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Lab 6-9
Bones
246
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
09/18/2015

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term

Clavicle

 

Location and Function

Definition

Location: Superior to first rib and runs horizontally from the manubrium of the sternum to the acromion of the scapula.

 

Function: Helps support the humerus and scapula maintain their position relative to the rib cage.

Term

Atlas Bone (C1)

Cervicle Vertebrae

Function and Articulation

Definition

Function:

Supports the head 

 

The facets articulate with rounded condyles on the underside of the skull's occipital bone.

Term

Axis Bone (C2)

Cervicle vertebrae

 

Function 

Definition

Function:

 

Allows head to pivot.

Term

Inferior Articular Facet

 

Articulates with

Definition
Flat surface that articulates with the superior articular facet on the axis vertebra. (C2).
Term

Superior Articular Facet 

 

 

Definition
Oval-shaped concave structure that articulates with with an occipital condyle on the underside of the skull.
Term
Transverse Process
Definition
Attachment site for muscles that move the head and neck.
Term
Transverse Foramen
Definition
A hole in the transverse process that serves as a passageway for the vertebral artery and vein.
Term
Vertebral Foramen (canal)
Definition
Large opening in the center of the bone through which the spinal cord passes through.
Term
Body of the Vertebra
Definition
Articulates with vertebral bodies above and below.
Term
Spinous Process
Definition
Attachment point for ligaments and muscles that move the head and neck.
Term
Intervertebral Foramen
Definition
 serves as a passageway for a spinal nerve and a pair of spinal nerve roots.
 

 

Term
Inferior Articular Process
Definition
 The associated facet is flattened, faces forward, and articulates with the superior articular facet on the vertebra below.
 

 

Term
Superior Articular Process
Definition
a posterior facing, flattened surface on the superior articular process. It is located near the junction of the pedicles and laminae and articulates with the inferior articular facet on the vertebra above.

 

Term
Dens (Odontoid process)
Definition
Articulates with the anterior arch of the atlas bone, where they form a pivot joint. When the head rotates side-to-side the atlas bone rotates around the peg like odontoid process.
Term
Thoracic Vertebrae
Definition
Articulates with a pair of ribs. (12 bones)
Term
Superior Demifacet
Definition
 It serves as the lower half of a facet (= demifacet) that articulates with the head of the rib. 
Term
Inferior Demifacet
Definition
 It serves as the upper half of a facet (= demifacet) that articulates with the head of the rib. The lower half of the facet is found on the body of the thoracic vertebra below.

 

Term
Intervertebal Disc
Definition
 a thick pad of connective tissues that helps hold adjacent vertebrae together and acts as shock absorber. It consists of an outer layer of fibrocartilage and an inner layer of gel-like substance called the nucleus pulposus.
 

 

Term
Lumbar Vertebrae 5 Bones (L1-L5)
Definition

 are located in the lower back and are discernibly larger and stronger than the cervical or thoracic vertebrae.

 

 

 

Term
Sacrum Bone
Definition

The large, triangular-shaped sacrum bone (os sacrum) is located inferior to the fifth lumbar vertebra (L5). It is composed of five vertebrae (S1-S5), which fuse during the late teens to the early twenties.

 

 

Term
Sacral Canal
Definition
Each sacral vertebra contains a large central opening (or foramen). Together, the five openings form a sacral canal that extends the length of the bone. Inside the canal are nerve roots that originate from the end of the spinal cord (at L1). 
Term
Sacral Foramina
Definition
 The nerve roots give rise to the sacral nerves, which enter and exit the sacral canal through anterior and posterior sacral foramina. 
Term
Coccyx
Definition
Below the sacrum is the coccyx. Also known as the tailbone, the coccyx consists of 3-5 small bones that are often fused. 
Term
Base of the Sacrum
Definition
                  the broad, superior end of the sacrum.
 

 

Term
Apex of the Sacrum
Definition
the narrow, inferior end of the sacrum, which articulalates of with the first bone of the coccyx.

 

Term
Sacral Cornua
Definition
la horn-like inferior extension of the intermediate sacral crest. The cornu is derived from the inferior articular process of the 5th sacral vertebra and articulates with the coccygeal cornu below or ligament attachment spot of coccygeal cornua.

