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Kinesiology 1
A lot of terms
123
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
02/16/2008

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Term
3 Cardinal Planes of Motion
Definition
- Sagittal or Anteroposterior
-Lateral, Frontal, or Coronal
- Transverse or Horizontal
Term
Description of
Anteroposterior or Sagittal
Definition
Bisects into 2 equal symmetrical halves or a right & left half
Term
Description of
Lateral or Frontal
Definition
divides the body into anterior and posterior halves (front and back)
Term
Description of
Transverse or Horizontal
Definition
divides body into superior & inferior halves when the invidual is in anatomic position
Term
For movement to occur in a plane, it....
Definition
must turn or rotate about an axis
Term
Axis is _________ to the plane of motion
Definition
perpendicular
Term
Axis of rotation @ Frontal, lateral or coronal
Definition
- Right angle to sagittal plane of motion
- Runs medial / lateral
-Movements
Flexion
Extension
Includes DF/PF, Palmar flexion
Term
Axes of rotation @ Saggital or AP axis
Definition
-Right angle to frontal plane of motion
-Runs anterior / posterior
-Movements
Abduction
Adduction
Term
Axes of rotation @ Long or Vertical Axis
Definition
- Right angle to transverse plane of motion
- Runs superior/ inferior
- Movements
Internal rotation
External rotation
Rotation
Term
Axes of rotation @ diagonal or oblique axis
Definition
- also known as the oblique axis
- runs at a right angle to the diagonal plane
Term
Adult Skeleton has ___ number of bones
Definition
206
Term
There are ___number of axial skeleton bones and ___ number of appendicular bones.
Definition
80 - axial
126 - apendicular
*this always varies
Term
Main Skeletal Functions
Definition
-Protection of heart, lungs, brain, etc.
-Support to maintain posture
-Movement by serving as points of attachment for muscles and acting as levers
-Mineral storage such as calcium & phosphorus
-Hemopoiesis – in vertebral bodies, femur, humerus, ribs, & sternum
-process of blood cell formation in the red bone marrow
1. Protection
2. Posture
3. Movements for attachment
4. Mineral Storage
5. Production o blood cells
Term
Types of Bones are
Definition
5 types
Long, Short, Flat, Irregular, Sesamoid
Term
Description of Long bone.
Definition
-Composed of a long cylindrical shaft with relatively wide, protruding ends
-shaft contains the medullary canal
Term
Example of Long Bones
Definition
Ex. phalanges, metatarsals, metacarpals, tibia, fibula, femur, radius, ulna, & humerus
Term
Description of Short Bones
Definition
Small, cubical shaped, solid bones that usually have a proportionally large articular surface in order to articulate with more than one bone
Term
Examples of Short Bones
Definition
Ex. are carpals & tarsals
Term
Description of Flat Bones
Definition
Usually have a curved surface & vary from thick where tendons attach to very thin
Term
Example of Flat Bones
Definition
Ex. ilium, ribs, sternum, clavicle, & scapula
Term
Examples of Irregular Bones
Definition
Include bones throughout entire spine & ischium, pubis, & maxilla
Term
Examples of Sesamoid Bones
Definition
Patella, 1st metatarsophalangeal
Term
Typical Bony Features are:
Definition
Diaphysis
Cortex
Periosteum
Endosteum
Medullary (marrow) cavity
Epiphysis
Term
What is the diaphysis
Definition
long cylindrical shaft
Term
What is the cortex
Definition
hard, dense compact bone forming walls of diaphysis
Term
What is the periosteum
Definition
dense, fibrous membrane covering outer surface of diaphysis
Term
what is the endosteum
Definition
fibrous membrane that lines the inside of the cortex
Term
What is the Medullary (marrow) cavity
Definition
between walls of diaphysis, containing yellow or fatty marrow
Term
What is the Epiphysis
Definition
ends of long bones formed from cancelleous (spongy or trabecular) bone
Term
What is the epiphyseal plate
Definition
(growth plate) thin cartilage plate separates diaphysis & epiphyses
Term
What is the articular (hyaline) cartilage
Definition
covering the epiphysis to provide cushioning effect & reduce friction
Term
What do endochondral bones do
Definition
-develop from hyaline cartilage
-hyaline cartilage masses at embryonic stage
-grow rapidly into structures shaped similar to the bones which they will eventually become
-growth continues and gradually undergoes significant change to develop into long bone
Term
Longitudinal growth continues as long as ____ what
Definition
epiphyseal plates are open
Term
What happens to bone growth once its is shortly after your adolescense years.
