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Kinesiology Exam 1 Chap 1-6
Kinesiology Exam 1 Chap 1-6
134
Anatomy
Undergraduate 4
02/20/2014

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Term
Kinesiology
Definition
The study of the principles of anatomy, physiology, and mechanics in relation to human movement.
Term
Structural Kinesiology
Definition
The study of muscle, bones, and joint as they are involved in the science of movement.
Term
Anatomical Position
Definition
The subject standing in an upright posture, facing straight ahead, feet parallel and palms facing forward.
Term
Fundamental Position
Definition
Essentially the same except that the arms are at the sides and the palms are facing the body.
Term
Axial Skeleton
Definition
Skull, Spine, Ribs
Term
Sagittal Plane
Definition
Splits into left and right halves
Term
Transverse Plane
Definition
Splits into upper and lower halves
Term
Coronal/Frontal Plane
Definition
Splits body into front and back halves
Term
Functions of the Skeleton
Definition
Protects soft tissue of heart, lung and brains.
Supports and maintains posture
Movement due to being a point of attachment
Storage of calcium and phosphorus
Blood Formation
Term
Types of Bone
Definition
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular and sesamoid
Term
long bone
Definition
long cylindrical shaft
Term
short bone
Definition
small, cube-shaped, solid bones
Term
flat bone
Definition
usually have a curved surface and varying from thick to very thin
Term
irregular
Definition
spine, ischium, pubis, and maxilla
Term
Sesamoid
Definition
small bones embedded within the tendons of a musculotendinous unit
Term
Bone Composition
Definition
60-70% calcium carbonate and calcium phosphate
20-30% water
Term
Wolffs law
Definition
Bone in a healthy individual will adapts to the loads it is placed under.
Term
Davis Law
Definition
Soft tissue adapts to the loads placed upon it.
Term
Processes
Definition
part of a joint or serves as tendon, ligament attachment
Term
Cavaties
Definition
openings or grooves for tendons, vessels, nerves, or space for other structures
Term
Synarthrodial Joints
Definition
(Immovable) Sutures of the skull
Term
Amphiarthrodial Joint
Definition
(Slightly Moveable)Syndesmosis, Symphysis, Synchondrosis.
Term
Diarthrodial Joints
Definition
(Freely Moveable)Move in one or more planes
Term
Arthrodial Joint
Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (gliding, plane) joint. E.g Carpal bones
Term
Condyloidal Joint
Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (ellipsoid,ovoid,biaxial ball and socket joint) Two planes of motion without rotation. E.g Wrist
Term
Enarthrodial Joint
Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (spheroidal, multiaxial ball and socket joint). Permits movement in all planes
E.g Shoulder and hip
Term
Ginglymus Joint
Definition
Type of diarthrodial joint (Hinge) Allows wide range of motion in one plane.
E.g elbow, ankle and knee
Term
Sellar Joint
Definition
Only found in thumb (saddle joint)
Term
Trochoidal Joint
Definition
Type of Diarthrodial joint (pivot,screw) Rotational movement around a long axis.
E.g Radioulnar joint.
Term
Range of motion (ROM)
Definition
Specific amount of movement possible in a joint – eliminating as many factors as possible
Term
Goniometer
Definition
Instrument used to measure joint angles or compare the change in joint angles (inclinometer, tape measure)
Term
Goniometry
Definition
Measuring the available range of motion in a joint or the angles created by the bones of a joint
Term
Osteokinematic motion
Definition
The motion of the bones relative to the three cardinal planes resulting from these physiological movements.
Term
Arthrokinematics
Definition
Motion between the articular surfaces
Spin, Roll, Glide
Term
Roll (rock)
Definition
A series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface
Term
Irritability or excitability
Definition
Sensitive or responsive to chemical, electrical, or mechanical stimuli.
Term
Contractility
Definition
Ability of a muscle to contract and develop tension or internal force against resistance when stimulated.
Term
Extensibility
Definition
Ability to passively stretch beyond normal resting length
Term
Elasticity
Definition
Return to original resting length following stretching
Term
Intrinsic muscle fibers
Definition
Muscles that are entirely contained within a specific body part
Small, deep muscles found in the foot and hand
Term
Extrinsic Muscle Fibers
Definition
Muscles that arise or originate outside of the body part on which they act.
