Term
| What is the difference btw open & closed castration? |
|
Definition
O: Common vaginal tunic incised prior to removal of testicle
C: Testicle removed by dividing entire spermatic cord including common vaginal tunic at one time |
|
|
Term
| Eq: The usual routine is to remove the testicle w/ a(n) ______. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Crush the cord proximally & cut distal to the crushed area |
|
|
Term
| What is sometimes done prior to cutting the entire cord & common vaginal tunic? What does this do? |
|
Definition
| A ligature is placed; Closes the opening which has been made into the peritoneal cavity & compresses the spermatic a. |
|
|
Term
| In open castration, what is done with the tunic after the testicle is removed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What does open castration allow for (compared to closed)? |
|
Definition
| More effective compression of the blood supply prior to division by the emasculator |
|
|
Term
| Describe local anesthesia for a standing equine castration. |
|
Definition
| Line block most V aspect of each side of scrotum; LA injected into parenchyma of each testicle |
|
|
Term
| What happens to the LA injected into the equine testicular parenchyma? |
|
Definition
| Carried to pampiniform plexus, nn. in close proximity are blocked |
|
|
Term
| Eq: Is it easier to inject LA directly into the spermatic cord or into the testicular parenchyma? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| For equine castration, what is the 1st incision? |
|
Definition
| Scrotal skin + Dartos m. on V aspect of both testicles |
|
|
Term
| For an open equine castration, where is the tunic incised? What is done immediately prior? |
|
Definition
| Slightly D to anterior pole of each testicle; Bluntly separate tunic from CT |
|
|
Term
| In open equine castration, what is done once the testicle is forced through the incision in the tunic? |
|
Definition
| Break through mesorchium w/ a finger, btw vas deferens & testicle |
|
|
Term
| What should be considered when open castration is performed on a mature stallion? |
|
Definition
| Ligating vascular component of SC |
|
|
Term
| Where is the emasculator applied in open equine castration? |
|
Definition
| to te vascular (Cr) component w/ cutting edge distally |
|
|
Term
| Where is the cutting edge of every emasculator? |
|
Definition
| On the same side as the nut |
|
|
Term
| The emasculator should always be placed so that the nut on the emasculator is _____. |
|
Definition
| Close to the testicle (distal; nut to nut) |
|
|
Term
| Eq: How should the emasculator be placed wrt the SC? |
|
Definition
| Perpendicular to the long axis |
|
|
Term
| Eq: What is important not to do when the emasculator is closed to cut the cord? |
|
Definition
| Do not apply tension to the cord |
|
|
Term
| Eq: What should be considered wrt incision size? |
|
Definition
| Incisions should be large enough for adequate ventral drainage |
|
|
Term
| Eq: Is it necessary to remove the median septum of the scrotum to ensure adequate V drainage? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: What should be made sure of before leaving the premises or allowing the animal to leave? |
|
Definition
| Wait until hemorrhage has stopped |
|
|
Term
| When equine castration is performed in lateral recumbency, which testicle is removed 1st? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What can be used to remove the testicles in a recumbent horse? |
|
Definition
| Henderson castrating tool |
|
|
Term
| For what animal was the Henderson Castrating Tool initially introduced? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the Henderson castrating tool? |
|
Definition
| A clamp w/ jaws @ Rt angles to the long axis, designed to be attached to a variable speed battery-operated drill |
|
|
Term
| To use the Henderson castrating tool in a horse, is the vaginal tunic invaded? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The Henderson castrating tool is used to clamp the _____, and the drill is activated to _____. |
|
Definition
| SC; twist the SC until it breaks |
|
|
Term
| What is different about equine castration with primary closure? |
|
Definition
| More time consuming, requires sterile technique & general anesthesia, more expensive |
|
|
Term
| In horses, when is primary closure routinely used? |
|
Definition
| Unilateral cryptorchid to remove the unretained (descended) testicle |
|
|
Term
| What are 2 equine castration techniques w/ primary closure? |
|
Definition
| Removal of only the testicle; Removal of testicle + major portion of scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Removal of only the testicle + primary closure is mainly used on _____ horses, whereas removal of the testicle plus a major portion of the scrotum + primary closure is mainly used on _____ horses. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle + primary closure, where is the first incision made? |
|
Definition
| Over the SC just Cr to the scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle + primary closure, what is done once the testicle/epididymis are delivered through the tunic? |
|
Definition
| Ligament of the epididymis is cut to free the E & T from the tunic |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle + primary closure, what is done after the lig. of the epididymis is cut? |