Definition
Epiphyseal plates disappear & close
Term
Internal layer of periosteum does what
Definition
builds new concentric layers on old layers
Term
As periosteum builds new concentric layers on old layers bones around sides of the medullary cavity resorbes for what purpose.
Definition
so that diameter is continually increased
Term
What are osteoblasts
Definition
cells that form new bone
Term
What are osteoclasts
Definition
cells that resorb new bone
Term
Bones are chemically composed of what.
Definition
Composed of calcium carbonate, calcium phosphate, collagen, & water
-60-70% of bone weight - calcium carbonate & calcium phosphate
-25-30% of bone weight - water
Term
what does the callogen of the bone provide
Definition
provides some flexibility and strength in resisting tension
Term
As you age what happens to callogen
Definition
Aging causes progressive loss of collagen & increases brittleness
Term
Explain the properties outsides and underneath the bone.
Definition
-Most outer bone is cortical with cancellous underneath
-Cortical bone – low porosity, 5 to 30% nonmineralized tissue
-Cancellous – spongy, high porosity, 30 to 90%
-Cortical is stiffer & can withstand greater stress, but less strain than cancellous
-Cancellous is spongier & can undergo greater strain before fracturing
Term
Bones size and shape are influenced by what.
Definition
by the direction & magnitude of forces that are habitually applied to them
Term
Bones reshapes themselves based upon ...
Definition
the stresses placed upon them
Term
As you increase stress what happens to bone mass
Definition
increases over time
Term
Bone Marking
Types of Processes
Definition
Condyle
Facet
Head
Term
Bone Markings
Types of Processes
Definition
Joints -> COndyles, Facet, Head
Lig, mus, tendon attachment -> Crest, epicondyle, line, process, spine, suture, trochanter, tubercle, tuberosity
Term
Bone Markings
Types of Cavities
Definition
Facets, Foramen, Fossa, Fovea, Meatus, Sinus, Sulcus
Term
What are articulations
Definition
connection of bones at a joint usually to allow movement between surfaces of bones
Term
3 types of joints
Definition
Synarthrodial
Amphiarthrodial
Diarthrodial
Term
Synarthrodial joints are
Definition
immovable joints
Term
examples of synarthrodial joints are
Definition
Suture such as Skull sutures
Gomphosis such as teeth fitting into mandible or maxilla
Term
Amphiarthrodial joints are
Definition
slightly movable joints
Term
Types of Amphiarthrodial joints are
Definition
Syndesmosis
Synchondrosis
Symphysis
Term
Types of Amphiarthrodial Syndesmosis joints are
Definition
Two bones joined together by a strong ligament or an interosseus membrane that allows minimal movement between the bones
Bones may or may not touch each other at the actual joint
Ex. Coracoclavicular joint, distal tibiofibular jt.
Term
Types of amphiarthrodial syncondrosis joints are
Definition
Type of joint separated by hyaline cartilage that allows very slight movement between the bones
Ex. costochondral joints of the ribs with the sternum
Term
Types of amphiarthrodial symphysis joints are
Definition
Joint separated by a fibrocartilage pad that allows very slight movement between the bones
Ex. Symphysis Pubis & intervertebral discs
Term
Diarthrodial Joints are
Definition
-known as synovial joints
-freely movable
Term
Diarthrodial joints are composed of, and secrete what.
Definition
-composed of sleevelike joint capsule
-secretes synovial fluid to lubricate joint cavity
Term
What covers the articular surfaces ends of diarthrodial joints
Definition
Articular or hyaline cartilage covers the articular surface ends of the bones inside the joint cavity
absorbs shock
protect the bone
Term
During diarthrodial joint unloading or distraction what happens
Definition
slowly absorbs synovial fluid during joint unloading or distraction
Term
What happens to diarthrodial joints during subsequent weight bearing and compression
Definition
secretes synovial fluid
Term
some diarthrodial joints have specialized what.
