Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Kinesiology 150
Final Exam
167
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
12/14/2011

Additional Anatomy Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What is the basic (smallest) living unit of the body?
Definition
The cell is the simplest basic unit of living things
Term
What is the primary function of the mitochondria?
Definition
It is the powerhouse of the cell
Term
Homeostasis
Definition
ability to maintain a constant internal environment during unstressed conditions
Term
steady state
Definition
physiological variable is not normal, but unchanging. this is after a stressor has happened
Term
what are the general components of a biological system
Definition
sensor - component capable of detecting changes (stimuli) in the environment

control center- assesses/integrates input and initiates response via signal (brain, endocrine)

effector - corrects changes to internal environment
Term
what are the feedback systems of the body?
Definition
a.Negative feedback – change in factor causes reaction to restore previous levels; the primary type of feedback in the body. Ex: external heat increases, and body temp goes up, then levels off, and then response oppose this increase back down to normal level
b.Positive feedback – initiating stimulus causes more of the same
Term
Metabolism
Definition
a.Metabolism – all chemical reactions in the body that result from:
1.Catabolism- breakdown of cell components to release energy
2.Anabolism- build up of cell components
Term
bioenergetics
Definition
metabolic pathways involved in converting food to energy
Term
first law of thermodynamics
Definition
energy is not created or destroyed but transfers from one form to another
Term
2nd law of thermodynamics
Definition
transfer of potential energy always proceeds in direction that decreases the capacity to perform work
Term
what process in creating ATP is anaerobic?
Definition
phosphocreatine breakdown and glycolysis
Term
what process in creating ATP is aerobic?
Definition
oxidative phosphorylation
Term
where does glycolysis occur in the cell?
Definition
cytoplasm
Term
where does aerobic metabolism occur in the cell?
Definition
mitochondria
Term
what happens at the end of glycolysis if there is oxygen/no oxygen?
Definition
glucose will be broken down by glycolysis into pyruvate and will either be converted to lactate (if there is no oxygen present) or will travel to the mitochondria and be converted to acetyl CoA if oxygen is present. If it is converted to lactate, there is a net production of ATP of 2 from glucose or 3 from muscle glycogen. If it is converted to acetyl CoA, there will be a net production of 36 ATP from glucose and 37 from muscle glycogen
Term
what are the 3 stages of aerobic metabolism?
Definition
1. conversion of pyruvate to acetyl-CoA
2. oxidation of acetyl-CoA by krebs cycle (2 ATP)
3. ATP formation via the ETC (32 ATP)
Term
what are NAD and FAD and why are they important?
Definition
they are electron carries that help to produce ATP
Term
why is oxygen so important for aerobic metabolism?
Definition
we breathe in oxygen so we can use it as the final acceptor of electrons in aerobic metabolism
Term
What are the rate limiting enzymes for PCr, glycolysis, and krebs cycle?
Definition
PCr- creatine kinase
Glycolysis - phosphofructokinase
krebs - isocitrate dehyrogenase
Term
what is the oxygen deficit?
Definition
there is a lag of uptake/consumption of at the very beginning of exercise. this is because initial ATP production is done through anaerobic pathways, so less ATP can be produced
Term
what is EPOC?
Definition
oxygen debt. oxygen uptake (metabolism) remains elevated above rest into recovery
Term
why do trained athletes have a lower oxygen deficit?
Definition
trained athletes have a greater ability to transport and utilize oxygen, so they reach the steady state faster and begin aerobic metabolism faster, leading to less lactic acid production
Term
what are the factors responsible for EPOC?
Definition
1. rapid portion of oxygen debt - resynthesis of stored phosphocreatine and replenishing muscle and blood oxygen stores

