Term
| Where are special senses found? |
|
Definition
| in distinct epithelial structures &/or complex sensory organs |
|
|
Term
| Receptor cells respond to a _______ _______ such as _______ or ________. |
|
Definition
Particular stimulus
such as
light or chemicals |
|
|
Term
| Receptor cells convert a stimulus into __________. |
|
Definition
| Electrical signals (sensory input) |
|
|
Term
| Where do receptor cells send their information? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do receptor cells get their information to their destination? |
|
Definition
| Receptor cells send electrical signals (sensory input) to the brain via CRANIAL NERVES. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Olfaction and Gustation are referred to as the _______ senses because they detect ________ in the _________ environment. |
|
Definition
| Olfaction and Gustation referred to as CHEMICAL senses because they detect CHEMICALS in the EXTERNAL environment |
|
|
Term
| __________ cells are the receptors that respond to chemicals in the air, such as perfume or smoke. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is olfactory epithelium and where is it? |
|
Definition
| a patch of epithelium lining the roof of the nasal cavity |
|
|
Term
| Olfactory cells are ________ neurons because they are located, along with supporting cells, in olfactory epithelium |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
In CNS:
oligodendrocytes, microglia, astrocyte, ependymal cells (all found in gray matter)
In PNS:
Schwann cell, glial cell |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| To be smelled, an odorant's molecules must be ________ and ______ ______. |
|
Definition
| volatile (easily vaporized) & water soluble |
|
|
Term
| Why must odorants be volatile (easily vaporized) to be smelled? |
|
Definition
| so they can enter the nose in inspired air |
|
|
Term
| Why must an odorant's molecules be water soluble to be smelled? |
|
Definition
| so they can dissolve in the mucus layer coating the olfactory epithelium |
|
|
Term
| Oncle an odorant's molecules dissolve in the mucus layer coating of the olfactory epithelium, what do they aim to reach? |
|
Definition
| the dendrites of olfactory cells |
|
|
Term
| Signals about an odorant travel along ______ of olfactory cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The axons of olfactory cells for ______ _______ _______ |
|
Definition
| Cranial Nerve I (the olfactory nerve) |
|
|
Term
| Cranial Nerve I travels through the ______ to the overlying _______ _________ |
|
Definition
| Cranial nerve I travels through the CRIBRIFORM PLATE to the overlying OLFACTORY BULB. |
|
|
Term
| Once signals hit the olfactory bulb they travel to the brain via the ______ ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| We can distinguish ________ odors some at _______ concentrations. |
|
Definition
thousands
very low concentrations (methyl mercaptan, a chemical added to natural gas so that leaks are noticible, at 1 methyl reception molecule per 50 billion air molecules!) |
|
|
Term
| The sense organ for taste is the _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Taste buds are located on the ________ of the tongue. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Tastebuds contain ________ cells and __________ cells. |
|
Definition
Gustatory cells
and
Basal epithelial cells |
|
|
Term
| Gustatory cells are ______ for ________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Gustatory cells are modified ________ cells |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| gustatory cells respond to ______ in food and drink |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| When stimulated, the signals from gustatory cells travel to the brain along sensory neurons in which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name cranial nerves VII, IX & X. |
|
Definition
VII = facial nerve
IX = glossopharyngeal nerve
X = vagus nerve |
|
|
Term
| In order for molecules to stimulate gustatory cells and be tasted, what must happen to them? |
|
Definition
| They must be in solution, which means solids dissolved in saliva or ingested fluids |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cell process new gustatory cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How many primary tastes are there? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does umami taste like? |
|
Definition
| subtle tasted responsible for "beef" taste and characteristic of tang in aging cheese |
|
|
Term
| Can long-chain fatty acids be tasted? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The salt taste is produced by _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sour taste is produced by _________. |
|
Definition
| Acids, specifically hydrogen ions |
|
|
Term
| Sweet and bitter tastes are not elicited by a single class of chemicals but instead by many different types of chemicals most of which are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sweet and bitter tastes are not elicited by a single class of chemicals but instead by many different types of chemicals most of which are _________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What elicits the sweet taste? |
|
Definition
sugars
alcohols
some amino acids |
|
|
Term
| What elicits the bitter taste? |
|
Definition
