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Lab 5b
Tissues: Terms
85
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
10/14/2011

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Term
Tissue: Definition
Definition
Collection of cells that performs a function
Term
Relationship between organs and tissues
Definition
2 or more tissues make up and organ
Term
4 major types of tissues found in humans?
Definition
Epithelial, Connective, Muscle, Nervous
Term
What is histology?
Definition
Study of tissues
Term
What is epithelial tissue or epithelium?
Definition
sheet of cells that cover a body surface or line a body cavity
Term
Where in the human body are epithelial tissues found?
Definition
Cover internal and external surface. Skin and stomach lining
Term
Characteristics of epithelial tissues, what are they and how many?
Definition
5. Polarity, specialized contacts, support by connective tissue, avascular but innervated, regeneration
Term
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Polarity
Definition
Cells regions near the apical (upper) surface differ from the near the basal (bottom) surface in structure and function
Term
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Specialized Contacts
Definition
Tight junctions and desmosomes bind adjacent cells laterally
Term
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Support by connective tissue
Definition
All epithelial sheets rest upon and supported by connective tissue. Just deep to the basal lamina is the reticular lamina, a layer of extracellular material containing a fine network of collagen protein fibers. Basal and reticular lamina form basement membrane
Term
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Avascular but innervated
Definition
Has nerves but no blood vessels
Term
Characteristic of Epithelial Tissue: Regeneration
Definition
High Regeneration Capacity
Term
Microvilli
Definition
Finger like extensions at the apical surface.
Term
Microvilli vs Cillia
Definition
Stationary/fixed vs Able to move
Term
What is a basal lamina?
Definition
Selective filter
Term
Basement membrane
Definition
Composed of reticular and basal lamina, reinforces the epithelial sheet, resitant to stretching and tearing forces
Term
How do epithelial cells obtain nourishment?
Definition
By substances diffusing from blood vessels in the under lying connective tissue
Term
Simple vs Squamos
Definition
Single cell layer vs Flattened and Scale like
Term
Name at least 3 sites where simple squamous epithelium is found
Definition
Kidney, air sacs of lungs, lining of heart, blood vessels, and lymphatic vessels, lining of ventral body cavity (serosae)
Term
What physiological processes occur where simple squamous epithelium is found?
Definition
Filtration/the exchange of substances by rapid diffusion
Term
What does cuboidal mean?
Definition
Box like
Term
In what parts of what organs is Simple Cuboidal Epithelium found?
Definition
Forms the walls of the smallest ducts of glands and of many kidney tubes
Term
What does columnar mean?
Definition
Single layer of tall closely packed cells
Term
In what parts of what organs is Simple Columnar Epithelium found?
Definition
Lines the digestive tract from stomach to rectum
Term
Simple Columnar Epithelium is specialized for what specific functions?
Definition
Absorption and secretion
Term
What are microvilli?
Definition
Ridges in plasma membranes
Term
In what organs are microvilli found?
Definition
Small intestine and tubules of the kidneys
Term
What is the significance of microvilli in absorption?
Definition
Increase surface area of absorption
Term
Where are ciliated Simple Columnar Epithelium cells found?
Definition
Free surfaces of the Simple Columnar Epithelium
Term
What function is performed by the cilia of epithelial cells of the uterine tubes?
Definition
Move substances or cells through an internal passageway
Term
What are goblet cells and what are their function?
Definition
Cup shaped cells that secrete a protective lubricating mucus that.
Term
What does "pseudostratified" mean?
Definition
False impression that several layers are present
Term
Why does the pseudostratified layered effect occur?
Definition
Cells vary in height
Term
What are cilia and what do they do in the trachea and the upper respiratory tract?
Definition
Propel sheets of dust-trapping mucus superiorly away from the lungs
Term
What kind of cells secrete mucus?
Definition
Goblet Cells
Term
What does mucus do?
Definition
Serves a protective and lubricating purpose
Term
What does "stratified" mean?
Definition
Several cell layers
Term
Name at least four organs or body parts where Stratified Squamous Epithelium is found
Definition
Skin, mouth, vagina, esophagus
Term
What is keratin? Where is it found and what is its function?
Definition
A tough protective protein. Fortifies the skin
Term
In what layer of cells of the Stratified Squamous Epithelium does mitosis occur?
Definition
Basal cells
Term
How are the deeper layers of cells different from those nearest the surface of Stratified Squamous Epithelium?
Definition
The free surface cells are squamous, cells of the deeper layers are cuboidal or columnar
Term
List four major classes of connective tissue
Definition
Connective tissue proper (includes fat and fibrous tissue of ligaments), Cartilage, Bone Tissue, Blood
Term
List three main elements of connective tissues
Definition
Common origin: Mesenchyme
Degrees of vascularity
Extracellular matrix
Term
Name three major types of fibers found in connective tissues
Definition
Collagen, Elastic, Reticular
Term
Are connective tissues well vascularized?
Definition
Depends on the tissue
Term
What are mast cells? What is their function and where are they found?
Definition
Cluster around blood vessels, detect foreign substances and initiate local inflammatory responses against them. In the cytoplasm are secretory granules containing chemicals that mediate inflammation.
