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kin2500 muscles
muscle test
220
Anatomy
Undergraduate 2
03/07/2013

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Term
Sternocleidomastoid (in neck)
Definition
O=sternum, clavicle
I=mastoid
A=together cervical flexion(bowing head), singly rotate opposite side
N=Accessory nerve, C2-C3
Term
rectus abdominis
Definition
parallell to midline
O=pubic crest & symphysis
I=cartilage of ribs 5-7 & xiphoid
A=compress abdomen & flex vertebral column (crunches)
N=T7-T12 (nerves coming off each vertebrae)
Term
external oblique
Definition
O=lower 8 ribs
I=iliac crest, linea alba
A=together compress abdomen, singly laterally flex vertebral column
N=T7-T12, iliohypogastric
Term
internal oblique
Definition
o O=iliac crest, inguinal ligament
I=cartilage of last 3-4 ribs
A=together compress abdomen, singly laterally flex vertebral column
N=T8-T12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Term
transverse abdominis
Definition
transversely to the midline
O=iliac crest, inguinal ligament, cartilage of last 6 ribs
I=xiphoid, linea alba
A=compress abdomen
N= T8-T12, iliohypogastric, ilioinguinal
Term
diaphragm
Definition
Very deep, breathe in tendons thighten breathe out it relaxes
O=xiphoid, catilage of last 6 ribs
I=central tendon
A=pulls central tendon increase thorax length during inspiration
N=Phrenic
Term
External Intercostals
Definition
elevate the ribs
O=inferior border of rib above
I=superior border of rib below
A=elevates ribs, increases thorax lateral & anteroposterior
N=intercostals
Term
internal intercostals
Definition
depress ribs, more medial
O=superior border of rib below
I=inferior border of rib above
A=depresses ribs, decreases thorax lateral & anteroposterior
N=intercostals
Term
trapezius
Definition
O=occipital, spines c7-t12
I=clavicle, acromion, scapula spine
A=elevate clavicle & head, adduct-rotate-elevate-depress scapula
N= Accessory, C3-C4
Term
rhomboideus major
Definition
O=spines t2-t5
I=vertebral border of scapula below spine
A=adduct scapula & rotate down
N= dorsal scapular
Term
rhomboid minor
serratus anterior
Definition
superior to the major; know how to locate it
Term
levator scapulae
Definition
O=superior c4-c5
I=superior vertebral border of scapula
A=elevates dorsal scapula & rotates down
N= dorsal scapula
Term
o ILS – Iliocostalis(most lateral); Longissimus(to the right); Spinalis(above; changes names as well) (ills make up erector spinae muscles that allow us to stand up straight and are responsible for us standing up) they run all the way up to C1&C2 and change names according to where they are in the posterior back. She will give thoracic or lumboral.
Definition
more to know
Term
used to hold your head on
Definition
nuchal ligament
Term
iliocostalis thoracic
illiocostalis lumboram
splenious thorasis
semispinalus capitias
splenious capitias
splenious cervicus
Definition
more to know
Term
muscles of the head and trunk
Definition
sternocleidomastoid
Term
muscles of the abdomen
Definition
rectus abdomis
external oblique
internal oblique
transverse abdominis
Term
muscles used in breathing
Definition
diaphragm
external intercostals
internal intercostals
Term
posterior thoracic muscles
Definition
trapezius
rhomboideus major
rhomboid minor
serratus anterior
levator scapulae
nuchal ligament
ils
iliocostalis thoracic
iliocostalis lumboram
splenious thorasis
semispinalus capitias
splenious capitias
splenious cervicus
Term
pectoralis major
Definition
O=clavicle, sternum, cartilage of ribs 2-6
I= greater tubercle, bicip groove
A=flex-medial rotates- adducts humerus
N=Medial/lateral pectoral
Term
latissimus dorsi
Definition
O=spines t7-t12, sacral crest, ilium
I=bicip groove
