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L7: equipment for admin of volatile anaest
masks and ETTs
24
Veterinary Medicine
Undergraduate 3
05/31/2012

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Term
how may a volatile agent be presented to a patient?
Definition
a mask or via an andotracheal tube (ETT)
Term
Advangates of masks
Definition
-easy to use -one mask size can be used for a variety of patients
Term
Disadvantages of masks
Definition
-difficult to obtain a good seal -may need to be held in position -difficult to perform IPPV -decr access to head -does not protect the airways -increased dead space -if used for induction, animals may resent it and the scent of irritant volatiles -environmental contamination -suitable for SA only
Term
Advantages of ETT
Definition
-easy to secure in most patients -easy to provide IPPV -access and visibility to head -airway protected
Term
Disadvantages of ETT
Definition
-may be difficult to position and insert -risk of causing laryngospasm or laryngeal trauma -risk of cuff causing tracheal damage -may kink -need many in different sizes for different patients
Term
Direct comparision of mask and ETT advantages and disadvantages
Definition
-mask is easy to use while ETT may be difficult to position and insert -mask difficult to secure in postition, ETT tube easy once inserted -one mask can be used for a variety of sized patients - need many different ETTs -ETT protects airways, allows good vibibilty of head and easy to perform IPPV - not in masks -Masks cause an incr. dead space and environmental contamination
Term
"Structure" of a mask
Definition
-most made from rubber -in a conical shape OR -a hard, clear plastic which has a rubber diaphragm to provide a seal around the nose
Term
Masks cause an increase in dead space, which is especially a problem in v. SA. How can the incidence of rebreathing be decreased?
Definition
incr the fresh gas flow rate NB: this will NOT dec. the dead space!
Term
problems associated w. using a mask for induction
Definition
-animals may resent the placement of the mask -may resent the smell or irritant properties of the volatile anaesthetic
Term
position of masks
Definition
-seal must reduce the escape of waste anaesthetic gas -animals airway must be adequate i.e. care to avoid inappropriate flexion of neck
Term
structure of an ETT
Definition
-material may be red rubber, silicon or different plastics -may be cuffed or uncuffed -has a bevelled end to facilitate placement through the larynx -blunt end to receive a standard 15mm connector which fits all anaes. breathing systems (NB larger in LA machines) -some tubes have a "Murphy's eye" - a small hole in the side of the tube at the bevelled end - to allow air passage if bevelled end becomes blocked
Term
Why do some ETTs have a cuff?
Definition
create a seal between the ETT and trachea - prevent gas escape or passage of material around the tube to the lungs
Term
where is the inflation line of ETTs?
Definition
-in older ETTS the inflation line ran alongside the ourside of the ETT - this creates an excessively large diameter -newer ETTs have the inflation line running within the wall itself
Term
cuffed ETT vs uncuffed ETT
Definition
-all uncuffed ETTs have larger internal diameters c.f. cuffed ETTs of the same external diameter- so cuffed ETTs have greater R to airflow (R to breathing proportional to radius4)
Term
when are uncuffed ETTs used?
Definition
-cats and small exotics due to the dec. diameter and so inc R caused by the inflation line in cuffed ETTs
Term
consequence of overinflation of ETTs
Definition
damage the trachea, possible rupture it extreme
Term
placement of ETT
Definition
-passed orally (or nasally in some spp. e.g. horse) to enter the trachea -can be blind intubation (e.g. horse) or visualised (e.g. cat) -take care not to damage the larynx
Term
what can aid visualtion of ETT placement?
Definition
laryngoscope
Term
size of ETT
Definition
largest tube which will comfortably pass through the larynx
Term
length of ETT
Definition
~ reach from muzzle and not past point of shoulder
Term
problems associated w. short ETTs
Definition
-may become dislodged
-cuff may damage larynx
Term
problems associated w. long ETTs
Definition
-may occlude cr. lobe of bronchus -may damage carina (point where trachea divides into L and R bronchi) - may result in pneumomediastinum -rish of endobronchial intubation and ventilation of only 1 lung -if protruding from mouth then incr. dead space
Term
before using an ETT
Definition
-check clean, patent, correct connector fitted, not damaged, cuff not leaking etc. -lubrication can aid in traumatic insertions
Term
securing an ETT
Definition
-in SA - a tie around the muzzle or back of the head (must not compress the tube or nose!) - the connector has "wings" to prevent the ties slipping
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