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knee
physical therapy gross anatomy knee
77
Anatomy
Graduate
10/11/2011

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Cards

Term
what is the trochlear surface?
Definition
patellar surface = shallow depression anteriorly between the femoral condyles
Term
what is the lateral projection on the lateral surface of the lateral condyle of the femur?
Definition
lateral epicondyle
Term
what is the prominent projection on the medial surface of the medial condyle of the femur?
Definition
medial epicondyle
Term
describe the adductor tubercle (function and location)
Definition
for attachemtn of part of the adductor magnus muscle; lies just superior to the medial epicondyle
Term
what kind of special bone is the patella?
Definition
sesamoid?
Term
what tendon is the patella located within?
Definition
quadriceps tendon
Term
describe apex of patella
Definition
pointed inferiorly, for attachment of patellar tendon
Term
describe base of patella
Definition
directed superiorly, for attachment of quadriceps tendon
Term
describe the 2 posterior facets of the patella
Definition
for articulation with trochlear surface and condyles of the femur: larger lateral facet, smaller medial facet
Term
what is the 2nd largest bone in the body?
Definition
tibia
Term
what does the tibia articulate with superiorly?
Definition
condyles of the femur
Term
describe anterior intercondylar area
Definition
anterior superior portion of tibia between medial and lateral condyles; for attachment of anterior cruciate ligament
Term
what attaches to the posterior intercondylar area?
Definition
posterior cruciate ligament
Term
what is the largest synovial joint in the body?
Definition
knee
Term
what type of synovial joint is the knee?
Definition
hinge type that also has some slight gliding, rolling, and rotational movements
Term
what are the 3 articulations of the knee joint?
Definition
1. medial femoral condyle and medial tibial condyle, 2. lateral femoral condyle and lateral tibial condyle, 3. patellofemoral
Term
describe shape of femoral condyles relating to knee locking
Definition
in knee flexion, the articular surface of the femoral condyles is rounded, in knee extension the articular surface of the femoral condyles are flat and broad, allowing joint surfaces to be broad and stable in extension
Term
describe how medial rotation of femur affects locking
Definition
medial femoral condyle is slightly larger than lateral femoral condyle, so when we stand in extension, femur rotates a little bit medially, twisting ligaments and tightening them in extension
Term
how does our center of gravity affect our knee locking mechanism?
Definition
center of gravity is anterior to knee, promoting extension of knee
Term
what are the 3 things that promote knee locking?
Definition
large articular surface during extension, center of gravity, medial rotation of the femur
Term
which muscle unlocks knee and how?
Definition
popliteus, by laterally rotating femur
Term
what is the most important group of muscles in stabilizing the knee?
Definition
quadriceps
Term
which of the quadriceps muscles are most important in stabilizing the knee?
Definition
vastus medialis and lateralis
Term
what does the strong fibrous capsule of the knee joint attach to?
Definition
superiorly: margins of the femoral condyles; inferiorly: articular margins of the tibia
Term
where is the fibrous capsule of the knee deficient and why?
Definition
on lateral condyle to allow passage of the popliteus out of the joint
Term
where is the synovial membrane in the knee?
Definition
lines internal joint capsule, attaches to the periphery of the patella and the edges of the menisci, membrane reflects from patella to tibia covering the large infrapatellar fat pad, membrane reflects onto cruciate ligaments (excludes fat pads and cruciate ligaments from actually being inside the synovial cavity)
Term
list the 5 external ligaments that strengthen and support the fibrous capsule
Definition
fibular collateral (lateral), tibial collateral (medial), oblique popliteal, arcuate popliteal (arches over popliteal muscle - lateral/posterior/inferior), patellar retinaculum (anterior)
Term
oblique popliteal ligament is an extension of what tendon?
Definition
semimembranosus tendon
Term
describe the patellar tendon
Definition
strong fibrous tendon that goes from patella to tibial tuberosity
Term
what does the patellar tendon blend with laterally?
Definition
patellar retinaculum
Term
what forms the patellar retinaculum
Definition
patellar tendon, IT band, fibrous expansions of the vastus medialis and lateralis
Term
describe the fibular collateral ligament
Definition
extracapsular knee ligament, lateral, cord-like, easily palpated
Term
describe the tibial collateral ligament
Definition
extracapsular knee ligament, medial, strong/flat/band-like,
Term
what part of the knee does the medial (tibial) collateral ligament attach to?
Definition
medial meniscus
Term
why are the medial (tibial) collateral ligament and medial meniscus often injured simultaneously?