 

Term
Median Sacral Crest
Definition
 a tubercular, midline ridge composed of fused transverse processes.
 

 

Term
Auricular Surface (little ear)
Definition
Articulates with ilium of each hip bone.
Term
Ilium
Definition
Largest of the three components of the hip bone.
Term
Iliac Crest
Definition
is the curved upper ridge of the ilium. The latissimus dorsi, quadratus lumborum, erector spine, iliacus, tensor fasciae latae, and abdominal muscles attach along the surface of this ridge.
 

 

Term
Ischial Tuberosity
Definition
Supports the weight of the body when sitting and serves as an attachment point for the sacrotuberous ligament and the hamstring muscles, quadratus femoris muscle, and inferior gemellus muscle. 
Term
Acetabulum
Definition
accepts the head of the femur to form the hip joint.
Term
Obturator Foramen
Definition
 helps decrease the weight of the os coxae (hipbone). The obturator vessels and nerves pass through a large canal located in the upper portion of the membrane. 
Term
Ischial Spine
Definition
is a sharp projection from the posterior margin of the ischium. It is an attachment point for the sacrospinous ligament. 
Term
Ilium Wing
Definition
a large, triangular, wing-like, lateral extension from the body of the first sacral vertebra, at the base of the sacrum. The lateral margin of the ala articulates with the os coxa (hipbone) to form the sacroiliac joint.
Term
Ischium
Definition
Inferior and posterior protion of the hip bone.
Term
Pubis
Definition
Inferior, anterior protion of the hipbone.
Term
Symphysis Pubis
Definition
is the joint between the pubes of the hip bones. It consists of a disc of fibrocartilage.
Term
Aricular Surface of the Ilium
Definition
Projecting anteriorly and inferiorly from the auricular surface is a ridge called the arucuate line.
Term
Appendicular Skeleton
Definition
It is formed by 126 bones, including the pectoral girdle (clavicle and scapula), bony pelvis (os coxa, sacrum, and coccyx), and upper and lower limbs (humerus, radius, ulna, carpals, meta-carpals, hand phalanges, femur, tibia, fibula, tarsals, metatarsals, and foot phalanges). 
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
It consists of 80 bones, including the skull bones, hyoid bone, vertebrae, ribs, and sternum. 
Term
Great/ "False" Pelvis
Definition
The greater pelvis supports the intestines (specifically, the ileum and sigmoid colon), and transmits part of their weight to the anterior wall of the abdomen.
Term
Lesser/ "true" Pelvis
Definition
The lesser pelvis contains the pelvic colonrectumbladder, and some of the sex organs. The rectum is at the back, in the curve of the sacrum and coccyx; the bladder is in front, behind the pubic symphysis. In the female, the uterus and vaginaoccupy the interval between these viscera.
Term
Costal Cartilages
Definition
The flexible hyaline cartilage makes the breathing process easier.
Term
RIbs
Definition
12 pairs that posteriorly articulate with the thoracic vertebrae.
Term
Body or shaft of the ribs
Definition
Long, curved portion of the rib.
Term
Head of the Rib
Definition
It contains the facets that articulate with vertebral bodies of the thoracic vertebrae.
Term
Superior Articular Facets of the Rib
Definition
Articulates with the inferior costal or (demi facets) on the vertebra above.
Term
Inferior Articular Facet
Definition
Articulates with the superior costal (demifacet) on the vertebra below.
Term
Tubercle of the Rib
Definition
Articulates with the transverse process of the vertebra.
Term
Neck of the Rib
Definition
Area between the head and the tubercle.
Term
Angle of the Rib
Definition
Area of shaft with the greatest curvature.
Term
True Ribs (ribs 1-7)
Definition
attach to the sternum by costal cartilage.
Term
False Ribs (8-10)
Definition
attach to the costal cartilage of rib (7), not directly to the Sternum.
Term
Floating Ribs (11-12)
Definition
Have no anterior attachment with the sternum.
Term
Scapula
Definition
Bone that connects the humerus with the clavicle bone.
Term
Conoid Tubercle of the Clavicle
Definition
is a bump on the inferior surface of the bone, near the acromial end. It is an attachment point for the conoid ligament.  
