Term
|
Definition
| -simple and inexpensive
-placed down oes. to level of heart base
-H and resp. sounds can be heard w/o distrubing draping
-gives indication of mechanical activity of heart, but no indication of CO |
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Term
|
Definition
| -info of electrical activity of the heart and myocardial oxygenation
-used for detection of arrhythmias
-no info on CO
-dead animals may have relatively normal ECG for several minutes! |
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Term
|
Definition
easy to connect - 2 electrodes are attched to the patient
red-right arm (RA)
yellow-left arm (LA)
black/green-left leg (LL) |
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Term
|
Definition
| Lead I = RA <--> LA
Lead II = RA <--> LL used most often
Lead III = LA <--> LL
(note lead no. = no. of LLs)
If loose signal in lead II and III still working, know LL still attached RA not |
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Term
|
Definition
| pressure of blood in an artery
Mean arterial blood pressure should remain >60mmHg to preserve tissue perfusion
-determined by blood vol., vasc. tone., CO |
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Term
|
Definition
-requires cannulation of artery - technically difficult and risk of infection/air introduction etc
-commercial transducer and monitor expensive (Aneroid monitor cheaper but only mean P)
-accurate and continuous |
|
|
Term
| Use of direct arterial BP |
|
Definition
not always
-always use in horses on volatile anaes due to risk of hypovol.
-use in high risk cats |
|
|
Term
| Non-invasive BP monitoring |
|
Definition
-not technically difficult
-less accurate than direct BP monitor
-involves a cuff - width should be 40% of limb circumference
-can be via oscillometric devices or doppler |
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|
Term
| Oscillometric devices for monitoring BP |
|
Definition
-automatically inflate then deflate cuff
-detects changes in cuff P as it deflates (caused by pulses in the artery)
-provides systolic, diastolic and mean BP valules |
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|
Term
| Oscillometric devices for monitoring BP - advantages |
|
Definition
| provides systolic, diastolic and mean arterial P |
|
|
Term
| Oscillometric devices for monitoring BP - disadvantages |
|
Definition
-expensive
-mvmt artefacts
-difficult to obtain a snug fit in small / hairy / bandy-legged animals
-not continuous - data at 5 mins intervals - leave sufficient time for cuff to deflate and BF to return to normal |
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Term
|
Definition
-ultrasound probe placed over artery is distay limb or tail and position confirmed by listening to pulsatile BF
-cuff placed proximal to probe and inflated until no sounds heard
-slowly deflate manually until can hear sounds again - indicates P in cuff falling below systolic BP
i.e. only measures systolic P |
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|
Term
| Doppler monitoring advantages |
|
Definition
-useful in v. SA e.g. cats, rabbits
-detects blood flow |
|
|
Term
| Doppler monitoring of BP disadvantages |
|
Definition
-expensive
-can be difficult to keep probe in position
-systolic P only
-can only get intermittent readings (as for oscillometric devices) |
|
|
Term
| Central Venous Pressue (CVP) |
|
Definition
pressure measurement of blood in cr. vena cava
-affected by venous return, blood vol., CO
-catheter placed in jugular vein and advanced until tip lies in cr. vena cava
-saline manometer connected and zero ref. point established at level of R atrium (sternal manubrium) |
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|
Term
| Central venous pressure use |
|
Definition
Not used very commonly
-may be used to guide fluid therapy in a hypovol, patient and asses the heart's ability to pump the blood being returned to it |
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Term
|
Definition
estimates the amount of Hb saturated w. O2
-usually displays pulse rate and SpO2 (oxygen saturation)
-SpO2 should be >90% - below this teh |
|
|
Term
| pulse oximetry practicalities etc |
|
Definition
-easy to attach and non-invasive
-often placed on tongue but can be placed on unpigmented skin
-affect by mvmt, ambient light, pigmentation, hair, carboxyhaemoglobin, methoxyhaemoblogin
-may not be able to read if perfusion is poor e.g. after medetomidine |
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Term
|
Definition
-inspired oxygen monitor
-anaesthetic agent monitor
-capnograph |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -ensures patient not breathing hypoxic mixture
-essential if including N2O as a carrier gas in a circle rebreathing system |
|
|
Term
| Anaesthetic Agent monitor |
|
Definition
| -displaysinspired conc. of anaes. agent
-useful in using circle rebreathing system |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| -displays end-tidal CO2 tensions
-useful to asses adequacy of ventilation
-can de used to detect disconnection (CO2=0), excessive rebreathing (CO2>base line), oesphageal intubation and aponea
-high FGF may cause mixing of expired gases, resulting in falsely low results
-mainstream capnographs are between ETT and breathing maching -extra dead space may be excessive in small patients (can use different types of systems to avoid this)
-non-invasive |
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Term
|
Definition
-initially no CO2 as animal exhales air in URT
-then as LRT and alveoli air exhaled get incr. in CO2 expelled
-then level of CO2 expelled plateus out |
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Term
|
Definition
| indicates renal perfusion and function
Should be between 1ml/kg/hr - 2ml/kg/hr |
|
|
Term
| urine output monitoring method |
|
Definition
-requires urethral catheterisation
-easier in male dogs, difficult in bitches
-risk of introducing infection |
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