Term
| 3 Cardinal Planes of Motion |
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Definition
- Sagittal or Anteroposterior
-Lateral, Frontal, or Coronal
- Transverse or Horizontal |
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Term
Description of
Anteroposterior or Sagittal |
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Definition
| Bisects into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half |
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Term
Description of
Lateral or Frontal |
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Definition
| divides the body into anterior and posterior halves (front and back) |
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Term
Description of
Transverse or Horizontal |
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Definition
| divides body into superior & inferior halves when the invidual is in anatomic position |
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Term
| For movement to occur in a plane, it.... |
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Definition
| must turn or rotate about an axis |
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Term
| Axis is _________ to the plane of motion |
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Definition
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Term
| Axis of rotation @ Frontal, lateral or coronal |
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Definition
- Right angle to sagittal plane of motion
- Runs medial / lateral
-Movements
Flexion
Extension
Includes DF/PF, Palmar flexion |
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Term
| Axes of rotation @ Saggital or AP axis |
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Definition
-Right angle to frontal plane of motion
-Runs anterior / posterior
-Movements
Abduction
Adduction |
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Term
| Axes of rotation @ Long or Vertical Axis |
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Definition
- Right angle to transverse plane of motion
- Runs superior/ inferior
- Movements
Internal rotation
External rotation
Rotation |
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Term
| Axes of rotation @ diagonal or oblique axis |
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Definition
- also known as the oblique axis
- runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane |
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Term
| Adult Skeleton has ___ number of bones |
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Definition
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Term
| There are ___number of axial skeleton bones and ___ number of appendicular bones. |
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Definition
80 - axial
126 - apendicular
*this always varies |
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Term
|
Definition
-Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc.
-Support to maintain posture
-Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
-Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus
-Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, & sternum
-process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
1. Protection
2. Posture
3. Movements for attachment
4. Mineral Storage
5. Production o blood cells |
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Term
|
Definition
5 types
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid |
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Term
| Description of Long bone. |
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Definition
-Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends
-shaft contains the medullary canal |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus |
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Term
| Description of Short Bones |
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Definition
| Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone |
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Term
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Definition
| Ex. are carpals & tarsals |
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Term
| Description of Flat Bones |
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Definition
| Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin |
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Term
|
Definition
| Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula |
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Term
| Examples of Irregular Bones |
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Definition
| Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla |
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Term
| Examples of Sesamoid Bones |
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Definition
| Patella, 1st metatarsophalangeal |
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Term
| Typical Bony Features are: |
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Definition
Diaphysis
Cortex
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary (marrow) cavity
Epiphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis |
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Term
|
Definition
| fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex |
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Term
| What is the Medullary (marrow) cavity |
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Definition
| between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow |
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Term
|
Definition
| ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone |
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Term
| What is the epiphyseal plate |
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Definition
| (growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses |
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Term
| What is the articular (hyaline) cartilage |
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Definition
| covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction |
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Term
| What do endochondral bones do |
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Definition
-develop from hyaline cartilage
-hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage
-grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become
-growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone |
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Term
| Longitudinal growth continues as long as ____ what |
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Definition
| epiphyseal plates are open |
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Term
| What happens to bone growth once its is shortly after your adolescense years. |
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Definition
| Epiphyseal plates disappear & close |
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Term
| Internal layer of periosteum does what |
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Definition
| builds new concentric layers on old layers |
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Term
| As periosteum builds new concentric layers on old layers bones around sides of the medullary cavity resorbes for what purpose. |
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Definition
| so that diameter is continually increased |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| cells that resorb new bone |
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Term
| Bones are chemically composed of what. |
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Definition
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, & water
-60-70% of bone weight - calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate
-25-30% of bone weight - water |
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Term
| what does the callogen of the bone provide |
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Definition
| provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension |
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Term
| As you age what happens to callogen |
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Definition
| Aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness |
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Term
| Explain the properties outsides and underneath the bone. |
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Definition
-Most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath
-Cortical bone – low porosity, 5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue
-Cancellous – spongy, high porosity, 30 to 90%
-Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous
-Cancellous is spongier & can undergo greater strain before fracturing |
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Term
| Bones size and shape are influenced by what. |
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Definition
| by the direction & magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them |
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Term
| Bones reshapes themselves based upon ... |
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Definition
| the stresses placed upon them |
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Term
| As you increase stress what happens to bone mass |
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Definition
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Term
Bone Marking
Types of Processes |
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Definition
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Term
Bone Markings
Types of Processes |
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Definition
Joints -> COndyles, Facet, Head
Lig, mus, tendon attachment -> Crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity |
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Term
Bone Markings
Types of Cavities |
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Definition
| Facets, Foramen, Fossa, Fovea, Meatus, Sinus, Sulcus |
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Term
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Definition
| connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones |
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Term
|
Definition
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
| examples of synarthrodial joints are |
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Definition
Suture such as Skull sutures
Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla |
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Term
| Amphiarthrodial joints are |
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Definition
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Term
| Types of Amphiarthrodial joints are |
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Definition
Syndesmosis
Synchondrosis
Symphysis |
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Term
| Types of Amphiarthrodial Syndesmosis joints are |
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Definition
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint
Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt. |
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Term
| Types of amphiarthrodial syncondrosis joints are |
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Definition
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones
Ex. costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum |
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Term
| Types of amphiarthrodial symphysis joints are |
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Definition
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones
Ex. Symphysis Pubis & intervertebral discs |
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Term
|
Definition
-known as synovial joints
-freely movable |
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Term
| Diarthrodial joints are composed of, and secrete what. |
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Definition
-composed of sleevelike joint capsule
-secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity |
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Term
| What covers the articular surfaces ends of diarthrodial joints |
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Definition
Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity
absorbs shock
protect the bone |
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Term
| During diarthrodial joint unloading or distraction what happens |
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Definition
| slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloading or distraction |
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Term
| What happens to diarthrodial joints during subsequent weight bearing and compression |
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Definition
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Term
| some diarthrodial joints have specialized what. |
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Definition
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Term
| Diarthrodial joints have motions possibnle in. |
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Definition
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Term
| Explain degrees of freedom |
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Definition
motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom
motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom |
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Term
| Types of Diarthrodial joints |
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Definition
arthrodial
ginglymus
trochoid
Condyloid
enarthrodial
sellar |
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Term
| Describe Diarthrodial Arthrodial joints |
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Definition
(gliding)
-2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other
-Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation
-Usually work together in series of articulations
-Ex. Vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal & intertarsal joints
-Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction) |
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Term
| Descibe diarthrodial joints ginglymus joints |
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Definition
(hinge) joints
-a uniaxial articulation
-articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
-Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural |
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Term
| Descibe Diarthrodial Joints Trochoid joint |
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Definition
(pivot)
-also uniaxial articulation
-Ex. atlantoaxial joint - odontoid which turns in a bony ring, proximal & distal radio-ulnar joints |
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Term
| Describe diarthrodial condyloid joints |
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Definition
(knuckle joint)
-biaxial ball & socket joint
-one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface
-EX. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th metacarpophalangeal or knuckles joints, wrist articulation between carpals & radius
-flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction) |
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Term
| Describe diarthrodial enarthrodial joints |
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Definition
-Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket joint
-Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface
-Ex. Hip & shoulder joint
-Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, and circumduction |
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Term
| Describe diarthrodial sellar joints |
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Definition
(saddle joints)
-unique triaxial joint
-2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces
-Only example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb
-Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
| Goniometer is used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles |
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Term
|
Definition
-area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved
-measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints
-measured with a goniometer
-in degrees 0° to 360 |
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Term
| Goniometer axis is placed even with...what |
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Definition
| the axis rotation at the joint line |
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Term
| As joint is moved goniometer arms are |
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Definition
| held in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint |
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Term
|
Definition
Lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane
raising arms or legs to side horizontally |
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Term
|
Definition
Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane
lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position |
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Term
|
Definition
Bending movement that results in a ? angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane
elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
Straightening movement that results in an ? angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane
elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder |
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Term
|
Definition
-Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone
-combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction
-when shoulder joint & hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point
-also referred to as circumflexion |
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Term
|
Definition
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body
Occurs in transverse plane
a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body
Occurs in transverse plane
a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation |
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Term
|
Definition
Turning sole of foot outward or laterally
standing with weight on inner edge of foot |
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Term
|
Definition
Turning sole of foot inward or medially
standing with weight on outer edge of foot |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone |
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Term
|
Definition
| Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body |
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Term
|
Definition
-A combination of ankle dorsi?exion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
-Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
|
Definition
A combination of ankle plantar ?exion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
Inferior movement of shoulder girdle
returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug |
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Term
|
Definition
Superior movement of shoulder girdle
shrugging the shoulders |
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Term
|
Definition
Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine
Abduction of the scapula |
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Term
|
Definition
Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine
Adduction of the scapula |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward |
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Term
|
Definition
| Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward |
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Term
|
Definition
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body
also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction |
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Term
|
Definition
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body
also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction |
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Term
|
Definition
(side bending)
Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline
Abduction of spine |
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Term
|
Definition
Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion
Adduction of spine |
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Term
|
Definition
| Flexion movement of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm |
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Term
| dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion) |
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Definition
| Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm |
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Term
| Radial flexion (radial deviation) |
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Definition
| Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm |
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Term
| ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation) |
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Definition
| Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm |
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Term
|
Definition
| Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers |
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Term
| Movements of Ankle and Foot |
|
Definition
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsal flexion
Plantar Flexion
Pronation
Supination |
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Term
| Movements of Radioulnar Joint |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Movements of Shoulder Girdle |
|
Definition
Depression
Elevation
Protraction
Retraction
Rotation Downward
Rotation upward
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction |
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|
Term
|
Definition
Lateral Flexion (side bending)
Reduction |
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Term
| Movements of Wrist and Hand |
|
Definition
Palmer flexion
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)
Radial Flexion (radial deviation)
Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)
Opposition of the thumb |
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Term
| What are physiological movements |
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Definition
| flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation |
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Term
| what is osteokinematic motion |
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Definition
| resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements |
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Term
| For osteokinematic motion to occur there must be |
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Definition
| movement between the joint articular surfaces |
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Term
|
Definition
| motion between articular surfaces |
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Term
| 3 tyeps of accessory motion |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| If accessory motion is prevented from occuring, then phsyiological motion |
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Definition
| cannot occur to any substantial degree other than by joint compression or distraction |
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Term
| Due to most diarthrodial joints being composed of a concave surfae articualting with a convex surfave what must occur toether to some degree |
|
Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface |
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Term
| Glide (slide) (translation) |
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Definition
| a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface |
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Term
|
Definition
A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface
Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction |
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