Term
Coracoid Process of the Scapula
Definition
The term coracoid refers to the marking's resemblance to a crow’s beak (Gr., korax, crow's). The biceps brachii, coracobrachialis, and pectoralis minor muscles attach along the surface of this process.  
Term
Glenoid Cavity
Definition
It forms a shallow socket for the articulation of the head of the humerus.
Term
Subscapular Fossa
Definition
is a large, slightly depressed region in the middle of scapula's anterior surface. The subscapularis muscle attaches to this region of the bone. 
Term
Supraspinous Fossa
Definition
is a slightly depressed area located superior to the spine. The supraspinatus muscle attaches to this region of the scapula. 
Term
Infraspinous Fossa
Definition
is a large, slightly depressed area located inferior to the spine. It serves as an attachment point for the infraspinatus muscle. 
Term
Acromion Process
Definition
is a lateral, fan-like extension of the spine. It also is an attachment point for the trapezius and posterior deltoid muscles. 
Term
Scapular Spine
Definition
is a long ridge that runs diagonally across the upper posterior surface of the bone. The trapezius and posterior deltoid muscles attach to the surface of this prominent elevation.
Term
Manubrium
Definition
Triangular-shaped, superior portion of the sternum.
Term
Xiphoid Process
Definition
Inferior segment of the sternum. Is cartilage and typically converts to bone by age 30-40. Serves as an area of attachment for the rectus abdominis muscle.
Term
Body of the Sternum
Definition
Middle segment of the Sternum.
Term
Coccygeal cornua
Definition
a knob-like, upward extension from the first coccygeal vertebra that articulates with the sacral cornu above. 
Term
Femur
Definition
extends from the hip to the knee and is the longest and strongest bone in the body. 
Term
Head of the Femur
Definition
is a prominent, smooth, ball-shaped structure on the proximal end of the bone. The head articulates with the acetabulum of the os coxa (or hip bone) to form the hip joint. 
Term
Neck of the Femur
Definition
is a pyramid-shaped expanse that connects the head to the shaft. This region is a frequent site of fractures, especially in the elderly. 
Term
Greater Trochanter
Definition
is a large, irregular-shaped process located lateral to neck and superior to shaft. It is an attachment point for the gluteus medius, gluteus minimus, piriformis, obturator, and gemellus muscles. 
Term
Lesser Trochanter
Definition
is a medial prominence located just inferior to neck. It is the insertion point for the iliacus and psoas major muscles. 
Term
Diaphysis of the Femur
Definition
Body(shaft) of the femur.
Term
Medial Epicondyle
Definition
is a small, medial protrusion superior to the articular surface of the medial condyle. It is an attachment point for the tibial (medial) collateral ligament.
Term
Lateral Epicondyle
Definition
is a small, lateral protrusion superior to the articular surface of the lateral condyle. It is an attachment point for the fibular (lateral) collateral ligament. 
Term
Intercondylar Fossa
Definition
Large depression located between the medial and lateral condyles on the posterior surface. Articulates with the intercondylar eminence of the tibia.
Term
Patellar Surface
Definition
is the smooth surface that covers the anterior portion of the femur condyles. This area articulates with the posterior surface of the patella. 
Term
Medial Condyle
Definition
is a large, rounded, knob-like projection at the mediodistal end of the femur. It articulates with the medial condyle of the tibia. 
Term
Lateral Condyle
Definition
is a large rounded projection at the laterodistal end of the bone. It articulates with the lateral condyle of tibia. 
Term
Patella
Definition
also known as the knee cap. Protection of the knee joint. Knee extension.
Term
Base of the Patella
Definition
Somewhat flattened faces proximally (towards the torso).
Term
Apex of the Patella
Definition
Faces downward. Most inferior part. Pointed in shape.
Term
Articular Facets (Lateral or Medial)
Definition