Term
Action
Definition
Specific movement resulting from a concentric contraction
Term
Innervation
Definition
The portion of nervous system responsible for providing stimulus to muscle fibers.
Term
Gaster (belly or body)
Definition
The central, fleshy, contractile portion of the muscle that generally increases in diameter as the muscle contracts.
Term
Muscle Tendon
Definition
Tough, flexible bands of fibrous connective tissue, connects muscle to bone.
- cannot contract, little ability to stretch
Term
Aponeurosis (commonly called fascia)
Definition
Tendinous expansion of dense fibrous connective tissue that is sheet- or ribbon-like in appearance and resembles a flat tendon.
- cannot contract, segmental deformation
Term
Fascia
Definition
Sheet or band of fibrous connective tissue that envelopes, separates, or binds together parts of the body such as muscle and soft tissue organs.
Term
Muscle Origin
Definition
The proximal attachment of a muscle or the part that attaches closest to the midline or center of the body.
Term
Muscle Insertion
Definition
The distal attachment, or part that attaches farthest from the midline or center of the body.
Term
Static Contraction
Definition
Isometric
Tension is maintained in a stable position
Term
Dynamic contraction
Definition
Isotonic
Varying degrees of tension in the muscles are causing the joint angles to change
Concentric and Eccentric contractions
Term
Concentric Contraction
Definition
Muscle Shortens
Term
Eccentric Contraction
Definition
Muscle Lengthens
Term
Isokinetics
Definition
Not another type of contraction
May use any or all types of contractions
Is a dynamic exercise usually using concentric and/or eccentric muscle contractions in which the speed of movement is constant and muscular contraction occurs throughout the movement
Term
Agonist
Definition
Primary Movers- Muscles most involved
Assisters – agonists that contribute significantly less to movement
Term
Antagonist
Definition
Opposite concentric action from agonists.
Term
Stabilizers
Definition
Surround the joint or body part and contract to fixate or stabilize the area to enable another limb or body segment to exert force and move.
Term
Synergist
Definition
Muscles that assist in the action of an agonist, but are not necessarily prime movers
Term
Neutralizers
Definition
Counteract or neutralize the action of other muscles to prevent undesirable movements
Term
Force Couples
Definition
When two or more forces are pulling in different directions on an object, causing the object to rotate about its axis
Term
Lines of Pull
Definition
Determines action of the muscle
Relationship between origin and insertion and any alteration of direction of muscle between
Term
Basal ganglia
Definition
Control maintenance of postures and equilibrium and learned movements
Term
Cerebellum
Definition
Integrator of sensory impulses and provides feedback relative to motion
Term
Brain stem
Definition
Integrates all CNS activity
Term
Spinal cord
Definition
Pathway between the CNS and the peripheral nervous system
Term
PNS
Definition
Periphereal nervous system - Can be divided into sensory and motor divisions
Afferent nerves- Sensory
Efferent nerves- Motor
Term
Dermatome
Definition
Area of skin as applied by a specific spinal nerve
Term
Myotome
Definition
A muscle of group of muscles supplied by a specific spinal nerve
Term
Neuron
Definition
basic functional unit of nervous system responsible for generating and transmitting impulses.
Term
Kinesthesis
Definition
The conscious awareness of the position and movement of the body in space.
Term
Proprioception
Definition
The subconscious mechanism by which the body is able to regulate posture and movement
Term
Myotatic or stretch reflex
Definition
The reflexive contraction that occurs as a result of the motor neurons of a muscle being activated from the CNS secondarily to a rapid stretch occurring in the same muscle
Term
All or none principle
Definition
The individual muscle fibers within a given motor unit will fire and contract either maximally or not at all
Term
Increased number of fibers recruited increases muscle tension. This can be achieved by:
Definition
1. activating motor units with greatest number of muscle fibers,
2. activating more motor units,
3. increasing frequency of motor unit activation,
4. increase synchronicity of motor unit activation.
