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Lab 3- post cranial skeleton
N/A
27
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/11/2013

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Term
Cranial
Definition
anterior, towards the head
Term
Rostral
Definition
towards the rostrom/nose
Term
caudal
Definition
posterior; towards the tail
Term
dorsal
Definition
backside
Term
ventral
Definition
belly-side
Term
medial
Definition
towards the midline
Term
lateral
Definition
away form the midline
Term
proximal
Definition
closer to the body (refers to appendages)
Term
distal
Definition
farther from the body (refers to appendages)
Term
What is the post cranial skeleton?
Definition
everything except for the cranium
Term
What are the 5 regions of the vertebral column in order?
Definition
cervical, thoracic, lumbar, sacrum, caudal
Term
What are the two special vertebrae and what are their function?
Definition
The Atlas (for head motion forward and back) and the Axis (for turning head left and right
Term
What is the difference between aquatic and terrestrial vertebrates in regards to the pectoral girdle?
Definition
In aquatics the pectoral girls is associated with the head (moves with body) while in terrestrial vertebrates the girdle is associated with the vertebral column.
Term
What is the mode of locomotion for a fish
Definition
lateral undulation
Term
What is he mode of locomotion for an amphibian?
Definition
Lateral undulation (sprawled or semi erect posture)
Term
What is the mode of locomotion for birds?
Definition
Flight (have modified forelimbs for flight and modified hindlimbs for bipedalism)
Term
What kind of posture to mammals have?
Definition
Erect posture- limbs move directly under body.
Term
Describe the forelimbs of a mammal.
Definition
-Rotated posteriorly
-Elbow+wrist rotate anteriorly-> radius crosses ulna
Term
Describe the hindlimbs of a mammal.
Definition
-Rotated anteriorly.
-Knee+ankle rotate anteriorly.
Term
What are the three types of foot posture?
Definition
Plantigrade (all of food on ground)
Digitigrade (metacarpals on ground, carpals and hell in air)
Unguligrade (toes on ground, the rest of the foot in the air)
Term
What are the swimming adaptaions
Definition
Fins or paddle-like appendages
Term
What is the walking adaptation?
Definition
being plantigrade
Term
What are the running adaptations?
Definition
-Cursorial
-Dorsoventral flexion
- Digitigrade or unguligrade
-Distal elongation of limbs
- loss of clavicle
-may have flexible vertebral column
Term
What are the Digging aptatations?
Definition
-fossorial
-short, robust limbs
-long olecranon process
-clavial->strut
Term
What are the jumping adapations?
Definition
-elongated hindlimbs
-urostyle
-short backs
Term
What are the two types of jumping?
Definition
Saltatory and Ricochetal
Term
What are the flying adaptations?
Definition
-Modified forelimbs
-sternal keel
-lighter bones
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