Depressions on the posterior side of patella, articulates with lateral or medial condyle of the femur.
Term
Carpals
Definition
Allows for the easy and free movement of the wrist. Articulates with the radius and ulna.
Term
Scaphoid
Definition
Performs a unique function as a mechanical link between the distal and proximal carpal rows on the radial aspect.
Term
Lunate
Definition
Provides a bony superstructure for the hand. Also involved in movement of the wrist.
Term
Triquetrum
Definition
The carpal bones function as a unit to provide suprastructure of the hand.
Term
Pisiform
Definition
It is not involved in the movement of the wrist. Articulates with the triquetrum.
Term
Trapezium
Definition
Important in thumb movement. Most radial of the bones surrounding the carpal tunnel.
Term
Trapezoid
Definition
Four sided figure with two sides parellal.
Term
Capitate
Definition
Largest carpal bone, articulates with the lunate.
Term
Hamate
Definition
Named for large hook-like projection on its anterior surface.
Term
Metacarpals I-V
Definition
Consists of five bones. Each bone consist of a proximal base, an intermediate shaft, and distal head.
Term
Base of the metacarpals
Definition
Is of cuboidal form, and broader behind than in the front, articulates with the metacarpals.
Term
Diaphysis of the metacarpals
Definition
Middle of the metacarpals
Term
Head of the Metacarpals
Definition
Oblong surface markedly convex from before backward. Flattened from side to side.
Term
Digits or Phalanges (I-V)
Definition
Make up the distal region of the hand. #1-5 starting with the pollex (thumb).
Term
Proximal Phalanx
Definition
Present oval, concave, articular surfaces broader from side to side.
Term
Middle Phalanx
Definition
Interphalangeal joints, between the phalanges.
Term
Distal Phalanx
Definition
smaller than the proximal and each ends in two condyles (knuckles) separated by a shallow groove flat.
Term
Tarsals
Definition
Seven articulating bones in each foot.
Term
Calcaneus
Definition
Largest bone in tarsals, which is weight bearing bone in the heel of foot.
Term
Talus
Definition
Ankle bone connected to two bones of the lower leg.
Term
Cuboid
Definition
One of seven bones in foot most lateral of the bones.
Term
Navicular
Definition
Located on medial side of foot. Articulates with the talus distally.
Term
First Cuneiform
Definition
Medial side of foot.
Term
Second Cuneiform
Definition
Shaped like a wedge intermediate between 1st and 3rd cuneiform.
Term
Third Cuneiform
Definition
Occupies center of the front row of tarsal bones.
Term
Tibia
Definition
Connecting knee to the ankle bones. Supports movement of legs. Largest of the two bones in the lower leg.
Term
Medial Condyle of the Tibia
Definition
Expanded medial proximal end of bone. Flattened (slightly concave) superior aspect serves as the articular surface for the medial condyle of the femur.
Term
Lateral Condyle
Definition
Expanded lateral proximal end of the bone. Head of Fibula articulates on the facet just below this condyle.
Term
Intercondylar Eminence of Tibia
Definition
Small elevations positioned between the medial and lateral condyles.
Term
Tibial Tuberosity
Definition
Serves as attachment point for patellar ligament.
Term
Medial Malleolus of Tibia
Definition
Articulates with talus, forming medial portion of ankle joint.
Term
Fibular Notch of Tibia
Definition
Articulates with the distal end of the Fibula.
Term
Fibula
Definition
Does not carry any significant weight of the body.
Term
Head of the Fibula
Definition
Small, knob-like extension from the superior end of bone. Articulates with the lateral condyle of tibia at the proximal tibiofibular joint.
Term
Lateral Malleolus of Fibula
Definition
pointed distal end of bone. Articulates with the talus, forming the lateral portion of the ankle joint.
Term
Humerus
Definition
Articulates at the Proximal end with the scapula. Distally, the medial surface articulates with the ulna and laterally it articulates with the radius.
Term
Head of the Humerus
Definition
Articulates with the scapula's glenoid fossa or cavity.
Term
Anatomical Neck of the Humerus
Definition