A=extends-adducts-medial rotates humerus
N=Thoracodorsal
Term
axial muscles that move the humerus
Definition
pectoralis major
latissimus dorsi
Term
deltoid
Definition
O=acromial extremity of clavicle, acromion & spine of scapula/
I=deltoid tuberosity of humerus/
A=abduct-flex-extend-medial & lateral rotate humerus/
N=Axillary
Term
supraspinatus
Definition
O=supraspinous fossa of scapula/
I=greater tubercle of humerous/
A=abduct/
N=Suprascapular
Term
teres major
Definition
O=inferior angle of scapula
I= bicip groove
A=extend-adduct-medially rotates humerus
N= lower subscapular
Term
teres minor
Definition
O=inferior lateral border of scapula
I= greater tubercle of humerus
A=extend-adduct-laterally rotates humerus
N= Axillary
Term
scapular muscles that move the humerus
Definition
deltoid
supraspinatus
infraspinatus
teres major
teres minor
Term
biceps brachii
Definition
O=LH-supraglenoid tubercle, SH-coracoid process of scapula
I=radial tuberosity, bicipital aponeurosis
A=flex humerus, flex-supinate forearm
N=musculocutaneous
Term
brachialis
Definition
o O=distal-anterior humerus
o I=tuberosity & coronoid process of ulna
o A=flex forearm
o N= musculocutaneous, radial
Term
brachioradialis
Definition
o O=supracond ridge
o I=styloid process of radius
o A=flex forearm, partially supinates & pronates
o N=Radial
Term
flexor muscles of forearm (acting on elbow and forearm)
Definition
biceps brachii
brachialis
brachioradialis
pronator teres
supinator
Term
triceps brachii
Definition
O=LH-infraglenoid tubercle, LatH-lateral & posterior humerus, MedH-posterior humerus
I=olecranon of ulna
A=extends forearm & humerus
N=Radial
Term
extensor muscles of the forearm
Definition
triceps brachii
rotator cuff: sits
Term
palmaris longus
Definition
O=medial epicondyle
I=flexor retinaculum, palmar aponeurosis
A=flex wrist
N=Median
Term
flexor digitorum superficialis
Definition
O= medial epicondyle, coronoid process of ulna
I= middle phalanx
A=flexes middle phalanx of each finger
N=Median
Term
flexor digitorum profundus
Definition
O=anterior medial ulna
I=bases distal phalanx
A=flex distal phalanx of each finger
N=Median, Ulnar
Term
flexor pollucis longus
Definition
O=anterior radius, interosseous membrane
I=base distal phalanx of thumb
A=flex distal phalanx of thumb
N=Median
Term
flexor muscles of the wrist and hand
Definition
palmaris longus
flexor digitorum superficialis
Flexor digitorum profundus
Flexor pollucis longus
Term
extensor carpi radialis longus
Definition
O=lateral supracondylar
I=2nd metacarpal
A=extends-adducts hand at wrist joint
N=Radial
Term
extensor digitorum
Definition
O=lateral epicondyle
I=2-5 distal & middle phalanges
A=extends distal & middle phalanges of each finger
N=Radial
Term
extensor prollucis brevis
Definition
O=posterior, middle of radius
I=base proximal phalanx of thumb
A=extends proximal phalanx of thumb
N=Deep Radial
Term
extensor muscles of wrist and hand
Definition
extensor carpi radialism longus
extensor digitorum
extensor pollucis brevis
Term
intrinsic muscles of the hand
Definition
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis
Adductor Pollicis
Abductor Digiti Minimi
Flexor Digiti Minimi Brevis
Opponens Pollicis
Term
muscles that move the femur
Definition
pectineous
psoas major
gluteus maximus
gluteus medius
tensor fasciae latae
Term
psoas major
Definition
O=transverse processes & bodies of lumbar vertebrae
I=less trochanter of femur
A=flex vertebrae, flex-laterally rotates femur
N=L2-L3
Term
gluteus maximus
Definition
O=iliac crest, sacrum, coccyx
I=IT tract, gluteal tuberosity of femur
A= extends-abducts-adducts-laterally rotates femur
N= Inferior Gluteal
Term
gluteus medius
Definition
O=ilium
I=greater trochanter of femur
