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Knee and Ankle Joints
Knee and Ankle Joints
83
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
02/28/2012

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Cards

Term
Bones of the knee joint
Definition
Femur
Tibia
Fibula
Patella-sesamoid (floating) bone
Term
Name of knee joint
Definition
Tibiofemoral joint
Term
Knee anterior muscles
Definition
Quadriceps muscles:
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
Term
Quadriceps muscles
Definition
1. Rectus femoris
2. Vastus lateralis
3. Vastus medialis
4. Vastus intermedius
Term
Strength exercises for quadriceps muscles
Definition
Knee extension
Squat/press
Dynamic activities involving jumping & braking
Term
Primary actions of vastus lateralis
Definition
Knee extension
Stabilization of knee
Term
Strength exercises for vastus lateralis
Definition
Knee extension
Squat/press
Dynamic activities involving jumping & braking
Term
Origin - Vastus lateralis
Definition
Intertrochanteric line, anterior & inferior borders of greater trochanter, upper half of linea aspera, & entire lateral intermuscular septum
Term
Insertion - Vastus lateralis
Definition
Lateral border of patella, patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity
Term
Primary action of vastus intermedius
Definition
Knee extension
Term
Strength exercises for vastus intermedius
Definition
Knee extension
Squat/press
Dynamic activities involving jumping & braking
Term
Origin - Vastus intermedius
Definition
Upper two-thirds of anterior surface of femur
Term
Insertion - Vastus intermedius
Definition
Upper borer of patella & patellar tendon to tibial tuberosity
Term
Primary actions of vastus medialis
Definition
Knee extension
Inferior fibers stabilize patella
Term
Strength exercises for vastus medialis
Definition
Knee extension
Squat/press
Dynamic activities involving jumping & braking
Term
Origin - Vastus medialis
Definition
Whole length of linea aspera & medial condyle ridge
Term
Insertion - Vastus medialis
Definition
Medial half of upper border of the patella & patellar tendon to the tibial tuberosity
Term
Knee posterior muscles
Definition
Hamstring muscles
Popliteus
Term
Hamstring muscles
Definition
1. Biceps femoris
2. Semitendinosus
3. Semimembranosus
Term
Strength exercises for hamstring muscles
Definition
Knee flexion (leg curls)
Stiff-leg deadlifts
Term
Primary action of popliteus
Definition
Flexion
Internal rotation
Term
Strength exercises for popliteus
Definition
Knee flexion (leg curls)
Term
Origin - Popliteus
Definition
Posterior surface of lateral condyle
Term
Insertion - Popliteus
Definition
Upper posterior medial surface of tibia
Term
Common knee injuries
Definition
Knee ligament sprain
Torn ACL
Torn meniscus
Patella subluxation
Patella chondromalacia
Runner's knee
Term
Knee ligament sprain - causes
Definition
Force overwhelms ligament strength
Grade 1 (stretch)
Grade 2 (partial tear)
Grade 3 (complete tear)
Term
Knee ligament sprain - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Swelling starts in 20 to 30 minutes

Important to get early diagnosis
Grade 1 heals in about 7 days
Grade 2 takes 2 to 3 weeks
Grade 3 requires surgery

RICE (in all cases)
Term
Torn ACL - causes
Definition
"Play" develops between femur & tibia

ACL functions as a restraining "guidewire"

Often caused by a blow to lateral knee (often rupturing medial collateral ligament too)
Term
Torn ACL - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Swelling starts in 20 to 30 minutes

Important to get early diagnosis
Grade 1 heals in about 7 days
Grade 2 takes 2 to 3 weeks
Grade 3 requires surgery

Anterior drawer test (used to determine integrity of ACL)
Term
Torn meniscus - causes
Definition
Twist down too hard, the cartilage will rip

Almost impossible to do by yourself--need an awkward fall, tackle, etc.

Medial meniscus is torn 4 times as often as lateral meniscus

A torn cartilage is torn for good!
Term
Torn meniscus - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Sensation that something has "given way"

Excess synovial fluid accumulates & it is very hard to bend the knee

Pain on medial (or lateral) aspect of knee

Piece of free cartilage can cause "locked knee"

Best diagnosis is an arthrogram (dye and x-ray)

Surgery a MUST

Recovery is 3 to 6 weeks
Term
Paella subluxation - causes
Definition
Outer structures of knee (esp. an over powerful vastus lateralis) overpower the inner structures (vastus medialis)

A kneecap "rides high" (common in thin people)

Patellar surface on femur is too shallow
Term
Patella subluxation - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Straight track test with flexed extensor

Medial-lateral test with relaxed extensors

Exercise/support

If exercise is ineffective surgery can fix the patellar surface or tighten surrounding muscles
Term
Patella chondromalacia - causes
Definition
Kneecap instability

Direct blow (traumatic chondromalacia)

Genetic abnormality

Unknown (overuse?)
Term
Patella chondromalacia - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Pain at the patella

Intensifies with prolonged sitting

Squatting or kneeling is painful

Positive crepitus test and quadriceps inhibition test

Rest & anti-inflammatory medication for 2 weeks

Severe cases require "shaving"
Term
Runner's knee - causes
Definition
Overuse

Micro-trauma in the area of the iliotibial band

Prevalent in distance runners--not common in sprinters
Term
Runner's knee - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Pain is not localized, but lies over a broad area of the lateral knee joint