Serves as an attachment point for the Articular Capsule.
Term
Greater Tubercle of the Humerus
Definition
A large roughned area on the proximal end of the bone lateral to the head.
Term
Lesser Tubercle of the Humerus
Definition
A roughned area on the bones proximal end, medial to the greater tubercle.
Term
Intertubercular Sulcus or Groove
Definition
Longitudinal depression between the great and lesser tubercle of the Humerus.
Term
Deltoid Tuberosity
Definition
Attachment point of the deltoid muscle. A roughened, raised surface located approximately in the middle of the shaft on the lateral side.
Term
Medial Epicondyle of the Humerus
Definition
A rounded projection at the distomedial end of the humerus. Some of the muscles that flex the forearm, wrist, and fingers attach to the anterior surface of this marking.
Term
Lateral Epicondyle of the Humerus
Definition
A rounded projection at the distolateral end of the humerus.
Term
Coronoid Fossa of the Humerus
Definition
This region provides space for coronoid process of the ulna when the forearm is flexed. A depression located superior to the trochlea on the anterior surface.
Term
Olecranon Fossa of the Humerus
Definition
Area of Articulation with the Olecranon process  of the Ulna when the forearm is extended. A large depression located on the posterior surface, superior to the trochlea and capitulum.
Term
Capitulum
Definition
It articulates with the head of the radius bone. A small, knob-like prominence on the distolateral end of the humerus.
Term
Trochlea
Definition
Articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna bone. A pulley-shaped formation located medial to the capitulum.
Term
Radius (Thumb side)
Definition
The shorter of the two forearm bones. The radius is narrow at it's proximal end and wide at it's distal end.
Term
Head of the Radius
Definition
Forms an articulating surface with the capitulum and humerus. Disc shaped prominence at the proximal end of bone.
Term
Radial Tuberosity
Definition
Roughened projection along the proximal medioanterior margin. Serves as an attachment point of biceps brachii muscle.
Term
Ulnar Notch of the Radius
Definition
Area of articulation with the Ulna.
Term
Styloid Process of the Radius
Definition
Forms Lateral portion of the wrist joint.
Term
Ulna
Definition
Medial aspect (the little finger side) of the forearm and is longer than the radius.
Term
Olecranon Process of the Ulna
Definition
Forms Elbow. Large Fan-shaped projection from the proximal end of trochlear notch.
Term
Radial Notch of the Ulna
Definition
Articulates with the head of the radius. Depression along lateral edge of coronoid process.
Term
Head of the Ulna
Definition
Small, rounded surface at distal end of bone.
Term
Styloid Process of the Ulna
Definition
Forms medial portion of wrist joint. Small, medial projection  from head region.
Term
Coronoid Process of the Ulna
Definition
Receives the trochlea of the Humerus to form part of the elbow.
Term
Trochlear Notch of the Ulna
Definition
Area of articulation with trochlea of Humerus.
Term
Diaphysis (Body, shaft) of a Typical Long Bone
Definition
Provides strong support without cumbersome (bulky) weight
Term
Proximal epiphysis
Definition
The proximal end of the bone.
Term
Distal Epiphysis
Definition
The distal end of the long bone.
Term
Medullary Cavity
Definition
Found inside the shaft of the bone. It is filled with red bone marrow in children and yellow bone marrow in adults.
Term
Nutrient Foramen
Definition
A large nutrient artery enters through this hole. Passageway for vessels.
Term
Articular Cartilage
Definition
Layer of hyaline cartilage that reduces friction between bones involved in a joint.
Term
Periosteum (around)
Definition
A tough connective tissue sheath. Assisting the passage of blood into and out of the bone and assist with growth of the bones. Composed of dense irregular connective tissue.
Term
Red Bone Marrow
Definition
The formation of red blood cells (erythrocytes), white blood cells (leukocytes), and blood platelets.
Term
Yellow Bone Marrow
Definition
Stores fat and is inactive in blood cell production.
Term
Epipyseal line or plate
Definition