2. slow portion of oxygen debt - elevated ehart rate and breathing (increasing energy need), elevated body temp (increase metabolic rate), and conversion of lactic acid to glucose (gluconeogensis)
Term
potential fates of lactate??
Definition
1. lacate in muscle reconverted to pyruvate by LDH and oxidized (50-70%)
2. lactate in blood can be removed by skin, muscle, and heart. converted to pyruvate and acetyl CoA and shuttled into mitochondria
3. lactate in blood can go to liver to make glucose (>20%)
Term
is protein a significant source of energy for the body?
Definition
no. they contribute less than 2% of fuel used during exercise of less than one hour duration
Term
energy system used during high intensity training?
Definition
anaerobic
Term
energy system used during high duration training
Definition
aerobic
Term
where is glucose stored?
Definition
liver
Term
what is fat stored as and where is it stored?
Definition
plasma free fatty acids and stored in adipose tissue
Term
what fuel (carb, fat, protein, etc) is used during intensity training?
Definition
muscle glycogen (carbohydrate)
Term
what fuel (carb, fat, protein, etc) is used during duration training?
Definition
plasma free fatty acids (fat)
Term
what is the crossover concept?
Definition
the shift from fat to CHO metabolism as exercise intensity increases
Term
what does "shift" refer to?
Definition
during prolonged, low-intensity exercise (>30 min), there is a gradual shift from CHO metabolism toward an increasing reliance on fat
Term
why do endurance athletes consume carbohydrate beverages like gatorade?
Definition
during long duration exercise, we use fat as a fuel source to keep us going. the only way we can keep using the fats as a fuel source is if we have enough glycogen (carbohydrates) to keep the krebs cycle running and metabolizing fats.
Term
What is RER? and how do we interpret a given value?
Definition
RER = volume of Co2/volume of O2

.7 = 100% fat
.85 = 50% fat, 50% CHO
1 = 100% CHO
Term
what is the importance of blood glucose maintenance in our blood stream and how is this level maintained?
Definition
the primary goal of hormone release during exercise is to ensure a certain level of glucose is always maintained in our bloodstream. it is important to have glucose in our bloodstream because the CNS (brain) depends on it
Term
who is claude bernard?
Definition
the founding father of physiology
Term
what is a regulator?
Definition
maintain life system parameters at a constant level over wide ambient environment variations; energetically more expensive
Term
what is a conformer?
Definition
allow the environment to determine life system parameters
Term
what are the three stages in glycolysis?
Definition
1. energy investment phase
2. energy generation phase
3. creation of lactate
Term
what happens when you use glycogen instead of glucose?
Definition
one additional ATP is formed (3 total)
Term
how much ATP is produced from glycolysis?
Definition
2 from glcuose or 3 from glycogen
Term
what are the 3 stages of oxidative phosphorolation?
Definition
1. pyruvate to acetyl CoA (because of oxygen present)

2. kreb's cycle

3. electron transport chain
Term
how many pyruvate molecules do you have per glucose molecule during the Kreb's Cycle?
Definition
2 molecules pyruvate so you multiply everything times two
Term
how much ATP is produced from one glucose molecule during aerobic conditions?
Definition
32. However, don't forget the NADH from glycolysis!! It goes to the mitochondria instead of helping to form lactate - but only yields 2 ATP -> so 4 ATP total from the 2 NADHs (have to pay 1 ATP for each) -> so that creates a total of 36 ATP
Term
what is the electron transport chain?
Definition
it results in the pumping of H+ ions across the inner mitochondrial membrane. and it results in a H+ gradient
Term
what does EPOC stand for?
Definition
excess post-exercise oxygen consumption
Term
what results from the kreb's cycle?
Definition
- 1 ATP
- 3 NADH
- 1 FADH
but you multiply everything by two because for every glucose molecule there are 2 pyrvuates!!
Term
how many ATP are produced from each NADH?
Definition
2.5 ATP
Term
how many ATP are produced from each FADH?
Definition
1.5 ATP
Term
How much NADH is produced from pyruvic acid??
Definition
1 NADH
Term
How much NADH, FADH, and ATP are produced during the kreb's cycle?
Definition
NADH = 3
FADH = 1
ATP = 1
Term
what breaks down fats into acetyl CoA
Definition
beta-oxidation
Term
what are the fuctions of the nervous sytem?
Definition
- control of internal environment
- vountary control of movement
- programming of spinal cord reflexes
- memory and learning
Term
what is part of the central nervous system?
Definition
brain and spinal cord
Term
what is part of the peripheral nervous system?
Definition
neurons outside of CNS
Term
what is the sensory nervous system?
Definition
the skin, muscles, tendons, and other tissues. it is afferent
Term
what is the motor nervous system?
Definition
it is efferent and broken up into two systems: autonomic and somatic
Term
what is the autonomic nervous system?
Definition
the involuntary organs responsible for maintaining internal environment. broken down into the sympathetic and parasympathetic
Term
what is the difference between parasympathetic and sympathetic?
Definition
sympathetic - stimulatory (fight or flight)
parasympathetic - inhibitory (rest and digest)
Term
what is the somatic nervous system?
Definition
muscles we can control, like the skeletal muscles
Term
efferent vs. afferent
Definition
efferent - conducted away from something

