain via which cranial nerves?
Definition
CN II

Optic nerve
Term
Light usually travels how?
Definition
in straight lines
Term
How is light bent?
Definition
with a convex or concave lens
Term
When a light travels through a convex lens, it is bent so that the light rays do what?
Definition
CONVERGE (intersect) at a single point called the FOCAL POINT
Term
Concave lenses bend light how?
Definition
they DIVERGE it so the light rays move away from one another
Term
If light rays have not been refracted to a focal point where they reach the retina they will be ________.
Definition
blurry
Term
What is the sense of audition
Definition
hearing
Term
Where is the sense of equilibrium located
Definition
ears
Term
Each ear is divided into what
Definition
an external, middle and internal ear
Term
The external ear is the flap of skin on either side of the head and the canal that leads to the ________________
Definition
tympanic membrane (or ear drum)
Term
What are the three small bones in the middle ear called collectively?
Definition
auditory ossicles
Term
What are the two major parts of the inner ear
Definition
bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth
Term
Bony labyrinth is a maze of tunnels in the ________ bone
Definition
temporal
Term
Bony labyrinth is referring to a _________
Definition
space found within the temporal bone
Term
membranous labyrinth is a continuous series of _______ and ________ found within bony labyrinth
Definition
membranous sacs and ducts
Term
What is the fluid found outside the membranous labyrinth called?
Definition
perilymph
Term
What is a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth called?
Definition
endolymph
Term
What is bony labyrinth divided into?
Definition
the cochlea, the vestibule and the semicircular canal
Term
What are the two parts of the cochlea called?
Definition
the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani
Term
Each area of the bony labyrinth contains a specific part or parts of the ___________
Definition
membranous labyrinth
Term
The cochlear duct is part of the _____________ in the ____________
Definition
membranous labyrinth in the cochlea
Term
What two portions of the membranous labyrinth are in the vestibule?
Definition
the utricle and the saccule
Term
Semicircular ducts are parts of the membranous labyrinth found in ______________
Definition
semicircular canals
Term
the receptors for hearing and equilibrium are _____________ called _____________
Definition
modified epithelial cells called hair cells
Term
The hair cells of hearing are found where
Definition
the cochlear duct
Term
the hair cells of hearing respond to what
Definition
sound waves (vibrations of air caused by sounds)
Term
To hear, sound waves must travel where and do what?
Definition
the external ear and vibrate the tympanic membrane
Term
Vibrations cause __________ to move and this causes movement of fluids in the ___________ which stimulate the hair cells of hearing.
Definition
auditory ossicles

internal ear
Term
The hair cells of equilibrium are found in what three places
Definition
the utricle, saccule and [ampules of] semicircular ducts
Term
The hair cells of equilibrium respond to _______ & _______.
Definition
changes in position and movement of the head
Term
Sensory input about both hearing and equilibrium reach the brain via which cranial nerves?
Definition
Cranial nerves VIII

The vestibulocochlear nerve
Term
The decreased sensitivity of a sensory receptor to a sustained stimulus is called ___________
Definition
sensory adaptation
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