Epipyseal Plate contains cartilage used for producing bone.

 

Epipyseal Line is formed after the epipyseal plate has stopped producing bone.

Term
Flex(Flexion)
Definition
Decrease the angle of a joint. Most joints of the body.
Term
Extend(Extension)
Definition
Increase the angle of a joint. Most joints of the body.
Term
Hyperextend(hyperextension)
Definition
Increase the angle of a joint beyond anatomical position. Shoulders, wrists, fingers, neck, back, hips, toes.
Term
Abduct("Abduction")
Definition
Move an appendage away from the midline ("spread apart") Eyes, shoulders, wrists, fingers, hips, toes.
Term
Adduct ("Adduction")
Definition
Move an appendage toward the midline. Eyes, Shoulders, wrists, fingers, hips, toes.
Term
Circumduct ("circumduction")
Definition
Move the distal part of an appendage in a circle. Head, arms, fingers, hips.
Term
Rotate ("Rotation")
Definition
Turn the long axis of an appendage in a circle("twist"). Head, torso, arms, hips.
Term
Elevate ("Elevation")
Definition

Move in an  upward direction ("raise").

Eyes, eylids, eyebrows, mandible, shoulders.

Term
Depress ("depression")
Definition

Move in a downward direction ("lower").

Eyes, Eyelids, eyebrows, mandible, shoulders.

Term
Protract ("Protraction")
Definition

Move in an anterior direction. 

Mandible and shoulders only.

Term
Retract ("Retraction")
Definition
Move in a posterior direction. Shoulders and mandible only.
Term
Pronate ("pronation")
Definition

Turn the palm backward or downward.

Hands and wrist only.

Term
Supinate ("supination")
Definition

Turn the palm forward or upward. 

Hands and wrists only.

Term
Invert ("inversion")
Definition

Turn the sole inward.

Feet (ankles) only.

Term
Evert ("eversion")
Definition

turn the sole outward. 

Feet (ankles) only.

Term
Plantarflex ("plantarflexion")
Definition

point toes downward.

Feet and ankles only.

Term
Dorsiflex("dorsiflexion")
Definition

Point toes upward.

Feet and ankles only.

Term
Bones
Definition
Support and protect the various organs of the body, produces red and white blood cells, store minerals and enable mobility.
Term
Articular (joint) Capsule
Definition
Tought flexible and fibrous capsule that covers the joint cavity. It is there to support and protect the joints.
Term
Synovial Cavity
Definition
Surrounded by the connective tissue capsule that attaches the articulating bones.
Term
Synovial Fluid
Definition
Lubricates the joint, reducing friction between the bones and allowing for greater movement.
Term
Ligaments
Definition
Attaches bone to bone, usually used to hold structures together and keep them stable.
Term
Tendons
Definition
Connects muscle to bone and is capable of withstanding tension.
Term
The Knee Joint: Bones
Definition
Femur, Tibia, and patella meet.
Term
The Ligaments of the Knee Joint:
Definition
Articular capsule, posterior cruciate, lateral (fibular) collateral, medial (tibial) collateral, arcuate popliteal ligament, oblique popliteal ligament, Patellar ligament, Suprapatellar bursa, infrapatellar fat pad, lateral meniscus, and medial meniscus.
Term
Anterior cruciate of the knee joint (ACL)
Definition
Allows the ACL to resist anterior translation and medial rotation of the tibia in relation to the femur.
Term
Posterior Cruciate (PCL)
Definition
Is to prevent the femur from sliding off of the anterior edge of the tibia and to prevent the tibia from displacing posterior to the femur.
Term
Lateral (Fibular) Collateral (LCL)
Definition
Connects the femur to the fibula, which is the small bone of the lower leg. A thin band of tissue running along the outside of the knee.
Term
Medial (tibial) Collateral (MCL)
Definition
MCL prevents knee injury by stabilizing the joint and preventing the knee from buckling inwards.
Term
Patellar Ligament
Definition

The patellar ligament is a strong, flat, ligament, about 5 cm in length, which originates on the apex of the patella distally and adjoining margins of the patella and the rough depression on its posterior surface; below, it inserts on the tuberosity of thetibia; its superficial fibers are continuous over the front of the patella with those of the tendon of the quadriceps femoris.

Used for Knee extension.

Term
Arcuate Popiliteal Ligament
Definition
Strengthens the inferior lateral part of the posterior surface of the knee joint.
Term
Oblique Popliteal Ligament
Definition
Broad, flat ligament extends from the intercondylar fossa and lateral condyle of the femur to thte head and meial condyle of the tibia. The Ligament strengthens the posterior surface of the joint.
Term
Suprapatellar Bursa
Definition
A large space between the lower part of the femur and the tendon of the quadriceps femoris muscle.
Term
Infrapatellar Fat Pad
Definition
 is a cylindrical piece of fat that is situated under and behind the patella bone within the knee.
Term
Lateral Meniscus
Definition
Smooth Surface for the joint to move on toward the outer side of knee joint.
Term
Medial Meniscus
Definition
Separates the tibia and femur to decrease the contact area between the bones and serves as shock absorber reducing the peak contact force experienced.
Term
Frontal Bone
Definition
Is a cranial bone that surrounds and protects the anterior portion of the brain.
Term
Parietal Bone
Definition
Makes up the top side of the cranium. Articulates with the frontal bone by the (coronal suture), the temporal bone by the (squamous suture), the occipital bone by the (lambdoidal suture), and the other parietal bone by the (sagittal suture).
Term
Temporal Bone
Definition
Protects the base and side regions of the brain. It is made up of four parts
Term
Occipital Bone
Definition
Is a large, four-sided (or trapezoidal) bone that forms the back and the base regions of the skull.
Term
Sphenoid Bone
Definition
Is a butterfly-shaped cranial bone located in the middle of the skull between the frontal and temporal bone.
Term
Ethmoid Bone
Definition
Is a spongy, cuboid-shaped cranial bone located at the top of the nasal cavity and between the two orbits.
Term
Zygomatic Bones
Definition
Are two facial bones that form the cheeks and the lateral walls of the orbits. Articulates with the Temporal, Frontal, Maxilla, and the Sphenoid bones.
Term
Lacrimal Bone
Definition
Is a small facial bone that forms a portion of the anterior medial wall of the orbit.
Term
Mandible Bone
Definition