Term
Threshold Stimulus
Definition
One motor unit responds
Term
Tetanus
Definition
No relaxation between muscle contraction
Term
Summation
Definition
Generate greater tension
Term
Passive tension
Definition
developed as a muscle is stretched beyond its normal resting length
Term
Active tension
Definition
dependent on the number of motor units and their respective muscle fibers recruited in a given contraction
Term
Angle of Pull
Definition
Rotary component – direction of motion
Non-rotary component
Stabilizing component – when angle is less than 90 degrees
Pulls bone ends together toward joint axis
Dislocation component – when angle is more than 90 degrees
Pulls bone away from joint axis
Term
Biomechanics
Definition
Study of mechanics as it relates to the functional and anatomical analysis of biological systems
Term
Mechanics
Definition
Study of physical actions of forces
Static - constant
Dynamic – movement with acceleration
Term
Kinematics
Definition
Description of motion – time, displacement, acceleration
Term
Kinetics
Definition
Study of forces associated with the motion of the body
Term
Mechanical advantage
Definition
The advantage gained through the uses of machines to increase or multiply the applied force in performing a task
Term
Levers
Definition
Axis of rotation
The lever rotates about the axis as a result of force being applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.
Axis of rotation
The lever rotates about the axis as a result of force being applied to it to cause its movement against a resistance or weight.
Term
1st class lever
Definition
Axis between force and resistance
E.g Head tilt
Term
2nd class lever
Definition
Resistance between axis and force
E.g Calf Raise, Wheelbarrow
Term
3rd class lever
Definition
Force between axis and resistance
E.g Bicep curl, Paddling boat
Most common
Term
Torque
Definition
Moment of force (turning effect of eccentric force)
Multiply amount of force by force arm
Term
Eccentric Force
Definition
Force applied in a direction not in line with the center of rotation (not eccentric contraction)
Term
Force Magnitude
Definition
Amount of force
Term
Force Arm
Definition
perpendicular distance between location of force application and axis
Term
Resistance Arm
Definition
distance between axis and point of resistance
Term
Shoulder Joints
Definition
Sternoclavicular, Acromioclavicular, Scapulathoracic, Glenohumeral Joint.
Term
Movements of the shoulder
Definition
Elevation – Depression
Protraction – Retraction
Upward Rotation – Downward Rotation
Term
Pectoralis Minor
Definition
Anterior, abduction, downward rotation, and depression
Term
Subclavius
Definition
Anterior, depression and abduction
Term
Serratus anterior
Definition
abduction and downward rotation
Term
Posterior
Definition
Trapezius, Rhomboid, Levator Scapula
Term
Trapezius Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Base of skull, occipital protuberance, and
posterior ligaments of neck.
Spinous processes of C1-T12.
Insertion:
(Upper fibers) posterior aspect of the lateral third of the clavicle.
(Middle fibers) medial border of the acromion process and upper border of the scapular spine.
(Lower fibers) triangular space at the base of the scapular spine.
Term
Trapezius Action and Innervation
Definition
Action
Upper fibers- elevation of the scapula, extension and rotation of the neck at the head
Middle fibers- elevation, upper rotation, and adduction (retraction) of the scapula
Lower fibers-depression, adduction (retraction), and upper rotation of the scapula
Innervation
Spinal accessory nerve (cranial nerve XI) and branches of C3, C4
Term
Levator Scapulae Muscles Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Transverse processes of the upper
four cervical vertebrae.
Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula above the base of the scapular spine.
Term
Levator Scapulae Muscles Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Elevates the medial margin of the scapula.
Innervation:
Dorsal scapula nerve C5 and branches of C3, C4.
Term
Rhomboid Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Spinous processes of the last cervical and the first five thoracic vertebrae.
Insertion:
Medial border of the scapula, below the spine.
Term
Rhomboid Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
The rhomboid major and minor muscles work together.
Adduction (retraction): draw the scapula toward the spinal column.
Rotation downward: from the upward rotated position; they draw the scapula into downward rotation.
Elevation: slight upward movement accompanying adduction
Innervation
Dorsal scapula nerve
Term
Serratus Anterior Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Surface of the upper nine ribs at the side of the chest.
Insertion:
Anterior aspect of the whole length of the medial border of the scapula.
Term
Serratus Anterior Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Abduction (protraction): draws the medial border of the scapula away from the vertebrae.
Rotation upward: longer, lower fibers tend to draw the inferior angle of the scapula farther away from the vertebrae, thus rotating the scapula upward slightly.
Innervation:
Long thoracic nerve (C5-C7)
Term
Pectoralis Minor Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Anterior surfaces of the third to fifth ribs.
Insertion:
Coracoid process of the scapula.
