Shared Flashcard Set

Details

King NY Global Regents terms
Important terms for Regents exam
135
History
10th Grade
04/17/2008

Additional History Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
belief in survival of the fittest of cultures, leads to racist justification of imperialism, strongest (and best) cultures survive
Term
White Man’s Burden
Definition
Kipling, It was the European’s duty to go to Africa and Asia to save the uncivilized people
Term
Balfour Declaration
Definition
promised the creation of an independent Israel met demands of Zionist movement, Zionists are Jews who wanted their own country, problem with Israel is that Palestinians have a legitimate claim to the land as well
Term
apartheid
Definition
official policy of racial separation in South Africa, Africans were confined to homelands and were not let off unless they had passes
Term
Self determination
Definition
any country or ethnic group should democratically decide for itself how it should be led, governments should not be imposed on people, central point to Wilson’s Fourteen Points
Term
interdependence
Definition
when one nation depends on other nations for economic, political or social benefits
Term
cultural diffusion
Definition
when cultures adopt ideas, goods, technology of another culture because of contact such as war or trade.
Term
writing
Definition
hieroglyphics, cuneiform,
Term
nationalism
Definition
extreme pride in ones country. It can unify nations with a common purpose, or tear them apart if groups within a nation want to separate
Term
Cartogram (skewed)
Definition
a map that shows a proportional relationship between nations
Term
genocide
Definition
mass killing of a specific group of people with intention to eliminate them, examples – Hitler killing Jews, Pol Pot killing Cambodians
Term
Primary Sources
Definition
documents written or created by people who actually witnessed or participated in an event
Term
monotheism
Definition
belief in one god
Term
polytheism
Definition
belief in many gods
Term
animism
Definition
belief that natural objects (like trees) have spirits in them. Examples - Daoism, Shintoism, traditional Native American and African beliefs
Term
absolute monarchy
Definition
where a king has complete political control over a nation. Frequently associated with divine right - idea that kings get their power from God
Term
democracy
Definition
government where the power of government comes from the people (citizens)
Term
totalitarianism
Definition
state gets complete control over all of society - legal and social control. Dissent is not tolerated. Complete control over media and speech. Needs of state more important than individual.
Term
dissident
Definition
a person who disagrees with the policies of their government
Term
COLD WAR
Definition
Period of tension from 1945- 1989 between US and Soviet Union (USSR)
Term
CONTAINMENT
Definition
Policy to limit communism to the nations where it currently existed and actively prevent the spread to new areas. (Truman Doctrine to prevent Domino Effect)
Term
MARSHALL PLAN
Definition
Marshall = Money. US policy to use rebuild Europe after WWII to prevent the spread of communism
Term
NATO
Definition
North Atlantic Treaty Organization – a military and political alliance of the US and non communist Western European nations.
Term
WARSAW PACT
Definition
Military and political alliance of USSR (Soviet Union) and Eastern European nations
Term
ARMS RACE
Definition
Build up of nuclear weapons by the Soviet Union and US in an effort to prevent one country from becoming stronger
Term
NUCLEAR TEST BAN TREATY – NUCLEAR NON-PROLIFERATION TREATY
Definition
Attempts by the US and USSR to limit the production and testing of nuclear weapons to only the nations that currently had them.
Term
DÉTENTE
Definition
Easing of tensions between the Soviet Union and US. (1970s)
Term
WELFARE STATE
Definition
Governments of Western European nations create social programs to improve the lives of its people.
Term
EU
Definition
European Union – economic organization that eliminated tariffs and passports between nations and created one common currency – Euro
Term
DISSIDENTS
Definition
Political critics of a government who speak out and demonstrate against a government. Frequently are jailed for their opinions.
Term
GLASNOST, PERESTROIKA
Definition
Glasnost is the easing of tensions between US and USSR began by Gorbachev. Perestroika is an economic reform of USSR that allowed some capitalist elements into USSR.
Term
CHECHNYA
Definition
Ethnic area within Russia that wants to separate from Russia. Russia fights to prevent their independence.