afferent - conduced toward something
Term
structure of a neuron
Definition
cell body - control center
dendrites - conducts impulses towards body
axon - carries impulse away from body
synapse - contact points b/w axon and one neuron and dendrites of another neuron
synaptic cleft - space b/w axon terminal of one neuron and dendrites of another
Term
how to establish resting potential
Definition
To start off, neurons have both positive and negative charges inside and outside of the cell body. This is called being polarized. At rest, the inside of the cell is negatively charged, and the outside of the cell is positive. This is maintained by the sodium/potassium pump.
Term
what is the sodium/potassium pump
Definition
Potassium tends to leak out so the sodium/potassium pump uses energy from ATP to maintain intracellular/extracellular concentrations by pumping sodium out of the cell and potassium into the cell; therefore maintains resting potential.
Term
what is the primary ion that drives changes in membrane potential?
Definition
when the neuron gets excited because of an excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP), Na+ channels are opened, causing the inside of the cell body to become positive
Term
EPSP vs. IPSP
Definition
-Excitatory postsynaptic potential (EPSP)- Neurotransmitters that cause depolarization (open Na+ channels – charge inside of cell to become more positive)

Inhibitory postsynaptic potential (IPSP)- Neurotransmitters that cause hyperpolarization (open K+ channels – charge inside of cell stays negative)
Term
how is the nerve signal transmitted down an axon?
Definition
-The synaptic knobs of another neuron releases the neurotransmitter into the dendrites of the receiving neuron. The dendrites receive the neurotransmitter and it goes to the cell body where the EPSP or IPSP takes appropriate action.

-If it is an EPSP, then the Na+ channels will open in the cell membrane and Na+ will diffuse into the cell and the cell becomes more positive (leading to depolarization)

-When the positive threshold is reached, Na+ channels open up and an action potential happens (all-or-nothing law)

-It is like shooting a gun. All of the Na+ channels in the axon open up and the signal is “fired” through the cell.
Term
what is repolarization?
Definition
Potassium leaves the cell rapidly, sodium channels close, causing a return to resting potential
Term
functions of skeletal muscle
Definition
- force production for locomotion and breathing
- force production for postural support
- heat production during cold stress
Term
organization of muscle
Definition
muscle -> fasicles -> muscle fibers -> myofibrils -> myofilaments (actin,myosin)
Term
what is the difference between epimysium, perimysium, and endomysium?
Definition
epimysium - surrounds entire muscle

perimysium - surrounds the bundles of muscle fibers (fasicles)

endomysium - surrounds individual muscle fibers
Term
what is a single muscle cell called?
Definition
muscle fiber
Term
what is the sarcolemma?
Definition
plasma membrane of the muscle
Term
what is the sarcoplasm?
Definition
the cytoplasm of the muscle.
Term
what is a sarcomere?
Definition
Z line to Z line. the smallest functional unit of a muscle
Term
what are the two contractile proteins that make up myofibriles? which is thick and which is thin?
Definition
actin - thin (attaches to z-line)

myosin - thick (weakly attaches to actin at rest)
Term
what does the A-band consist of?
Definition
myosin
Term
what does the H-zone consist of?
Definition
myosin
Term
what does the I-band consist of?
Definition
actin
Term
what is the neurotransmitter released at the neuromuscular junction?
Definition
acetylcholine
Term
how to muscles contract?
Definition
1.Nerve impulse transmitted from CNS to motor neuron toward muscle fiber (neurotransmitter junction)
2.Acetylcholine neurotransmitter released from motor neuron and travels through synaptic cleft
3.Acetylcholine binds to its receptor in the sarcolemma
4.Action potential transmitted down t-tubules -> Ca2+ released from SR
5.Ca2+ binds to troponin pulling tropomyosin off binding site and myosin heads attach to the actin filament
6.contraction
Term
what is the role of sarcoplasmic reticulum in excitation-contraction coupling?
Definition
it releases the CO2 necessary to bind to the troponin
Term
what is the sliding filament theory?
Definition
1. at rest- tropomyosin prevents actin/myosin interaction
2. ATP on myosin head is hydrolyzed to a energized, cocked state
3. when stimulated: Ca2+ binds to troponin, topomyosin moves, exposes binding site
4. energized myosin forms a strong bond with actin, ADP release causes myosin to pull on actin (power stroke shortens sarcomere)
5. A new ATP binds to myosin, releasing myosin/actin interaction
Term
how does muscle become relaxed again?
Definition
ATP allows Ca2+ to be pumped back into SR. The myosin corss-bridge link is blocked and myosin/actin filaments return to relaxed state
Term
Characteristics of Type I fibers
Definition
slow fibers found in marathoners
Term
characteristics of Type IIa fibers
Definition
intermediate fibers
Term
characteristics of Type IIx fibers
Definition
fast-twitch fibers found in sprinters
Term
what type of muscle composition do sprinters, endurance athletes, and non-athletes have?
Definition
sprinters - mostly fast-twitch
endurance athletes - mostly slow
non-athletes - about 50% of each
Term
what is a motor unit?
Definition
a motor neuron together with all the muscle fibers it stimulates. a single motor neuron may innervate as few as 10 or as many as 2000 muscle fibers. but, each muscle fiber is innervated by only 1 motor neuron
Term
relationship between force and velocity
Definition
higher the force, the lower the velocity
Term
how do you determine the amount of force a single fiber can produce?
Definition
the amount of force generated by a single fiber is related to the number of actin/myosin cross bridges formed
Term
what are the 3 factors that determine the amount of force an entire muscle can produce?
Definition
1. number of muscle fibers recruited to contract. (increasing the strength of stimulus recruits more motor units = more muscle fibers = more force)

