Term
|
Definition
| Collection of cells that performs a function |
|
|
Term
| Relationship between organs and tissues |
|
Definition
| 2 or more tissues make up and organ |
|
|
Term
| 4 major types of tissues found in humans? |
|
Definition
| Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is epithelial tissue or epithelium? |
|
Definition
| sheet of cells that cover a body surface or line a body cavity |
|
|
Term
| Where in the human body are epithelial tissues found? |
|
Definition
| Cover internal and external surface. Skin and stomach lining |
|
|
Term
| Characteristics of epithelial tissues, what are they and how many? |
|
Definition
| 5. Polarity, specialized contacts, support by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Polarity |
|
Definition
| Cells regions near the apical (upper) surface differ from the near the basal (bottom) surface in structure and function |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Specialized Contacts |
|
Definition
| Tight junctions and desmosomes bind adjacent cells laterally |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Support by connective tissue |
|
Definition
| All epithelial sheets rest upon and supported by connective tissue. Just deep to the basal lamina is the reticular lamina, a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers. Basal and reticular lamina form basement membrane |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Avascular but innervated |
|
Definition
| Has nerves but no blood vessels |
|
|
Term
| Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Regeneration |
|
Definition
| High Regeneration Capacity |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Finger like extensions at the apical surface. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Stationary/fixed vs Able to move |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Composed of reticular and basal lamina, reinforces the epithelial sheet, resitant to stretching and tearing forces |
|
|
Term
| How do epithelial cells obtain nourishment? |
|
Definition
| By substances diffusing from blood vessels in the under lying connective tissue |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single cell layer vs Flattened and Scale like |
|
|
Term
| Name at least 3 sites where simple squamous epithelium is found |
|
Definition
| Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae) |
|
|
Term
| What physiological processes occur where simple squamous epithelium is found? |
|
Definition
| Filtration/the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In what parts of what organs is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium found? |
|
Definition
| Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and of many kidney tubes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Single layer of tall closely packed cells |
|
|
Term
| In what parts of what organs is Simple Columnar Epithelium found? |
|
Definition
| Lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum |
|
|
Term
| Simple Columnar Epithelium is specialized for what specific functions? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Ridges in plasma membranes |
|
|
Term
| In what organs are microvilli found? |
|
Definition
| Small intestine and tubules of the kidneys |
|
|
Term
| What is the significance of microvilli in absorption? |
|
Definition
| Increase surface area of absorption |
|
|
Term
| Where are ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium cells found? |
|
Definition
| Free surfaces of the Simple Columnar Epithelium |
|
|
Term
| What function is performed by the cilia of epithelial cells of the uterine tubes? |
|
Definition
| Move substances or cells through an internal passageway |
|
|
Term
| What are goblet cells and what are their function? |
|
Definition
| Cup shaped cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus that. |
|
|
Term
| What does "pseudostratified" mean? |
|
Definition
| False impression that several layers are present |
|
|
Term
| Why does the pseudostratified layered effect occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are cilia and what do they do in the trachea and the upper respiratory tract? |
|
Definition
| Propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from the lungs |
|
|
Term
| What kind of cells secrete mucus? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Serves a protective and lubricating purpose |
|
|
Term
| What does "stratified" mean? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name at least four organs or body parts where Stratified Squamous Epithelium is found |
|
Definition
| Skin, mouth, vagina, esophagus |
|
|
Term
| What is keratin? Where is it found and what is its function? |
|
Definition
| A tough protective protein. Fortifies the skin |
|
|
Term
| In what layer of cells of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium does mitosis occur? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How are the deeper layers of cells different from those nearest the surface of Stratified Squamous Epithelium? |
|
Definition
| The free surface cells are squamous, cells of the deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar |
|
|
Term
| List four major classes of connective tissue |
|
Definition
| Connective tissue proper (includes fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments), Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Blood |
|
|
Term
| List three main elements of connective tissues |
|
Definition
Common origin: Mesenchyme
Degrees of vascularity
Extracellular matrix |
|
|
Term
| Name three major types of fibers found in connective tissues |
|
Definition
| Collagen, Elastic, Reticular |
|
|
Term
| Are connective tissues well vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mast cells? What is their function and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| Cluster around blood vessels, detect foreign substances and initiate local inflammatory responses against them. In the cytoplasm are secretory granules containing chemicals that mediate inflammation. |
|
|
Term
| What are macrophages? What is their function and where are they found? |
|
Definition
| "Big Eaters" Remove large foreign substances and cleans up dead cells. Found throughout the body |