|
Definition
| Vascular elements of the SC are isolated, ligated, & cut |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle + primary closure, what is done once the SC is cut? |
|
Definition
| VD is cut to free the testicle so it can be removed |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle + primary closure, what is done once the testicle is removed? |
|
Definition
| Tunic & SQ are closed w/ suture; Skin closed w/ SQ pattern |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle plus a major portion of scrotum + primary closure, describe the 1st incision. |
|
Definition
| Elliptical skin incision centered over the median raphe, includes skin of scrotum |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle plus a major portion of scrotum + primary closure, what is done after the skin incision is made? |
|
Definition
| SQ tissue divided along the margins of the elliptical skin incision & scrotum removed |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle plus a major portion of scrotum + primary closure, what is done once the scrotum is removed? |
|
Definition
| SCs ligated & cut; testicles removed |
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle plus a major portion of scrotum + primary closure, how is dead space reduced after testicle removal? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Eq: For removal of the testicle plus a major portion of scrotum + primary closure, what is done after closure of dead space? |
|
Definition
| SQ tissue closed; Skin closed w/ SQ pattern |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, how is the testicle accessed? |
|
Definition
| Remove V 1/3 of scrotum or Vertical incisions over each testicle |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, which method of accessing the testicle is more commonly used in younger animals? |
|
Definition
| Removing V 1/3 of scrotum |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, how is removal of V 1/2 of scrotum accomplished? |
|
Definition
| Pulling downwards on most V aspect of scrotum & using a knife to make a horizontal incision through the skin & median raphe |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, is V drainage better w/ removal of V 1/3 of scrotum or vertical incisions over each testicle? |
|
Definition
| Vertical incisions over each testicle |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, how are vertical incisions over each testicle most commonly done? |
|
Definition
| Pulling distally on the skin of the scrotum, inserting a knife just distal to the lateral aspect of one testicle, forcing the knife through the median raphe to exit through the skin on the opposite side & then forcing the knife distally to produce an anterior & posterior skin flap |
|
|
Term
| What is the procedure used for steers that might be entered in livestock shows? Is it more or less time consuming? |
|
Definition
| Incisions through the skin over each testicle in a sagittal direction; more time-consuming |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, what are the 5 methods for removal of testicles? |
|
Definition
| Traction w/ tunics intact; Traction after incision of tunics; Emasculator; Scraping SC to divide it; Henderson castration tool |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, what is indicated to improve Sx drainage following removal of the testicles? |
|
Definition
| Removal of excess SQ tissue & fat |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, when using an HCT, hemorrhage is _____ with _____ drainage. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, how are testicles removed by scraping the SC to divide it? |
|
Definition
| Tension applied to SC by pulling on testicle; knife used to scrape SC to fray & divide it |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, how are the testicles removed w/ an emasculator? Is it used for open or closed castration? |
|
Definition
| Crush & cut rather than pulling to divide the spermatic vessels; Either |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, traction to remove the testicles w/ the tunics intact is suggested for animals _____ in weight |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, traction after incision of the tunics to remove the testicles is suggested for animals _____ in weight. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, to begin removal of testicles by traction, _____. |
|
Definition
| Grasp each testicle separately |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, when using traction w/ tunics intact, apply controlled traction until _____. |
|
Definition
| Cremaster m., vaginal tunic, spermatic vessels rupture |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, with controlled traction & tunics intact, spermatic vessels _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
| Rupture; Retract into the inguinal region |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, why is it not advised to jerk rather than using slow traction? |
|
Definition