2. motor unit type (fast twitch fibers are larger and have more myofibrils)

3. initial muscle length at time of contraction (there is an "ideal" length. too long or short you don't have "max" force)
Term
what are the two types of muscle contractions?
Definition
isotonic - muscle changes length and moves a load

isometric - tension in muscle increases, but neither shortens or lengthens (pushing a wall)
Term
concentric vs. eccentric
Definition
concentric - muscle shortens. bottom half of a rep

eccentric - length increases (putting a heavy object down). top half of rep
Term
muscular strength vs. muscular endurance vs. muscular power
Definition
strength - maximal force that a muscle or muscle group can generate once

power - ability to exert force rapidly

endurance - ability of muscles to repeatedly develop and sustain contractions
Term
what are satellite cells?
Definition
Satellite cells function to facilitate growth, maintenance and repair of damaged skeletal (not cardiac) muscle tissue (2). These cells are termed satellite cells because they are located on the outer surface of the muscle fiber, in between the sarcolemma and basal lamina (uppermost layer of the basement membrane) of the muscle fiber. Satellite cells have one nucleus, with constitutes most of the cell volume.
Usually these cells are dormant, but they become activated when the muscle fiber receives any form of trauma, damage or injury, such as from resistance training overload. The satellite cells then proliferate or multiply, and the daughter cells are drawn to the damaged muscle site. They then fuse to the existing muscle fiber, donating their nuclei to the fiber, which helps to regenerate the muscle fiber. It is important to emphasize the point that this process is not creating more skeletal muscle fibers (in humans), but increasing the size and number of contractile proteins (actin and myosin) within the muscle fiber
Term
what is the golgi tendon organ (GTO)?
Definition
protective relfex that insures muscle does not over contract and cause structural damage
Term
mucle fiber changes in strength training vs. muscle fiber changes in resistance training?
Definition
strength - type lla increase

endurance - type l increase
Term
what is fiber hypertrophy
Definition
increases fiber size
Term
what is hyperplasia?
Definition
increases the number of muscle fibers
Term
what are the two reasons why increases in strength with exercise occur?
Definition
neural adaptations and hypertrophy
Term
what is the job of the cardiovascular system?
Definition
- transport O2 and nutrients to tissues
- remove waste
- help regulate temperature
Term
arteries vs. veins vs. capillaries
Definition
arteries - away from the heart. largest
veins - towards the heart. smaller
capillaries - smallest. exchanges all gases and nutrients
Term
what are the chambers and directions of blood flow through the heart and lungs?
Definition
- Deoxygenated blood in through vena cava. Into the RA and goes into the RV through tricuspid (arterioventricular valve). Goes from the RV into the lungs through pulmonary artery through pulmonary valve (semilunar valve). Comes back into heart oxygenated from pulmonary veins and into LA. Goes from LA to LV through mitral (arterioventricular valve). Then goes from LV to body from the aorta. Which it goes through the aortic (semilunar valve) to get to the aorta. Gets sent to the body from there
Term
what is the pulmonary circuit?
Definition
heart and lungs. pumps dexoygenated blood from RV to lungs via pulmonary arteries and returns oxygenated blood to the LA via the pulmonary veins
Term
what is the systemic circuit?
Definition
heart and tissues. pumps oxygenated blood from LV to whole body via aorta and returns deoxygenated blood to the RA via the vena cavae
Term
how are myocardial cells similar to skeletal muscle fibers?
Definition
they contain myosin and actin
Term
what are the two phases of cardiac cycle?
Definition
1 contraction and 1 relaxation