Term
Pectoralis Minor Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Abduction (protraction): draws the scapula forward and tends to tilt the lower border away from the ribs.
Downward rotation: as it abducts, it draws the scapula downward.
Depression: when the scapula is rotated upward, it assists in depression
Innervation
Medial pectoral nerve
Term
Subclavius Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Superior aspect of first rib at its junction with its costal cartilage
Insertion:
Inferior groove in the midportion of the clavicle
Term
Subclavius Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Stabilization and protection of the sternoclavicular joint
Depression
Abduction (protraction)
Innervation:
Nerve fibers from C5 and C6
Term
Anterior Shoulder Muscles
Definition
Pectoralis major
Coracobrachialis
Subscapularis
Term
Superior Shoulder Muscles
Definition
Deltoid
Supraspinatus
Term
Posterior Shoulder Muscles
Definition
Latissimus dorsi
Teres major
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Term
Rotator Cuff Muscles
Definition
SITS
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor
Subscapularis
Term
Subscapularis Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Entire anterior surface of the subscapular fossa.
Insertion:
Lesser tubercle of the humerus.
Term
Subscapularis Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation:
Upper and lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
Term
Supraspinatus Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Medial two-thirds of the supraspinatus fossa.
Insertion:
Superiorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus.
Term
Suprasinatur Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Weak abduction and stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation:
Suprascapular nerve (C5)
Term
Infraspinatus Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin: Medial aspect of the infraspinatus fossa just below the spine of the scapula.
Insertion: Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Term
Infraspinatus Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
External rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa.
Innervation
Suprascapular nerve (C5, C6)
Term
Teres Minor Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Posteriorly on the upper and middle aspect of the lateral border of the scapula.
Insertion:
Posteriorly on the greater tubercle of the humerus
Term
Teres Minor Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
External rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Extension of the glenohumeral joint.
Stabilization of the humeral head in the glenoid fossa
Innervation:
Axillary nerve (C5, C6)
Term
Deltoid Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Anterior fibers: anterior lateral third of the clavicle.
Middle fibers: lateral aspect of the acromion.
Posterior fibers:
inferior edge of the
spine of the scapula
Insertion: Deltoid tuberosity
on the lateral humerus.
Term
Deltoid Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Anterior fibers: abduction, flexion, horizontal adduction, and internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Middle fibers: abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Posterior fibers: abduction, extension, horizontal abduction, and external rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Axillary nerve
Term
Coracobrachialis Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Coracoid process of the scapula.
Insertion:
Middle of the medial border of the humeral shaft.
Term
Coracobrachialis Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Flexion of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Horizontal adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Musculocutaneous nerve (C5-C7)
Term
Pectoralis Major Origin and Insertion
Definition
Upper fibers (clavicular head): medial half of the anterior surface of the clavicle.
Lower fibers (sternal head): anterior surfaces of the costal cartilage of the first six ribs, and adjacent portion of the sternum.
Insertion:
Flat tendon 2 or 3 inches wide to the outer lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Term
Pectoralis Major Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Upper fibers (clavicular head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, flexion, abduction (once the arm is abducted 90 degrees, the upper fibers assist in further abduction), and adduction (with the arm below 90 degrees of abduction) of the glenohumeral joint.
Lower fibers (sternal head): internal rotation, horizontal adduction, extension, and adduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation
Upper fibers- lateral pectoral nerve (C5-C7)
Lower fibers- medial pectoral nerve (C8, T1)
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Posterior crest of the ilium, back of the sacrum and spinous processes of the lumbar and lower six thoracic vertebrae (T6-12); slips from the lower three ribs.
Insertion:
Medial side of the intertubercular groove of the humerus
Term
Latissimus Dorsi Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint. Extension of the glenohumeral joint. Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint. Horizontal abduction of the glenohumeral joint.
Innervation:
Thoracodorsal nerve (C6-C8)
Term
Teres Major Origin and Insertion
Definition
Origin:
Posteriorly on the inferior third of the lateral border of the scapula and just superior to the inferior angle.
Insertion:
Medial lip of the intertubercular groove of the humerus.
Term
Teres Major Action and Innervation
Definition
Action:
Extension of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the flexed position to the posteriorly extended position.
Internal rotation of the glenohumeral joint.
Adduction of the glenohumeral joint, particularly from the abducted position down to the side and toward the midline of the body.
Innervation
Lower subscapular nerve (C5, C6)
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