|
|
Term
| Three examples of mast cell functions |
|
Definition
1) Heparin, anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream
2) Histamine: A substance that makes capillaries leaky
3) Proteases: Protein degrading enzymes |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is Areolar Connective Tissue found? |
|
Definition
| Widely distributed under the epithelia of body, forms lamina propia of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries. Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid |
|
|
Term
| What are the main cells of Areolar Connective Tissue? What other kinds of cells are found in Areolar Connective Tissue? |
|
Definition
Main Cells: Fibroblasts
Other cells: Macrophages, fat cells, mast cells |
|
|
Term
| What substance separates Areolar Connective Tissue cells from each other? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the major cells comprising adipose tissue called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Identify four sites in the human body where adipose tissue is typically found |
|
Definition
| Fat under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts |
|
|
Term
| What organic compound comprises the majority of the cytoplasm of these adipose tissue cells? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three major functions performed by adipose tissue |
|
Definition
| Reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs |
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue consists largely of what? |
|
Definition
| Fibroblasts and collagen fibers |
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue is the primary component of what body parts? |
|
Definition
| Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses |
|
|
Term
| Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue can withstand what type of force? |
|
Definition
| Pulling force in a single direction |
|
|
Term
| Is Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue well vascularized? |
|
Definition
| No it is poorly vascularized |
|
|
Term
| Does Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue heal quickly when injured? Why, or why not? |
|
Definition
| No, it is difficult to get nutrients to it because of its poor vascularization. |
|
|
Term
| Where in the body is Hyaline Cartilage found? |
|
Definition
| Forms most of the embryonic skeleton. Covers end of long bones in joint cavities. Costal cartilage of the ribs, cartilage of the nose trachea and larynx |
|
|
Term
| The intervertebral discs are composed of what type of cartilage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is another name for mature cartilage cells? Do they reproduce rapidly? |
|
Definition
| Chondrocytes. Reproduce rapidly until the skeleton stops growing. |
|
|
Term
| What is the name of the chambers that cartilage cells are found in? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does extracellular matrix consist of? |
|
Definition
| Nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that separate living cells. As well as Cell adhesion proteins (connective tissue glue) to which glycosaminoglycans (GAG's) attach to |
|
|
Term
| Is cartilage vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Does cartilage heal quickly when injured? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are mature bone cells called? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name at least 3 functions of bone |
|
Definition
| Support, protection, fat storage and blood synthesis |
|
|
Term
| Mineral salts of what element account for the hardness of bone tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Fibers of what protein reinforce the mineral components of bone tissue? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Is bone tissue vascularized? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Name three kinds of muscle tissue and where they are found. |
|
Definition
Cardiac: Only in the wall of the heart
Skeletal: To the bones of the skeleton
Smooth: digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, and blood vessels. Smooth lacks visible striations |
|
|
Term
| What do the striations seen in skeletal muscle represent? |
|
Definition
| Reflects the precise alignment of their myofilaments |
|
|
Term
| Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give an example of each |
|
Definition
Voluntary: Under conscious control, skeletal muscle
Involuntary: Under unconscious control, cardiac and smooth muscles |
|
|
Term
| Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis. |
|
Definition
| Mitosis: Series of events that parcel out the replicated DNA to 2 daughter cells. Consists of 4 phases, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase |
|
|
Term
| 4 stages of the Cell Cycle |
|
Definition
| Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (I) (P)assed (M)y (A)lgebra (T)est |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Division of the cytoplasm begins during late anaphase and completes after mitosis |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Interphase |
|
Definition
| Standard shape. Chromosomes are unwound chromatin |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Prophase |
|
Definition
| Beginning of the formation of the mitotic spindle. Chromatins condense into chromatids and 2 sister chromatids condense into chromosomes |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Metaphase |
|
Definition
| Chromosomes organize and line up at equator of cell |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Anaphase |
|
Definition
| Splitting of chromosomes and separation to the different poles of the cell |
|
|
Term
| Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Telophase |
|
Definition
| Reverse of prophase. Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin in separate daughter cells as cytokinesis begins |
|
|
Term
| Mitotic spindles are transient organelles that are assembled before mitosis and disappear afterwards. What is the specific function of a mitotic spindle? |
|
Definition
| To help split and draw the chromosomes apart |
|
|
Term
| Why is mitosis important? |
|
Definition
| To aid in body growth and tissue repair |
|
|