alkaloids (such as caffeine)
long-chain organic substances containing nitrogen |
|
|
Term
| What elicits umami taste? |
|
Definition
The amino acids:
aspartate
and
glutamate |
|
|
Term
| The many tastes you perceive are combinations of _______ taste sensations. |
|
Definition
Primary
(similar to how an artist creates many colors from the three primary colors) |
|
|
Term
| Why are nutritious foods eaten? |
|
Definition
| Because they elicit pleasant taste |
|
|
Term
| An acidic taste is sometimes and indication of ________ food. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| A bitter taste is sometimes indicates a _______ substance. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Many plant poisons taste _______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the sensory receptors for vision? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where are the sensory receptors for vision located? |
|
Definition
| rods and cones are located in the retina |
|
|
Term
| Rods and cones are _______ that respond to ___________. |
|
Definition
| neurons that respond to visible light |
|
|
Term
| _______ give a person black and white vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| _______ give a person color vision |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Sensory input about vision reaches the brain via which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Light usually travels how? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| with a convex or concave lens |
|
|
Term
| When a light travels through a convex lens, it is bent so that the light rays do what? |
|
Definition
| CONVERGE (intersect) at a single point called the FOCAL POINT |
|
|
Term
| Concave lenses bend light how? |
|
Definition
| they DIVERGE it so the light rays move away from one another |
|
|
Term
| If light rays have not been refracted to a focal point where they reach the retina they will be ________. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the sense of audition |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Where is the sense of equilibrium located |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Each ear is divided into what |
|
Definition
| an external, middle and internal ear |
|
|
Term
| The external ear is the flap of skin on either side of the head and the canal that leads to the ________________ |
|
Definition
| tympanic membrane (or ear drum) |
|
|
Term
| What are the three small bones in the middle ear called collectively? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the two major parts of the inner ear |
|
Definition
| bony labyrinth and membranous labyrinth |
|
|
Term
| Bony labyrinth is a maze of tunnels in the ________ bone |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Bony labyrinth is referring to a _________ |
|
Definition
| space found within the temporal bone |
|
|
Term
| membranous labyrinth is a continuous series of _______ and ________ found within bony labyrinth |
|
Definition
| membranous sacs and ducts |
|
|
Term
| What is the fluid found outside the membranous labyrinth called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is a fluid found within the membranous labyrinth called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is bony labyrinth divided into? |
|
Definition
| the cochlea, the vestibule and the semicircular canal |
|
|
Term
| What are the two parts of the cochlea called? |
|
Definition
| the scala vestibuli and the scala tympani |
|
|
Term
| Each area of the bony labyrinth contains a specific part or parts of the ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The cochlear duct is part of the _____________ in the ____________ |
|
Definition
| membranous labyrinth in the cochlea |
|
|
Term
| What two portions of the membranous labyrinth are in the vestibule? |
|
Definition
| the utricle and the saccule |
|
|
Term
| Semicircular ducts are parts of the membranous labyrinth found in ______________ |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the receptors for hearing and equilibrium are _____________ called _____________ |
|
Definition
| modified epithelial cells called hair cells |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells of hearing are found where |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| the hair cells of hearing respond to what |
|
Definition
| sound waves (vibrations of air caused by sounds) |
|
|
Term
| To hear, sound waves must travel where and do what? |
|
Definition
| the external ear and vibrate the tympanic membrane |
|
|
Term
| Vibrations cause __________ to move and this causes movement of fluids in the ___________ which stimulate the hair cells of hearing. |
|
Definition
auditory ossicles
internal ear |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells of equilibrium are found in what three places |
|
Definition
| the utricle, saccule and [ampules of] semicircular ducts |
|
|
Term
| The hair cells of equilibrium respond to _______ & _______. |
|
Definition
| changes in position and movement of the head |
|
|
Term
| Sensory input about both hearing and equilibrium reach the brain via which cranial nerves? |
|
Definition
Cranial nerves VIII
The vestibulocochlear nerve |
|
|
Term
| The decreased sensitivity of a sensory receptor to a sustained stimulus is called ___________ |
|
Definition
|
|