Term
What are macrophages? What is their function and where are they found?
Definition
"Big Eaters" Remove large foreign substances and cleans up dead cells. Found throughout the body
Term
Three examples of mast cell functions
Definition
1) Heparin, anticoagulant chemical that prevents blood clotting when free in the bloodstream
2) Histamine: A substance that makes capillaries leaky
3) Proteases: Protein degrading enzymes
Term
Where in the body is Areolar Connective Tissue found?
Definition
Widely distributed under the epithelia of body, forms lamina propia of mucous membranes, packages organs, surrounds capillaries. Wraps and cushions organs, its macrophages phagocytize bacteria, plays important role in inflammation, holds and conveys tissue fluid
Term
What are the main cells of Areolar Connective Tissue? What other kinds of cells are found in Areolar Connective Tissue?
Definition
Main Cells: Fibroblasts
Other cells: Macrophages, fat cells, mast cells
Term
What substance separates Areolar Connective Tissue cells from each other?
Definition
Ground substance
Term
What are the major cells comprising adipose tissue called?
Definition
Fat cells
Term
Identify four sites in the human body where adipose tissue is typically found
Definition
Fat under skin, around kidneys and eyeballs, within abdomen, in breasts
Term
What organic compound comprises the majority of the cytoplasm of these adipose tissue cells?
Definition
Tryglyceride
Term
Name three major functions performed by adipose tissue
Definition
Reserve food fuel, insulates against heat loss, supports and protects organs
Term
Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue consists largely of what?
Definition
Fibroblasts and collagen fibers
Term
Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue is the primary component of what body parts?
Definition
Tendons, ligaments, aponeuroses
Term
Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue can withstand what type of force?
Definition
Pulling force in a single direction
Term
Is Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue well vascularized?
Definition
No it is poorly vascularized
Term
Does Dense Regular (Or Fibrous) Connective Tissue heal quickly when injured? Why, or why not?
Definition
No, it is difficult to get nutrients to it because of its poor vascularization.
Term
Where in the body is Hyaline Cartilage found?
Definition
Forms most of the embryonic skeleton. Covers end of long bones in joint cavities. Costal cartilage of the ribs, cartilage of the nose trachea and larynx
Term
The intervertebral discs are composed of what type of cartilage?
Definition
Fibrocartilage
Term
What is another name for mature cartilage cells? Do they reproduce rapidly?
Definition
Chondrocytes. Reproduce rapidly until the skeleton stops growing.
Term
What is the name of the chambers that cartilage cells are found in?
Definition
Lacunae
Term
What does extracellular matrix consist of?
Definition
Nonliving material in connective tissue consisting of ground substance and fibers that separate living cells. As well as Cell adhesion proteins (connective tissue glue) to which glycosaminoglycans (GAG's) attach to
Term
Is cartilage vascularized?
Definition
No
Term
Does cartilage heal quickly when injured?
Definition
No
Term
What are mature bone cells called?
Definition
Osteocytes
Term
Name at least 3 functions of bone
Definition
Support, protection, fat storage and blood synthesis
Term
Mineral salts of what element account for the hardness of bone tissue?
Definition
Calcium
Term
Fibers of what protein reinforce the mineral components of bone tissue?
Definition
Collagen
Term
Is bone tissue vascularized?
Definition
Yes
Term
Name three kinds of muscle tissue and where they are found.
Definition
Cardiac: Only in the wall of the heart
Skeletal: To the bones of the skeleton
Smooth: digestive and urinary tract organs, uterus, and blood vessels. Smooth lacks visible striations
Term
What do the striations seen in skeletal muscle represent?
Definition
Reflects the precise alignment of their myofilaments
Term
Differentiate between voluntary and involuntary muscles. Give an example of each
Definition
Voluntary: Under conscious control, skeletal muscle
Involuntary: Under unconscious control, cardiac and smooth muscles
Term
Distinguish between mitosis and cytokinesis.
Definition
Mitosis: Series of events that parcel out the replicated DNA to 2 daughter cells. Consists of 4 phases, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase
Term
4 stages of the Cell Cycle
Definition
Interphase, Prophase, Metaphase, Anaphase, Telophase. (I) (P)assed (M)y (A)lgebra (T)est
Term
Cytokinesis
Definition
Division of the cytoplasm begins during late anaphase and completes after mitosis
Term
Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Interphase
Definition
Standard shape. Chromosomes are unwound chromatin
Term
Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Prophase
Definition
Beginning of the formation of the mitotic spindle. Chromatins condense into chromatids and 2 sister chromatids condense into chromosomes
Term
Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Metaphase
Definition
Chromosomes organize and line up at equator of cell
Term
Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Anaphase
Definition
Splitting of chromosomes and separation to the different poles of the cell
Term
Describe the arrangement and the appearance of chromosomes at Telophase
Definition
Reverse of prophase. Chromosomes uncoil into chromatin in separate daughter cells as cytokinesis begins
Term
Mitotic spindles are transient organelles that are assembled before mitosis and disappear afterwards. What is the specific function of a mitotic spindle?
Definition
To help split and draw the chromosomes apart
Term
Why is mitosis important?
Definition
To aid in body growth and tissue repair
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