Definition
they are attached to each other
Term
what are the 3 intra-articular knee ligaments?
Definition
ACL, PCL, menisci
Term
what is the ACL?
Definition
anterior cruciate ligament
Term
what is the PCL
Definition
posterior cruciate ligament
Term
what are the menisci made of?
Definition
semilunar cartilages
Term
what do the cruciate ligaments join together?
Definition
femur and tibia
Term
what do the cruciate ligaments do?
Definition
provide stability to knee joint
Term
describe passage of cruciate ligaments in knee joint
Definition
crisscross within the articular capsule; are wrapped by synovial membrane sleeves to stay out of synovial cavity
Term
describe path of ACL
Definition
arises from anterior intercondylar area of tibia and courses superior-lateral and posterior to attach to medial aspect of the lateral condyle of the femur
Term
when is ACL looser/tighter?
Definition
ACL is looser when knee is flexed and tighter when knee is fully extended
Term
what does the ACL prevent?
Definition
ACL prevents femur from sliding posterior on tibia (which would be the same thing as knee hyperextension)
Term
what causes ACL ruptures?
Definition
knee is extended and over-rotated
Term
what is the unhappy triad?
Definition
ACL, medial miniscus, medial/tibial collateral ligament (often all tear together)
Term
what is the clinical indication of ACL rupture?
Definition
tibia can be manually displaced anteriorly = anterior drawer sign
Term
which of the 2 cruciate ligaments is stronger?
Definition
posterior cruciate ligament
Term
what is the path of the ACL?
Definition
arises from posterior intercondylar area of tibia and courses superior anteriorly to attach to lateral surface of medial femoral condyle
Term
when does PCL help stabilize?
Definition
walking downhill/prevents femur from sliding anteriorly along tibia
Term
when does PCL tighten?
Definition
during knee flexion
Term
when do PCL ruptures occur?
Definition
when force goes into flexed knee (hitting dashboard in car accident, falling on flexed knee playing basketball)
Term
what is the clinical indication of PCL rupture?
Definition
posterior drawer sign = tibia can be manually displaced posteriorly
Term
describe the menisci of the knee joint
Definition
crescent shaped fibrocartilagenous plates on the articular surface of the tibia
Term
what are the functions of the meinsci?
Definition
act like shock absorbers and help deepen the joint cavity
Term
what is the shape of the medial meniscus?
Definition
C-shaped
Term
what is the shape of the lateral meniscus?
Definition
nearly circular
Term
which of the menisci is larger?
Definition
medial meniscus
Term
medial meniscus is firmly attached to fibers of which ligament?
Definition
medial/tibial collateral ligament
Term
which of the menisci is more mobile?
Definition
latearl meniscus
Term
which tendon courses between lateral meniscus and lateral/fibular collateral ligament?
Definition
popliteus tendon
Term
what is the posterior meniscofemoral ligament?
Definition
a strong tendinous slip that joins the lateral meniscus to the posterior cruciate ligament
Term
what do the external margins of the menisci attach to?
Definition
fibrous capsule of the knee joint
Term
what are coronary ligaments?
Definition
capsular fibers that attach the margins of the menisci to the tibial condyles
Term
what is the transverse ligament of the knee?
Definition
joins the anterior edge of the menisci allowing them to move together during knee movements
Term
which bursa allows the skin to move freely over the patella?
Definition
pre-patellar bursa
Term
what happens when the pre-patellar bursa gets inflamed from over-use in occupations that require repeated kneeling/crawling?
Definition
housemaid's knee
Term
what 3 major arteries vascularize the knee?
Definition
femoral, popliteal, tibial
Term
popliteal artery gives off which branches that surround knee and form anastomosis to ensure adequate perfusion to ligaments?
Definition
genicular branches
Term
which arterial branch penetrates the capsule and supplies the cruciate ligaments, synovial membrane, and periphery of menisci?
Definition
middle genicular branch
Term
nerves of the knee are branches of what 4 major nerves?
Definition
obturator, femoral, tibial, common fibular
Term
articularis genus muscle is a derivative of which muscle?
Definition
vastus intermedius
Term
where does the articularis genus muscle attach?
Definition
synovial membrane/capsule
Term
what is the action of the articularis genus muscle?
Definition
pulls synovial capsule superiorly to prevent capsular compression between femur and patella
Term
what is the suprapatellar bursa?
Definition
part of the joint cavity that extends superiorly above the patella
Term
what is the infrapatellar synovial fold?
Definition
fold of synovial membrane extending from inferior patella to anterior intercondylar fossa
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