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Kinesiology 2-4: Brainstem
pp. 482-
18
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/12/2009

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Term
Medulla Oblongata (Medulla)
Definition
Forms the inferior part of the brain stem. Begins at the foramen magnum and extends to the inferior border of the pons.
Term
Pons
Definition
Directly superior to the medulla. Bridge that connects parts of the brain with one another. These connections are provided by bundles of axons.
Term
Midbrain
Definition
Extends from the pons to the diencephalon. Contain colliculi.
Term
Superior Colliculi
Definition
Pair of nuclei in the midbrain's corpora quadrigenia responsible for visual reflexes (eye movements)
Term
Inferior Colliculi
Definition
Pair of nuclei in the midbrain's corpora quadrigenia responsible for auditory reflexes (impulses from ear to thalamus)
Term
Superior Cerebellar Peduncles
Definition
Attaches cerebellum to brain stem. Contains axons that extend from the cerebellum to the red nuclei of the midbrain abd to several nuclei of the thalamus.
Term
Middle cerebellar peduncles
Definition
Largest peduncles. Their axons carry commands for voluntary movements (those that originate in motor areas of the cerebral cortex) from the pontine nuclei into the cerebellum
Term
Inferior cerebellar peduncles
Definition
Carry sensory information from the vestibular apparatus of the inner ear and from proprioceptors throughout the body into the cerebellum; their axons extend from the inferior olivary tracts of the spinal cord into the cerebellum.
Term
Cuneate Nucleus and tract
Definition
Located in posterior part of the medulla. Associated with touch, pressure, and kinesthesia from arms and upper trunk.
Term
Gracile nucleus and tract
Definition
Located in posterior part of the medulla. Associated with touch, pressure and kinesthesia from lower trunk and legs.
Term
Gracile nucleus and tract
Definition
Located in posterior part of the medulla. Associated with touch, pressure and kinesthesia from lower trunk and legs.
Term
Posterior median sulcus
Definition
Shallow, narrow furrow on the posterior side of the spinal cord.
Term
4th ventricle
Definition
Lies between the brain stem and the cerebellum.
Term
Cerebral Peduncles
Definition
Tracts in the anterior part of the midbrain. These tracts contain axons of corticospinal, corticopontine, and corticobullbar motor neurons, which conduct nerve impulses from the cerebrum to the spinal cord, pons, and medulla respectively.
Term
Mamillary Bodies
Definition
Two small rounded bodies near the midline the cerebral peduncles.
Term
Pyramids
Definition
White matter bulges on the anterior side of the medulla. Formed by the latge corticospinal tracts that pass from the cerebrum to the spinal cord.
Term
Decussation of pyramids
Definition
Crossing just superior to the junction of the medulla with the spinal cord. 90% of the axons in the left pyramid cross to the right and 90% of the axons in the right pyramid cross to the left side. This explains why each side of the brain controls movements on the opposite side of the body.
Term
Medulla's unconscious functions
Definition
Centers for: sneezing, coughing, vomiting, hiccuping, swallowing. contains Rythmicity center for breathing and cardiovascular center that helps regulate heartbeat and change blood vessel diameter.
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