Definition
fribrocartilage disks
Term
Diarthrodial joints have motions possibnle in.
Definition
one or mroe planes
Term
Explain degrees of freedom
Definition
motion in 1 plane = 1 degree of freedom
motion in 2 planes = 2 degrees of freedom
motion in 3 planes = 3 degrees of freedom
Term
Types of Diarthrodial joints
Definition
arthrodial
ginglymus
trochoid
Condyloid
enarthrodial
sellar
Term
Describe Diarthrodial Arthrodial joints
Definition
(gliding)
-2 plane or flat bony surfaces which butt against each other
-Little motion possible in any 1 joint articulation
-Usually work together in series of articulations
-Ex. Vertebral facets in spinal column, intercarpal & intertarsal joints
-Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, & rotation, (circumduction)
Term
Descibe diarthrodial joints ginglymus joints
Definition
(hinge) joints
-a uniaxial articulation
-articular surfaces allow motion in only one plane
-Ex. Elbow, knee, talocrural
Term
Descibe Diarthrodial Joints Trochoid joint
Definition
(pivot)
-also uniaxial articulation
-Ex. atlantoaxial joint - odontoid which turns in a bony ring, proximal & distal radio-ulnar joints
Term
Describe diarthrodial condyloid joints
Definition
(knuckle joint)
-biaxial ball & socket joint
-one bone with an oval concave surface received by another bone with an oval convex surface
-EX. 2nd, 3rd, 4th, & 5th metacarpophalangeal or knuckles joints, wrist articulation between carpals & radius
-flexion, extension, abduction & adduction (circumduction)
Term
Describe diarthrodial enarthrodial joints
Definition
-Multiaxial or triaxial ball & socket joint
-Bony rounded head fitting into a concave articular surface
-Ex. Hip & shoulder joint
-Motions are flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, diagonal abduction & adduction, rotation, and circumduction
Term
Describe diarthrodial sellar joints
Definition
(saddle joints)
-unique triaxial joint
-2 reciprocally concave & convex articular surfaces
-Only example is 1st carpometacarpal joint at thumb
-Flexion, extension, adduction & abduction, circumduction & slight rotation
Term
Goniometer is used to
Definition
Goniometer is used to measure amount of movement in a joint or measure joint angles
Term
Range of Motion is
Definition
-area through which a joint may normally be freely and painlessly moved
-measurable degree of movement potential in a joint or joints
-measured with a goniometer
-in degrees 0° to 360
Term
Goniometer axis is placed even with...what
Definition
the axis rotation at the joint line
Term
As joint is moved goniometer arms are
Definition
held in place either along or parallel to long axis of bones on either side of joint
Term
Abduction
Definition
Lateral movement away from midline of trunk in lateral plane
raising arms or legs to side horizontally
Term
adduction
Definition
Movement medially toward midline of trunk in lateral plane
lowering arm to side or thigh back to anatomical position
Term
flexion
Definition
Bending movement that results in a ? angle in joint by bringing bones together, usually in sagittal plane
elbow joint when hand is drawn to shoulder
Term
extension
Definition
Straightening movement that results in an ? angle in joint by moving bones apart, usually in sagittal plane
elbow joint when hand moves away from shoulder
Term
circumduction
Definition
-Circular movement of a limb that delineates an arc or describes a cone
-combination of flexion, extension, abduction, & adduction
-when shoulder joint & hip joint move in a circular fashion around a fixed point
-also referred to as circumflexion
Term
external rotation
Definition
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone away from midline of body
Occurs in transverse plane
a.k.a. rotation laterally, outward rotation, & lateral rotation
Term
internal rotation
Definition
Rotary movement around longitudinal axis of a bone toward midline of body
Occurs in transverse plane
a.k.a. rotation medially, inward rotation, & medial rotation
Term
Eversion
Definition
Turning sole of foot outward or laterally
standing with weight on inner edge of foot
Term
inversion
Definition
Turning sole of foot inward or medially
standing with weight on outer edge of foot
Term
dorsal flexion
Definition
Flexion movement of ankle that results in top of foot moving toward anterior tibia bone
Term
plantar flexion
Definition
Extension movement of ankle that results in foot moving away from body