Starts with mild discomfort & gets progressively worse without rest

Virtually all cases of runner's knee involve natural ankle inversion--treated with an orthotic

Should rest at least a week & ice 20 minutes twice daily
Term
Bones of ankle joint
Definition
Tibia
Fibula
Talus
Calcaneus
Term
Joints of ankle
Definition
Tibiofibular (syndesmoses)
Talocrural (hinge)
Subtalar & transverse tarsal (gliding)
Term
Anterior ankle muscles
Definition
Extensor digitorum longus
Extensor hallucis longus
Tibialis anterior
Term
Primary actions of extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Ankle dorsal flexion
Toe extension
Eversion
Term
Strength exercises for extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Weighted dorsiflexion (walking on heels)
Term
Origin - Extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Lateral condyle of tibia

Head of fibula, upper two-thirds of anterior surface of fibula
Term
Insertion - Extensor digitorum longus
Definition
Tops of middle & distal phalanges of 4 lesser toes
Term
Primary actions of extensor hallucis longus
Definition
Ankle dorsal flexion
Toe extension
Term
Strength exercises for extensor hallucis longus
Definition
Weighed dorsiflexion
Term
Origin - Extensor hallucis longus
Definition
Middle two-thirds of medial surface of anterior fibula
Term
Insertion - Extensor hallucis longus
Definition
Top of base of distal phalanx of great toe
Term
Primary actions of tibialis anterior
Definition
Ankle dorsal flexion
Foot inversion
Term
Strength exercises for tibialis anterior
Definition
Weighted dorsiflexion
Ice skating
Term
Origin - Tibialis anterior
Definition
Upper two-thirds of lateral surface of tibia
Term
Insertion - Tibialis anterior
Definition
Inner surface of medial cuneiform, first metatarsal bones
Term
Posterior ankle muscles
Definition
Gastrocnemius
Soleus
Tibialis posterior
Flexor digitorum longus
Flexor hallucis longus
Term
Primary actions of gastrocnemius
Definition
Knee flexion
Plantar flexion
Term
Strength exercises for gastrocnemius
Definition
Standing heel raises against resistance
Walking uphill
Term
Origin - Gastrocnemius
Definition
Posterior surfaces of 2 condyles of femur
Term
Insertion - Gastrocnemius
Definition
Posterior surface of calcaneus
Term
Primary action of soleus
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
Strength exercises for soleus
Definition
Seated heel raises against resistance
Term
Origin - Soleus
Definition
Proximal two-thirds of posterior surface of tibia & fibula
Term
Insertion - Soleus
Definition
Posterior surface of calcaneus
Term
Primary actions of tibialis posterior
Definition
Foot inversion
Plantar flexion
Term
Strength exercises for tibialis posterior
Definition
Standing heel raises against resistance (esp. with foot inversion)
Term
Origin - Tibialis posterior
Definition
Posterior surface of upper half of interosseous membrane, against surfaces of tibia & fibula
Term
Insertion - Tibialis posterior
Definition
Lower inner surfaces of navicular & cuneiform bones, bases of 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th metatarsal bones
Term
Primary actions of flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Foot inversion
Plantar flexion
Toe flexion
Term
Strength exercises for flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Walking barefoot with toes curled downward
Term
Origin - Flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Middle third of posterior surface of tibia
Term
Insertion - Flexor digitorum longus
Definition
Base of distal phalanx of each 4 lesser toes
Term
Primary action of flexor hallucis longus
Definition
Toe flexion
Foot inversion
Plantar flexion
Term
Strength exercises for flexor hallucis longus
Definition
Walking barefoot with toes curled downward (walking in sand)
Term
Origin - Flexor hallucis longus
Definition
Middle two-thirds of posterior surface of fibula
Term
Insertion - flexor hallucis longus
Definition
Base of distal phalanx of large toe, undersurface
Term
Lateral ankle muscles
Definition
Peroneus brevis
Term
Primary actions of peroneus brevis
Definition
Plantar flexion
Term
Strength exercises for peroneus brevis
Definition
Heel raises with toes turned in
Term
Origin - Peroneus brevis
Definition
Lower two-thirds of lateral surface of fibula
Term
Insertion - Peroneus brevis
Definition
Tuberosity of fifth metatarsal bone
Term
Common lower leg/ankle injuries
Definition
Shin splints
Sprained ankle
Term
Shin splints - cause
Definition
Overuse in early season

Sprained tibialis posterior (75%)

Inflamed tibial bone

Anterior compartment syndrome (interrupted blood flow)

Tibial stress fracture
Term
Shin splints - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Pain starts about 2-3 hours after exercise

Rest & ice

6-8 aspirin

If it still hurts after one week, see a doctor

Severe cases are treated effectively with orthotics
Term
Sprained ankle - causes
Definition
Almost all ankle sprains are inversion sprains

Three grades (1, 2, and 3)

One and two-ligaments sprains
Term
Sprained ankle - diagnosis/treatment
Definition
Instant pain

Something may "pop"

Ankle has a period of pain free "shock"

Pain will return after about 30 minutes

Grade 1, out 4 to 5 days
Grade 2, out 7 to 10 days
Grade 3, out 2 to 3 weeks

Important: Ensure proper external support through taping
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