Is the facial bone that forms the lower jaw and contains the jaw.

 

It consists of right and left halves that fuse together early in life.

The anterior portion of the mandible is horse-shoe shaped and runs horizontally. At the posterior ends of the body are two vertical or perpendicular extension called rami (singular;ramus) 

Term
Maxilla or Maxillary Bone
Definition
Form the upper jaw. Each Maxilla have four processes and helps form the orbit, roof of the mouth, and the lateral walls of the nasal cavity.
Term
Palatine Bone
Definition

These small L-shaped, facial bones are located between the palatine processes of the maxilla bones and the pterygoid processes of the sphenoid bones. 

Form portions of the hard palate, lateral walls of the nasal cavity, and floors of the orbits.

Term
Vomer Bone
Definition

A thin bone that runs vertically along the midline of the nasal cavity.

 Inferiorly, the vomer articulates with both the maxillae and palatine bones along the midline.

Term
Nasal Bones
Definition

Paired nasal bones are small, flattened , rectangular shaped bones that form the bridge of the nose. 

Protect the upper entry to the nasal cavity and provide attachment for a couple of thin muscles of facial expression.

Term
Sutures
Definition
Are junctions between adjacent bones of the skull.
Term
Coronal Suture
Definition
The Junction between the frontal and parietal bones
Term
Squamousal Suture
Definition
The junction between the parietal and temporal bones.
Term
Lambdoidal Suture
Definition
The junction between the parietal and occipital bone.
Term
Sagittal Suture
Definition
Junction between the two parietal bones.
Term
Hyoid Bone
Definition

Is a small, U-shaped bone that is located between the mandible and larynx and anterior to the third cervical vertebra.

It does not directly articulate with any other bones. 

Loosely held in place by ligaments and muscles that attach to the skull, mandible, tongue, larynx and scapula.

Term
Supraorbital Foramen
Definition
Small hole located along the superior margin of the orbit; passageway for the supraorbital vessels and nerve.
Term
Frontal Sinus
Definition
Two cavities located just above the orbits and behind the superciliary arches. Mucous secretions are drained from each sinus by a frontonasal duct, which empties into the nasal cavity at the middle meatus.
Term
Zygomatic Process of the Temporal Bone
Definition
Anterior extension from lower squamous part; makes up posterior section of the zygomatic arch.
Term
External Auditory Meatus
Definition
Opening along external surface of temporal part; passageway to the eardrum.
Term
Internal Auditory Meatus
Definition
Is the opening through which the facial and vestibulocochlear carnial nerves pass.
Term
Mastoid Process
Definition

Large, protusion lateral to the styloid process and posterior to the external auditory meatus. Contains air cells that connect to the middle ear.

Also serves as attachment point for the muscles that move the neck.