Term
pronation
Definition
-A combination of ankle dorsi?exion, subtalar eversion, and forefoot abduction (toe-out)
-Internally rotating radius where it lies diagonally across ulna, resulting in palm-down position of forearm
Term
supination
Definition
Term
supination
Definition
A combination of ankle plantar ?exion, subtalar inversion, and forefoot adduction (toe-in)
Externally rotating radius where it lies parallel to ulna, resulting in palm-up position of forearm
Term
depression
Definition
Inferior movement of shoulder girdle
returning to normal position from a shoulder shrug
Term
elevation
Definition
Superior movement of shoulder girdle
shrugging the shoulders
Term
protraction
Definition
Forward movement of shoulder girdle away from spine
Abduction of the scapula
Term
retraction
Definition
Backward movement of shoulder girdle toward spine
Adduction of the scapula
Term
rotation downward
Definition
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving medially & downward
Term
rotation upward
Definition
Rotary movement of scapula with inferior angle of scapula moving laterally & upward
Term
horizontal abduction
Definition
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane away from midline of body
also known as horizontal extension or transverse abduction
Term
horizontal adduction
Definition
Movement of humerus in horizontal plane toward midline of body
also known as horizontal flexion or transverse adduction
Term
lateral flexion
Definition
(side bending)
Movement of head and / or trunk laterally away from midline
Abduction of spine
Term
reduction
Definition
Return of spinal column to anatomic position from lateral flexion
Adduction of spine
Term
palmer flexion
Definition
Flexion movement of wrist with volar or anterior side of hand moving toward anterior side of forearm
Term
dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)
Definition
Extension movement of wrist in the sagittal plane with dorsal or posterior side of hand moving toward posterior side of forearm
Term
Radial flexion (radial deviation)
Definition
Abduction movement at wrist of thumb side of hand toward forearm
Term
ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)
Definition
Adduction movement at wrist of little finger side of hand toward forearm
Term
oppoisition of thumb
Definition
Diagonal movement of thumb across palmar surface of hand to make contact with the hand and/or fingers
Term
Movements of Ankle and Foot
Definition
Eversion
Inversion
Dorsal flexion
Plantar Flexion
Pronation
Supination
Term
Movements of Radioulnar Joint
Definition
Pronation
Supination
Term
Movements of Shoulder Girdle
Definition
Depression
Elevation
Protraction
Retraction
Rotation Downward
Rotation upward
Horizontal abduction
Horizontal adduction
Term
Movements of Spine
Definition
Lateral Flexion (side bending)
Reduction
Term
Movements of Wrist and Hand
Definition
Palmer flexion
Dorsal flexion (dorsiflexion)
Radial Flexion (radial deviation)
Ulnar flexion (ulnar deviation)
Opposition of the thumb
Term
What are physiological movements
Definition
flexion, extension, abduction, adduction, and rotation
Term
what is osteokinematic motion
Definition
resulting motion of bones relative to 3 cardinal planes from these physiological movements
Term
For osteokinematic motion to occur there must be
Definition
movement between the joint articular surfaces
Term
What is athrokinematics
Definition
motion between articular surfaces
Term
3 tyeps of accessory motion
Definition
spin
roll
glide
Term
If accessory motion is prevented from occuring, then phsyiological motion
Definition
cannot occur to any substantial degree other than by joint compression or distraction
Term
Due to most diarthrodial joints being composed of a concave surfae articualting with a convex surfave what must occur toether to some degree
Definition
roll and glide
Term
Roll (rock)
Definition
a series of points on one articular surface contacts with a series of points on another articular surface
Term
Glide (slide) (translation)
Definition
a specific point on one articulating surface comes in contact with a series of points on another surface
Term
Spin
Definition
A single point on one articular surface rotates about a single point on another articular surface
Motion occurs around some stationary longitudinal mechanical axis in either a clockwise or counterclockwise direction
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