systole = contraction phase (ejection of blood)
diastole = relaxation phase (filling with blood)
Term
stroke volume
Definition
volume of blood pumped out of the LV with each beat
Term
cardiac output
Definition
amount of blood pumped by the heart per min
Term
ejection fraction
Definition
amount of blood that the heart ejects from the ventricle
Term
what is blood pressure?
Definition
systolic/diastolic

normal - less than 120/80
Term
what is mean arterial pressure?
Definition
average pressure in arteries. MAP = diastolic vs. 1/3(pulse pressure)
Term
impact of acute exercise on HR, SV, BP, Q, a-vO2diff, and MAP?
Definition
all of them increase, except SV increases up to 40% then levels out
Term
what is a-vO2 difference?
Definition
the difference between the amount of oxygen extracted than delivered
Term
two factors for increasing our vo2 max?
Definition
stroke volume and a-vO2 max
Term
normal body temp vs. operable body temp
Definition
normal - 98.6 F
operable - 93.2 - 105.8
Term
which part of your body has the highest temp?
Definition
core (98.2 F)
Term
what is the body's thermostat?
Definition
the hypothalamus
Term
what are the primary effectors in the body that respond to and adjust to changes in body temp?
Definition
radiation - only if body temp is higher than air temp

conduction - warm skin contacts cold surface

convection - type of conduction; indirect transfer to colder environment

evaporation - only if water vapor pressure gradient higher from skin to air (low humidity)
Term
primary mechanism for heat loss while exercising
Definition
radiation
Term
primary mechanism for heat loss while not exercising
Definition
evaporation
Term
problems with extreme hots and colds
Definition
hot and dry - inability to remain hydrated

humidity - inability to lose heat from water on skin

cold - hyperthermia - reduces CNS drive for motor performance
Term
heat exhaustion vs. heat stroke
Definition
exhaustion - reduced sweating, elevated skin/core temp, excessive thirst, weakness

heat stroke - true emergency, very high core temp, body can't regulate it's cooling, seizures, nausea
Term
relationship between exercise intensity and core body temp
Definition
increase in intensity = higher heat production and higher net heat loss (higher evaporative heat loss)
Term
what is the vapor pressure gradient? how does relative humidity effect it?
Definition
vapor pressure gradient is the difference in the amount of water in the air vs. on your skin.

Low relative humidity = low amount of water in air. high gradient so easy for sweat to evaporate

high relative humidity = high amount of water in air. low gradient so little to no sweat evaporated off of skin
Term
function of the respiratory system
Definition
- provides a means of gas exchange between the environment and the body

- plays a role in the regulation of acid-base balance during exercise
Term
major organs of respiratory system
Definition
nose, nasal cavity, pharynx (throat), layrnx (voice box), trachea (mucus), lungs
Term
branching inside the lungs
Definition
Trachea -> bonchi -> bronchioles -> terminal bronchioles (part of first part of lung, just for air structure -> respiratory bronchioles (has alveoli and can diffuse oxygen into bloodstream) -> alveolar ducts -> alveolar sacs
Term
ventilation
Definition
process of moving air into and out of the lungs
Term
respiration
Definition
process by which O2 moves out of the lungs into the blood, and Co2 moves from blood into lungs
Term
conducting zone vs. respiratory zone
Definition
conducting zone - moves air through trachea, bronchi, bronchioles, and terminal bronchioles to the respiratory zone. (humidifies, warms, filers air)

respiratory zone - exchange of gases between air and blood occurs in alveoli of respiratory bronchioles and in aveolar sacs
Term
inspiration vs. expiration of diaphragm
Definition
inspiration - Diaphragm contracts, abdomen is pushed down, ribs pushed out, intrapulmonary pressure decreases, lungs expand, air rushes in

expiration - Diaphragm relaxes, abdomen pushed up, ribs collapse, intrapulmonary pressure increases, lungs collapse, air flows out
Term
O2-Hb dissocation curve
Definition
purpose - illustrate the effect of PO2 on the association of oxygen with hemoglobin
Term
factors that alter O2-Hb dissociation curve
Definition
pH and temperature

pH - blood pH declines during exercise due to lactic acid (H+). results in "rightward" shift of curve