Term
LECH WALESA - SOLIDARITY
Definition
Walesa is a Polish dissident who led the Solidarity movement that challenged Soviet rule of Poland. Succeeds in forcing Soviets out of Poland and becomes leader of Poland in 1990.
Term
“ETHNIC CLEANSING” - DAYTON ACCORDS
Definition
Genocide committed by the Serbs in Yugoslavia, led by Milosovic against the Bosnian Muslims (1990-1995) It was stopped with the Dayton Accords.
Term
BOLSHEVIK
Definition
A term for the Communists in Russia. Led by Lenin. Created the USSR in 1917 in the November (October) Revolution.
Term
NEP
Definition
New Economic Policy- Lenin’s plan to introduce a little capitalism (mom and pop stores) to Communism. He said, “take two steps backward to go one step forward.”
Term
COMMAND ECONOMY
Definition
The government nationalizes (owns) all industry and land and controls all aspects of the economy.
Term
COLLECTIVE FARMING
Definition
Small farms combined into large state run farms. Stalin’s plan of destroying all private farms of the Kulaks (large landowners) and making all peasants farm land owned by the state. The plan backfired and led to famine.
Term
The PURGES
Definition
Stalin’s totalitarian policies were enforced with show trials and the purging (getting rid) of dissidents and counter-revolutionaries. Many (12-20 million) were sent to Gulags (labor camps). “When there’s only one road, no one gets lost!”
Term
Long March
Definition
1934 The Communists led by Mao Zedong were chased 6,000 miles by the. Guomindang led by Jiang Jieshi (Chiang Kai Shek). It increased the popularity of the Communists amongst peasants. Only 20,000 survived.
Term
Great Leap Forward
Definition
1958 To increase food production, Mao put all peasants onto Communes. The program failed and led to famine.
Term
Cultural Revolution
Definition
Aka Proletarian Revolution. 1966 Mao formed the Red Guard, a group of young people who attacked teachers, parents, authority figures, etc. who appeared disloyal to the Communist Revolution.
Term
Four Modernizations
Definition
Policy of Deng Xiaoping, leader of China after Mao, to modernize China in the areas of Science, Industry, Agriculture, and Defense. The policy was successful.
Term
Asian Tigers
Definition
Asian countries like Taiwan, Hong Kong, Singapore, & South Korea that rapidly developed their economies through technology like cars, televisions, computers, etc.
Term
Tiananmen Square Massacre
Definition
1989 100,000 student protesters gathered in Tiananmen Square asking for democratic reform and more freedom in China. The Chinese Army killed 7-10,000 and arrested 50,000 people. Sent a clear message that Chinese Communism was not going to fall like Soviet Communism.
Term
Mao Zedong
Definition
Leader of Communist China from 1949-1976. Called Chairman Mao. Wrote Little Red Book (quotations from Chairman Mao), a handbook on how to be a good Communist.
Term
Ho Chi Minh
Definition
Communist leader of the Vietnam who leads an independence movement against France and the U.S. The Vietnam War is a Cold War conflict between the U.S. and USSR. Vietnam became communist by 1975 and remains so today.
Term
Economic Superpower
Definition
Japan is known as an economic miracle because, with the help of the U.S., Japan rebuilt its economy and creates high tech items like cars, TVs, computers, etc.
Term
Kim Jong Il
Definition
Communist leader of North Korea. Has been accused of having nuclear weapons.
Term
Imperialism
Definition
Economic, political, cultural or military domination of one country by another more technologically advanced country. A nation makes colonies.
Term
White Man’s Burden
Definition
The belief that western “civilized” nations had the responsibility to improve the lives of “uncivilized” nations. Part of paternalism – the idea that the relationship between a powerful and weak nation is similar to the relationship between a father and a child. (Father has total control)
Term
Direct Rule
Definition
A country (mother country) that creates colonies and uses European civil servants (government employees) to rule the colony.
Term
Indirect Rule
Definition
A country (mother country) that creates colonies and uses local people from the colony to rule the colony. (puppet government)
Term
Berlin Conference
Definition
A meeting in 1884 of European nations where they agreed to peacefully divide up Africa into European controlled colonies. Africans were not allowed any input into the decisions.