| Jerking results in rupture of the testicular a. in the peritoneal cavity rather than in the area of the inguinal canal, causing excessive internal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, why is traction after incision of the tunics suggested for animals >500lb? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, for traction after incision of the tunics, what is done once each testicle is grasped? |
|
Definition
| Isolate it from surrounding CT & incise the tunic |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, for traction after incision of the tunic, what is done once the testicle is prolapsed? |
|
Definition
| Apply controlled traction to the testicle to rupture the spermatic vessels in the inguinal region |
|
|
Term
| Because traction after tunic incision is performed in larger bulls w/ larger testicular vessels, _____ is a greater concern. |
|
Definition
| Excessive peritoneal hemorrhage |
|
|
Term
| In bovine castration, with traction after incision of the tunics, what is done following removal of the testicle? |
|
Definition
| Tension is applied to the tunic & as much of it as possible is surgically removed |
|
|
Term
| Name 3 “other“ bovine castration methods. |
|
Definition
| Emasculatome; Elastrator bands; Chemical castration w/ irritant |
|
|
Term
| Use of an emasculatome is a method of _____ castration. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| An emasculatome is used to _____ without _____. |
|
Definition
| Divide the spermatic vessels; Incising the skin |
|
|
Term
| With use of an emasculatome, how long does it take for the testicles to atrophy? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of emasculatome is the standard? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What accessory is recommended for an emasculatome? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Since the skin is not broken w/ use of an emasculatome, _____ is not a problem. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the first step when using an emasculatome? |
|
Definition
| Grasp the scrotum proximal to the testicles |
|
|
Term
| When using an emasculatome, what is done once the scrotum is grasped? |
|
Definition
| One SC is forced laterally so that the vessels in the SC can be divided w/o affecting the vessels in the median raphe |
|
|
Term
| When using an emasculatome, what is done once the SC is forced laterally? |
|
Definition
| The emasculatome is applied & closed to crush & divide the testicular vessels |
|
|
Term
| When using an emasculatome, what is done once the testicular vessels are crushed & divided? |
|
Definition
| The emasculatome is moved 1-2cm proximal or distal to the initial crush & closed again |
|
|
Term
| What does the use of elastrator bands involve? |
|
Definition
| Placement of a very small, tough elastic band around the scrotum just proximal to the testicles |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of using elastrator bands? |
|
Definition
| Blood supply interruption --> Testicles slough |
|
|
Term
| What is one con of the use of elastrator bands? |
|
Definition
| Tetanus is more common w/ this method compared to others |
|
|
Term
| In what cows is chemical castration suggested? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is chemical castration performed in bovines? |
|
Definition
| Irritants are injected directly into the testicle |
|
|
Term
| What is the effect of chemical castration in the bovine? |
|
Definition
| Inflammatory reaction --> Testicular atrophy |
|
|
Term
| What is the method of ovine/caprine castration? |
|
Definition
| Removal of bottom 1/3 of scrotum to gain access; Traction to testicle (w/i tunics) |
|
|
Term
| What should be considered wrt castration of older goats? |
|
Definition
| Sometimes go into shock if castrated using same methods as used in cattle; Best to use sedation & LAs; Consider ligation of spermatic vessels |
|
|
Term
| What should be checked for before performing porcine castration? How? |
|
Definition
| Inguinal hernias; Handler applies P to chest & abdomen - increased abdominal P --> protrusion of intestines through external inguinal ring |
|
|
Term
| In pigs, _____ removal of the testicles is the only described technique. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Should an emasculatome be used for equine castration? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| The 2 options for porcine castration are _____ & _____. |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is different about open castration in pigs (compared to closed)? |
|
Definition
| Continue the incision through the tunic; Leave the tunics |
|
|
Term
| The first step of porcine castration is _____. |
|
Definition
| Skin incisions over each testicle |
|
|
Term
| For closed porcine castration, what is done after the skin incisions are made? |
|
Definition
| Free the testicle from the CT & remove |
|
|
Term
| How is the porcine testicle removed? |
|
Definition
| Grasp & pull to break supporting structures in the abdomen; grasp the testicle & scrape SC until it divides; grasp T & cut SC w/ side cutters |
|
|
Term
| When pulling the testicle to break supporting structures in the pig, which direction should you pull in and why? |
|
Definition
| Cd'ly to prevent stretching the inguinal ring & predisposing a hernia |
|
|
Term
| What is castration technique for mature boars? |
|
Definition
| Closed; Cut entire SC including tunic w/ emasculator |
|
|
