Term
| In examination to determine the lame limb, what is observed for? |
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Definition
| Swelling, Redness, Hoof deformities, Distension of flexor tendon sheath, Wounds, Stance to reduce wt bearing on a claw/heel/toe |
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Term
| How is swelling observed in examination to determine the lame limb? |
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Definition
| Distance btw dewclaws; Symmetry of swelling |
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Term
| Symmetrical foot swelling is commonly due to _____. |
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Definition
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Term
| Asymmetrical foot swelling is commonly due to _____. |
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Definition
| Deeper tissue involvement (Foot rot that has progressed; puncture wounds) |
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Term
| List possible means of restraint for a hands-on exam. |
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Definition
| Tranquilization, Tie foot to a stanchion or chute, Attach rope above hock & tie to overhead beam, Specially designed chute for leg restraint, Cast w/ rope, Tilt Table |
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Term
| _____% of food animal lameness involves the foot; therefore, _____. |
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Definition
| 90%; Always check the foot |
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Term
| What % of cows will suffer from a lameness during a single lactation in NY? FL? UK? |
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Definition
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Term
| What part of the foot is most commonly involved in lameness, and on which leg? |
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Definition
| Lateral claw of the rear feet |
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Term
| A UK study reported _____% of lameness involved the foot, _____% involved the rear feet, and _____% of the rear foot problems involved the lateral claw. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is foot lameness more common in beef or dairy cattle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What conditions lead to the disparity in prevalence of foot lameness in beef and dairy cattle? |
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Definition
Beef: Soft, yeilding, non-abrasive surfaces
Dairy: Walk & stand on concrete |
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Term
| ~_____% of foot lameness in cattle is associated w/ an infection |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the contributing factors of foot lameness correlated to mgmt? |
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Definition
| Nutrition, Hygiene, Cow comfort, Walking surfaces, Time spent standing on concrete, Hoof health, Trimming |
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Term
| How often do dairies generally trim cows feet? |
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Definition
|
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Term
| At what times are dairy cows generally trimmed? |
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Definition
| At the time they are dried off, and commonly evaluated for possible trim @ mid-lactation |
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Term
| _____ trimming method is commonly used for dairy cows. |
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Definition
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Term
| The Dutch trimming method starts w/ the _____ claw in the _____ feet. |
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Definition
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Term
| Is it better to cut the toe too long or too short? |
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Definition
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Term
| Is sole surface more commonly trimmed at the toe or the heel? |
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Definition
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Term
| The sole of the claws should be sloped slightly toward _____, to _____. |
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Definition
| the interdigital space; reduce P on the axial aspect of the sole |
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Term
| How should a diseased claw be trimmed compared to a healthy claw & why? |
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Definition
| Slightly shorter to be rested & allowed to heal |
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Term
| What can be done if there is considerable damage to one claw? |
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Definition
| A block can be glued to the sound claw to rest the injured one |
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Term
| The Dutch trimming method starts w/ the _____ claw in the front feet. |
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Definition
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Term
| What are other names for digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
Hairy Heel Warts
Mortellaros Dz |
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|
Term
| What is one of the most common causes of lameness in dairy cattle? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is implicated as the etiologic agent of digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of animals are more commonly involved w/ digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
| Animals in muddy holding areas |
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Term
| How is digital dermatitis diagnosed? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe the type of lameness involved w/ digital dermatitis. |
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Definition
| Sometimes quite extreme; animals walk on their toes & sometimes hold an involved leg up & tremble |
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|
Term
| What does digital dermatitis look like? |
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Definition
| 2-6cm circumscribed lesions @ the junction of skin & horn @ the heel midway btw the claws |
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|
Term
| Describe the lesions of digital dermatitis. |
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Definition
| Raised hyperkeratotic skin w/ erect hair; lesions bleed & are painful to the touch |
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|
Term
| What are the mgmt options for digital dermatitis? (Generally) |
|
Definition
Parenteral a/bx
Topical a/bx
Foot bath |
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Term
| What must be considered when using parenteral a/bx to treat digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What parenteral a/bx are used to treat digital dermatitis, and how is the response? |
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Definition
| Procaine Penicillin G (18,000U/kg BID for 3d); Ceftiofur Na (2mg/kg/d for 3d); Good |
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Term
| How should topical a/bx be applied in digital dermatitis? How is the response? |
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Definition
| Spray after a water spray to clean the feet; Good |