Term
Social Darwinism
Definition
Applying the law of survival of the fittest to human civilizations. Led to the belief that white race (Europeans) were superior to non-European races. Justified imperialism and mistreatment of non-European peoples.
Term
Extraterritoriality
Definition
When citizens of the mother country commit a crime in a colony, they are not tried and punished in the colony, but are sent home to the mother country for punishment.
Term
Sphere of Influence
Definition
Imperial nations agree to allow economic control over certain areas of a territory and not compete against each other. This was done by European nations in Africa at the Berlin Conference and in China.
Term
Modernization
Definition
The introduction of industrial technology and western cultural values into undeveloped areas.
Term
Cash Crops
Definition
A crop or natural resource that can be sold on the open market for cash. Typically undeveloped nations are dependent on only one cash crop. Success or failure of this crop has a major impact on the nation’s economy.
Term
Civil disobedience
Definition
aka Passive Resistance. Attempts to show the evil of others’ actions by resisting non-violently. Methods include: sit-ins, hunger strikes, boycotts, protests, labor strikes, marches, etc. The goal is to bring the “eyes of the world” to the injustice and have the world put pressure for change.
Term
Homespun Movement
Definition
Movement by Gandhi to encourage Indians to boycott (refuse to buy) British goods to hurt the British Economy. Indians were told to spin their own cloth.
Term
Congress Party
Definition
aka Indian National Congress (INC). An illegal political party of Indians with the sole goal of ending British rule in India using civil disobedience. Led by Gandhi and Nehru. Made up mostly of Hindus. India gets its independence in 1947 and the INC becomes the major political party.
Term
Mohandas K. Gandhi
Definition
aka Mahatma or great soul. Leader of the Indian Independence Movement who called for an end to the British rule and to the caste system in India. Called Untouchables “harijan” (children of God). Saw all people of all races and religions as equals. Used Passive Resistance. “An eye for an eye makes the whole world blind.”
Term
Salt March
Definition
1930. March by Gandhi and thousands of Indians 240 miles to the sea to make salt after the British took control over the Indian salt mines. Gandhi and up to 100,000 were arrested.
Term
Amritsar Massacre
Definition
April 13, 1919 10,000 Indians (men, women, children) gathered in Amritsar to protest British rule peacefully. British General Dyer ordered the troops to fire on the crowd. About 1600 people died. Good example of the injustice of British rule.
Term
Muslim League
Definition
Organization of Muslims in India who feared the Hindu majority and called for a separate Muslim nation called Pakistan after independence from Britain. Used both violence and non-violence. Led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah who will be the first leader of Pakistan in 1947.
Term
Partition
Definition
Means division. In 1947, British India was divided into Muslim Pakistan and Hindu India. A lot of violence erupted. Gandhi fasted in protest.
Term
Sweat Shop
Definition
A place in India, etc. in which adult and child labor is used for very low wages and in poor conditions with long hours. Multinational Corporations use this labor to increase their profits.
Term
Overpopulation
Definition
In traditional areas large families are the result of the need for labor, lack of education, and little access to birth control. The result is a strain on the land, food, and natural resources. Overcrowding breeds disease and leads to a low standard of living. India has responded with sterilization, sex selection of babies, and education programs to try to promote the economic development of the nation.
Term
Laissez Faire capitalism
Definition
Free market economy where the government does not get involved and the price of goods is determined by supply and demand. Developed by Adam Smith.
Term
Mercantilism
Definition
Economic system where a country creates colonies to supply wealth from natural resources, gold. Colony must buy manufactured products from mother country.
Term
Urbanization
Definition
Growth of cities as a result of Industrial Revolution
Term
Utopian Socialism
Definition
Belief that a controlled society where workers own and operate factories would improve working and living conditions and reduce the negative effects of the Industrial Revolution. Based on ideas of Robert Owen.
Term
Socialism
Definition
Government owns and operates most major business and controls most aspects of the economy (mixed economy)
Term
Communism
Definition
Based on ideas of Karl Marx in Communist Manifesto, government owns and operates ALL business and controls economy. Goal is to end social classes based on wealth.