temperature - exercise increases blood temp. results in "rightward" shift
Term
what is myoglobin?
Definition
an oxygen binding protein in skeletal and cardiac muscle which moves oxygen from the cell membrane to the mitochondria
Term
normal pH in body and survival range
Definition
7.4 and 7.0-7.8
Term
alkalosis
Definition
pH greater than 7.4
Term
acidosis
Definition
pH less than 7.4
Term
what is the job of buffers?
Definition
they resist change in pH. release H+ ions when pH is high and accept H+ ions when pH is low
Term
leading cause of death in US
Definition
heart disease
Term
ACSM/AHA 2010 recommendations for physical activity
Definition
1.Moderate intensity aerobic activity (brisk walking) for a minimum of 30 min, 5 days each week

2.Vigorous intensity aerobic activity (jogging) for a minimum of 20 min, 3 days each week

In addition, resistance exercise at least 2 days each week (8-10 strength exercises, 8-12 reps to fatigue)
Term
most and least sensitive to exercise (BP, insulin, VO2 max, resting heart rate, HDL)
Definition
BP and insulin = most sensative

HDL = least sensitive
Term
acceptable % of fat in the body
Definition
men - 18-26

women - 25-31
Term
subcutaneious vs. visceral
Definition
subcuntaneious - just under the skin

visceral - surrounding organs. this kind of fat is worse
Term
what contributes to energy expenditure with the % contribution of each
Definition
- resting metabolic rate - 60-70%
- thermic effect of feeding - 10-15%
- physical activity - highly variable
Term
what is BMR?
Definition
basal metabolic rate - rate of energy expenditure under standardized conditions
Term
what is RMR?
Definition
resting metabolic rate
Term
relationship between fat content and RMR
Definition
lower your body fat is, the higher your RMR will be.
Term
normal vs. obese BMI
Definition
normal - 18.5 - 24.9

obese - greater than or equal to 30
Term
absolute vs. relative body fat
Definition
absolute - fat and free-fat mass in g/kg

relative - percentage of weight that is fat and fat-free
Term
what are the problems with BMI?
Definition
- overestimates well-muscled

- under-estimates individuals with more fat
Term
what is BIA?
Definition
water is a conductor of electricity, and Fat-free mass contains more water than fat mass. higher impedance = higher % body fat
Term
what is underwater training
Definition
water density = 1.0 g/ml

density of pure fat = .9 g/ml
FFM = 1.1 g/mL

less dense = more fat
more dense = less fat
Term
what does DXA measure?
Definition
it measures the density of your bones
Term
what is the job of insulin?
Definition
it binds to its receptor on the cell membrane and "activates" glucose transporters. insulin receptor sends signal to GLUT4. GLUT4 goes to opening of cell and collects glucose and brings it into cell
Term
what is diabetes?
Definition
disease characterized by high levels of blood glucose
Term
what is type 1 diabetes?
Definition
"insulin dependent" or "juvenile onset"

no production of insulin by the pancreas
Term
what is type 2 diabetes?
Definition
"non-insulin dependent" or "adult onset"

a lot of insulin production, but cells are insulin resistant
Term
what are the tests that test for diabetes?
Definition
fast plasma glucose - blood glucose greater than 126 mg/dL on 2 separate occasions

oral glucose tolerance test - ingest sugar and measure blood every 20 min for 2 hours. glucose is greater than 200 mg/dL at 2 hours
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
slow build up of plaque in any vessel in body
Term
coronary heart disease
Definition
plaque in coronary arteries
Term
myocardial infraction
Definition
heart attack
Term
HDL vs. LDL
Definition
LDL - low density lipoprotein - bad cholesterol. when too much LDL circulates in blood, promotes plaque formation in the vessels

HDL - high density lipoprotein - good cholesterol. promotes removal of 'bad' cholesterol from vessels
Term
stroke
Definition
brain blood vessel blocked by clot/rupture
Term
steps involved in progression of atherosclerosis
Definition
LDL cholesterol readily enters the artery wall due to damage to the inner endothelial layer

If allowed to accumulate, LDL will undergo a series of modifications in which it becomes oxidized

Oxidized LDL results in the presence of a signal on the endothelial lining which attracts immune cells (inflammation)

These immune cells penetrate the barrier and trigger a cascade of events

Plaque starts to build and form a “cap” which can restrict blood flow

Once the cap ruptures, the contents leak out into the lumen resulting in thrombus or embolism
Supporting users have an ad free experience!