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Term
| What topical a/bx can be used to treat digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
| Oxytetracycline; Lincomycin |
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|
Term
| How is the response of digital dermatitis to a foot bath? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What type of foot baths can be used to treat digital dermatitis? |
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Definition
| CuSo4 a/o Formalin; Oxytetracycline or Lincomycin |
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|
Term
| How is digital dermatitis prevented? |
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Definition
| Do not introduce infected animals to dairies w/o the problem |
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|
Term
| What is another name for heel erosion? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Erosions of the heel associated w/ marked pitting appearance |
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|
Term
| Heel erosion is many times associated w/ _____. |
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Definition
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of heel erosion? |
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Definition
| Soft horn @ the bulb of the heels is weakened by exposure to excessive moisture (slurry) which softens the horn & allows bacteria & irritants in the slurry to affect the hoof horn |
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|
Term
| What are the CS of heel erosion? |
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Definition
| Lameness in advanced cases; Varying degrees of erosion; +/- Sole ulcer |
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|
Term
| In heel erosion, are TL or PL more affected? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What are CS of more advanced stages of heel erosion? |
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Definition
| Increase in growth in the wall of the lateral claw --> toe of the foot turns laterally, & hock turns medially (cow hocked stance) |
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|
Term
| How is heel erosion diagnosed? |
|
Definition
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|
Term
| How is heel erosion managed? |
|
Definition
| Reduce contact w/ slurry; Trim so axial & abaxial claw are = length; Regular foot trimming; Weekly foot bath w/ 3-4% formalin |
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|
Term
|
Definition
| Phalanges show axial rotation - not just of the claw, but of the phalanx |
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of screw claw? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of screw claw? |
|
Definition
| Axial rotation of P3; Hoof wall rolls under the sole & in severe cases the toe points upward; Axis of the foot is rotated axially; Lameness occurs when wear no longer occurs on the sole or border of the wall but on what should be the M or L wall |
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|
Term
| What part of which feet are most commonly involved in screw claw? |
|
Definition
L claws of rear feet
M claws of fore feet |
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|
Term
| What is the age @ which screw claw develops? |
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Definition
| Becomes obvious when animal is <3yo; Unlikely to develop when animal >5yo |
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|
Term
| How is screw claw diagnosed? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How is screw claw prevented? |
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Definition
| Don't keep the offspring of animals w/ the condition |
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|
Term
| Can screw claw be corrected? |
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Definition
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|
Term
| How is screw claw managed? |
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Definition
| Corrective trimming reduces severity - Most effective if started early; Acrylic can be applied to produce a "wing" on the side of the involved claw |
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|
Term
| Describe trimming in the mgmt of screw claw. |
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Definition
| Shorten the unaffected claw to force wt bearing & more normal wearing of the affected claw |
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Term
| How does white line abscess develop? |
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Definition
| FM gains access to sensitive tissue @ the junction of the wall & sole (white line); b/c of the break in the integrity of the white line, bacteria gain access to the sensitive tissue; If not treated, an abscess develops |
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|
Term
| How does an untreated white line abscess behave? |
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Definition
| Drains @ white line; Drains @ coronary band; Under runs the sole |
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|
Term
| What is the etiology of white line abscess? |
|
Definition
| Wet conditions weaken hoof walls; Trauma from rough uneven surfaces; Housing in which it is uncomfortable for cows to lie down; Facilities that require animals to turn quickly |
|
|
Term
| Where are white line abscesses most common? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much time do cows normally spend lying down? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How is white line abscess diagnosed? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What is the most important component of managing white line abscess? |
|
Definition
| Establish adequate ventral drainage |
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|
Term
| How is white line abscess managed? |
|
Definition
| Establish adequate V drainage & remove all sole that has been under run by exudate; Probably best not to bandage; Consider a block on the sound claw in severe cases |
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|
Term
| What is white line abscess prevented? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How do puncture wounds of the sole arise? |
|
Definition
| Sharp object penetrating the sole |
|
|
Term
| What is the etiology of puncture wounds of the sole? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| What are the CS of puncture wounds of the sole? |
|
Definition
| Marked foot pain; Usually an abscess which undermines the sole |
|
|
Term
| How are puncture wounds of the sole diagnosed? |
|
Definition
| PE of the foot; Marked painful response to application of hoof testers |
|
|
Term
| How are puncture wounds of the sole managed? |
|
Definition
| Establish adequate V drainage w/ removal of undermined sole; probably best not to bandage |
|
|
Term
| How are puncture wounds of the sole prevented? |
|
Definition
| Attention to the prevention of sharp objects in the environment |
|
|
Term
| What are other names for sole ulcer? |
|
Definition
| Rusterholz ulcer; Pododermatitis circumscripta |
|
|
Term
| When was sole ulcer first described? By whom? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| On what surface should food animals be examined for lameness? |
|
Definition
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