Term
Proletariat
Definition
Industrial working class (have nots)
Term
Bourgeoisie
Definition
Capitalist business owners (entrepreneurs), controllers of wealth and power (haves)
Term
Factory System
Definition
A system of mass production where raw materials are made into finished products in one building using machines.
Term
Suffrage
Definition
Right to vote
Term
Sadler Report
Definition
A British report that outlined the poor working conditions in factories.
Term
Liberalism
Definition
Belief in the need for change, government responsibility for welfare of citizens. Individual rights more important than society.
Term
Conservatism
Definition
Belief in status quo. Protection of existing power and wealth structures. Needs of society more important than individual.
Term
Otto Von Bismarck
Definition
German Chancellor who led the German Nationalist movement. Consolidated power by any means (Machiavellian). Argued for a strong state and leader. State should have a strong military and economy (Blood and Iron).
Term
Count Camillo di Cavour
Definition
Prime Minister who led Italian Nationalist movement. Believed in a strong monarchy and economy.
Term
Real Politique
Definition
Harsh assessment of needs of state. State should do anything necessary to maintain its power, improve its internal and global strength. (Machiavellian)
Term
Nationalism
Definition
Pride in and devotion to one’s country. National origin is most important defining characteristic of a person. Nation’s success is most important.
Term
Self-determination
Definition
People of an area should be able to decide for themselves what nation they belong to and who their leaders should be. (self rule)
Term
Pan-slavism
Definition
All Slavic people throughout southeastern Europe and Russia should be united. Russia is the leader of Slavic people. (Big Brother Slav)
Term
Blood and Iron
Definition
Bismarck’s belief that the creation of Germany required war (strong military) and economic success. Military is most important part of German society. Glorification of the military (militarism).
Term
Sick Man of Europe
Definition
Ottoman Empire (1453–1919) multi-ethnic empire in Southeastern Europe, Turkey and Middle East that is weakened by corruption and nationalist movements. Becomes target of European nations.
Term
Alexander II
Definition
Russian Czar (Tsar) who was known as great liberalizing czar for emancipating (freeing) the serfs and modernizing the legal system. But doesn’t allow Duma (legislature)
Term
1905 Revolution
Definition
A revolution against Czar Nicholas II. The people asked the Czar for bread. The Czar ordered troops to fire. The communists were forced to flee from Russia.
Term
Ultimatum
Definition
Austria blamed Serbia for the assassination, and issued a sweeping final set of demands, “ do this or else!”.
Term
Powder Keg
Definition
The Balkans is known as this because Slavic nationalism was a powerful force. On June 28, 1914, Gavrilo Princip assassinated Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria. This was the spark that ignited the powder keg!
Term
Trench Warfare
Definition
Fighting in World War I between the Central Powers and Allies became a stalemate, where neither side was winning, so they “dug in” on two fronts, the Western and Eastern. The Fronts became trenches in which the land in between was known as “No Man’s Land.”
Term
Total War
Definition
Mobilization of a country’s entire economy to ready for war. In other words, everything produced is for the war and everything spent is for the war.
Term
Militarism
Definition
The glorification of the military and readiness for war (getting the military organized and ready to deploy for war).
Term
Central Powers
Definition
Austria-Hungary, Germany, Ottoman Empire
Term
Triple Entente, Allies
Definition
Russia (until 1917), Britain, France, Italy (joins 1915), United States (enters 1917)
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
Against the advice of U.S. President Woodrow Wilson who proposed in the 14 Points “Peace without Victory,” this final Treaty in 1919 blamed Germany solely for WWI. Germany was stripped of its colonies, military, factories, land and dignity. A major factor in the rise of Hitler.
Term
Armistice
Definition
An agreement to stop fighting.
Term
Propaganda
Definition
The use of media or writing to promote a cause and convince people one side is better than another.
Term
Black Shirts
Definition
Paramilitary group organized by Mussolini to violently break up any opposition to the government.
Term
Fascism
Definition
Authoritarian government characterized by extreme nationalism, glorified action, violence, discipline and blind loyalty to the state. Mussolini’s Italy is an example.