Term
Styloid Process
Definition
Narrow junction from junction of the tympanic and petrous parts. Attachment point for ligaments and muscles that control the hyoid bone, tongue, and pharynx.
Term
Stylomastoid Foramen
Definition
Between the mastoid and styloid, through which the facial nerve and the stylomastoid artery pass.
Term
Foramen Magnum
Definition
Large, oval opening at base of the skull; passageway for spinal cord.
Term
Occipital Condyles
Definition
Prominent, rounded elevation located to the side of the foramen magnum; articulates with the superior facet of the atlas (C1) vertebrae.
Term
Greater Wing (Superior or Cerebral Surface)
Definition
Prominent wing-like lateral extension from the body of the sphenoid.
Term
Lesser Wing
Definition
Small, Lateral extension from the body of the sphenoid bone, superior to the greater wing.
Term
Optic Foramen
Definition
Opening along junctions of lesser wing and body; passageway for optic nerve.
Term
Superior Orbital Fissure
Definition
Elongated, narrow opening that runs diagnally along back of the orbit between greater and lesser wings; Passageway for oculomotor, trochlear, trigeminal, and abducen nerves.
Term
Sella Turcica
Definition
Is a bony, saddle-shaped structure on the superior surface of the body of the sphenoid.
Term
Crista Galli
Definition
Thin vertical plate that extends up from the cribiform plate; attachment point for falx ceribri (= part of the connective tissues that surround and protect the brain).
Term
Cribriform Plate
Definition
A horizontal plate (or lamina) in cranial floor and roof of the nasal cavity that articulates with the frontal bone.
Term
Olfactory Foramina (Olfact=smell)
Definition
The cribriform plate contains the olfactory foramina, through which the olfactory nerves pass.
Term
Maxillary Sinuses
Definition
two large, pyramidal-shape cavities located in the body of the maxillary bone. Each is lined by mucous membrane, and the mucous secretions drain into the midlateral wall of the nasal cavity through a small opening called an ostium.
Term
Infraorbital Foramen
Definition
Prominent hole located inferior to orbit; passageway for infraorbital nerve and blood vessels.
Term
Alveolar Process
Definition
Inferior extension that contains sockets (alveoli) for teeth.
Term
Body of the Mandible
Definition
The horseshoe-shaped, anterior portion of mandible.
Term
Ramus
Definition
The posterior vertical portion of mandible.
Term
Angle
Definition
The region of mandible where the ramus and body join.
Term
Coronoid Process
Definition
Sharply angled anterior extension from the mandibular ramus; attachment point for the temporalis muscle.
Term
Condyle (Condylar Process)
Definition
The posterior extension of the mandibular ramus; consisting of a narrow neck and rounded head.
Term
Mental Foramen
Definition
Hole on the anterior aspect of mandible below the second premolar; passageway for the mental nerves and vessels, which exit and supply the chin and low lip.
Term
Alveolar Process of the Mandible
Definition
Inferior extension that contains the sockets (alveoli) for lower teeth.
Term
Temporal Process
Definition
Projection that articulates with zygomatic process of temporal bone to form zygomatic arch.
Term
Lacrimal Fossa
Definition
Depression along the junction of the lacrimal bone and maxillary bone that holds the lacrimal sac; tears formed by the sac drain through a duct into the nasal cavity.
Term
Newborn Skull (Fontanels="soft spots")
Definition
At birth, bone formation is incomplete and the mesenchyme-filled spaces become dense connective tissue regions.
Term
Anterior Fontanel
Definition
Located at the midline among the two parietal bones and the frontal bones, is diamond-shaped and is the largest fontanel. It usually closes at 18-24 months after birth.
Term
Long Bone
Definition
Have greater length than width and consist of a diaphysis (shaft) and a varable number of epiphyses or extremities (ends). They are slightly curved for strength. (Humerus)
Term
Short Bones
Definition
Are somewhat cube-shaped and nearly equal in length, width, and depth. They consist of spongy bone except at the surface, where there is a thin layer of compact bone. Ex. Most carpals and most tarsal bones.
Term
Flat Bones
Definition

Are generally thin and composed of two nearly parallel plates of compact bone enclosing a layer of spongy bone. Flat bones afford considerable protection and provide extensive areas for muscle attachment.

Ex. Cranial bones, which protect the brain; the sternum (breastbone); amd ribs, which protect organs in the thorax; and the scapulae (shoulder blades).

Term
Irregular bones
Definition

have complex shapes and cannot be grouped into any of the three categories just described. they also vary in the amounts of spongy and compact bone they contain. 

Such bones include, vertebrae, certain facial bones, and the calcaneus.

Term
Sesamoid bones
Definition

Develop in certain tendons where there is considerable friction, compression, and physical stress.

Ex. Patella

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