Term
Mein Kampf
Definition
Written by Adolf Hitler, a book of Nazi goals and ideology. Detailed Hitler’s beliefs of extreme nationalism, racism and
Term
Third Reich
Definition
Hitler’s government that reigned in terror and totalitarian rule from 1933-1945. State had complete control over all aspects of citizens lives.
Term
Gestapo
Definition
Hitler’s secret police that enforced his totalitarian rule by means of brute force, violence and killing.
Term
Nuremberg Laws
Definition
1935 – Severe restriction on Jews:
Term
Kristallnacht
Definition
“Night of the Broken Glass” – riots on nights of November 9th and 10th, 1938. Nazi mobs attacked Jewish communities all over Germany and broke windows and killed people.
Term
Appeasement
Definition
Policy of giving into an aggressor. The Munich Conference is an example, when Europe allowed Germany to take the Sudetenland in exchange for a promise for peace.
Term
Holocaust
Definition
Genocide (deliberate killing) of the Jewish people in Nazi occupied lands from 1933-1945. Approximately 6 million Jews and 5-6 million “others” died in concentration camps.
Term
Axis
Definition
Italy-Germany-Japan
Term
Allies
Definition
Russia-Britain-France (until 1940)-U.S. (joined 1941)
Term
Scientific Method
Definition
Problem solving method that used observation, experimentation, investigation and speculation – associated with modern thought
Term
Copernicus
Definition
Developed heliocentric theory – sun is the center of the solar system
Term
Galileo
Definition
Scientifically proved earth revolved around sun, he challenged traditional church teachings
Term
Newton
Definition
Discovered gravity, tied physics to astronomy
Term
Descartes
Definition
Stressed scientific method and used reasoning as a way to gain understanding
Term
Locke
Definition
Argued there was a natural law – all men get right to life, liberty, property and they can’t be taken away. Government is created to protect these rights. If government does not protect natural rights, people can overthrow (revolt) the government
Term
Voltaire
Definition
Argued for absolute freedom of speech
Term
Rousseau
Definition
“Social Contract” said people are good but are corrupted by society. Argued society should be run for the “general will” needs of society are more important than needs of an individual
Term
Montesquieu
Definition
Governments should have separate parts to prevent any one group from getting too much power
Term
Enlightened Despot
Definition
Absolute monarchs who made reforms (changes) based on Enlightenment ideas to improve education and quality of life of their subjects. NEVER allowed their power to be lessened. Examples – Catherine the Great of Russia, Maria Theresa of Hapsburg (Austria)
Term
Impact of Enlightenment on American Revolution
Definition
Locke – natural rights seen in Declaration of Independence
Term
Causes of French Revolution
Definition
Overtaxation, debt from war, abuse of king’s power, political and social inequality, Great Fear (bread crisis)
Term
Robespierre
Definition
Leader of Revolution during Reign of Terror,
Term
Reign of Terror
Definition
Made revolution radical, people executed by guillotine
Term
Louis XVI
Definition
Bourbon absolute monarch, killed during Reign of Terror
Term
Impact of Revolution on France
Definition
Ended absolutism. Declaration of Rights of Man and Citizen. End of feudalism. Birth of First Republic. Weakened Catholic Church
Term
Napoleon
Definition
General. Crowned himself Emperor of the French. (1804)
Term
Napoleonic Code
Definition
Written set of laws. Liberal. Applies to everyone even rulers.
Term
Nationalism
Definition
Pride in one’s nation. Spreads through Europe in response to Napoleon’s Empire.
Term
Congress of Vienna
Definition
1815 meeting to reestablish borders to before French Revolution. Attempt by monarchs to undo Revolutionary changes.
Term
Estates General
Definition
Legislative (law making) body of France. Made of three Estates (Clergy, Nobles, Common).
Term
bourgeoisie
Definition
Middle class – merchants, businessmen, bankers (small part of Third Estate). Developed money wealth not land wealth. Angry because they had no political power. Leaders of Revolution.
Supporting users have an ad free experience!