A=abducts-medially rotates femur
N= Superior Gluteal
Term
tensor fasciae latae
Definition
O=iliac crest
I=IT Band to tibia
A=flex-abducts femur
N=Superior Gluteal
Term
Medial Compartment (thigh): common A=adducts femur/ N=Obutrator
Definition
adductor longus
adductor brevis
gracillis
Term
adductor longus
Definition
O=pubic symphysis & crest
I=linea aspera
A=flex-adducts-laterally rotates femur
N= Obutrator
Term
adductor brevis
Definition
O=inferior ramus pubis
I=linea aspera
A=flex-adducts-laterally rotates femur
N=Obutrator
Term
gracillis
Definition
O=pubic symphysis
I= medial tibia
A=adducts femur
N=Obturator
Term
Anterior compartment (thigh): common A=extends leg/ N=femoral
Definition
Quadriceps Femoris
Rectus Femoris:
vastus lateralis
vastus medialis
vastus intermedius
sartorius
Term
rectus femoris
Definition
O=anterior inferior iliac spine
I=superior border patella
A=extend leg, flex femur
N=femoral
Term
vastus lateralis
Definition
O=greater trochanter, linea aspera
I=tibial tub via patellar tendon
A=extend leg
N=femoral
Term
vastus medialis
Definition
O=Linea aspera
I= tibial tub via patellar tendon
A=extend leg
N=femoral
Term
vastus intermedius
Definition
O=anterior & lateral femur
I=tibial tub via patellar tendon
A=extend leg
N=femoral
Term
sartorius
Definition
O=anterior superior iliac spine
I=medial tibia
A=flex-medially rotate leg, flex-laterally rotate femur
N=femoral
Term
Posterior compartment (thigh): common A=extend femur, flex leg/ N=sciatic
Definition
biceps femoris
semitendinosus
semimembranosus
Term
biceps femoris
Definition
O=LH-ischial tuberosity, SH-linea aspera
I=fibula head, lateral condyle of tibia
A=flex-laterally rotate leg, extend femur
N=Sciatic (Tibial & Common Peroneal)
Term
semitendinosus
Definition
O=ischial tuberosity
I=proximal-medial tibia
A=flex-medially rotate lef, extend femur
N=Sciatic (Tibial)
Term
semimembranosus
Definition
O=ischial tuberosity
I=medial condyle tibia
A=flex-medially rotate leg, extend femur
N=Sciatic (Tibial)
Term
Posterior compartment (leg): common A=plantarflexion (PF)/ N=tibial
Definition
gastrocnemius
soleus
plantaris
flexor hallucis longus
Term
gastrocnemius
Definition
O=lateral & medial condyle femur
I=calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A=PF, flex leg
N=Tibial
Term
soleus
Definition
O=fibula head, medial border tibia
I=calcaneus via Achilles tendon
A=PF
N=Tibial
Term
flexor hallucis longus
Definition
O=inferior 2/3 fibula
I=distal phalanx of great toe
A=PF, flex proximal & distal phalanx,
N=Tibial
Term
deep posterior compartment of the leg
Definition
Popliteus
Tibialis Posterior
Flexor Digitorum Longus:
Term
flexor digitorum longus
Definition
O=posterior tibia
I=distal phalanges toes 2-5
A=PF, flex phalanges of toes 2-5
N=Tibial
Term
Anterior compartment (leg): common A=dorsiflexion (DF)/ N=deep peroneal]
Definition
tibialis anterior
extensor digitorum longus
extensor hallucis longus
Term
tibialis anterior
Definition
O=lateral condyle, body of tibia, interosseous membrane
I=1st metatarsal & 1st cuneiform
A=DF, inverts foot
N=Deep Peroneal
Term
extensor digitorum longus
Definition
O=lateral condyle tibia, anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
I=middle & distal phalanges of toes 2-5
A=DF, evert, extends toes
N=Deep Peroneal
Term
extensor hallucis longus
Definition
O=anterior fibula, interosseous membrane
I= distal phalanx of great toe
A= DF, invert, extends proximal phalanx of great toe
N= Deep Peroneal
Term
dorsal muscles of the foot
Definition
extensor halluces brevis
extensor digitorum brevis
Term
extensor halluces brevis
Definition
O=calcaneus and inferior extensor retinaculum
I=Proximal phalanx of great toe
A=Extends big toe
N-Deep fibular (peroneal)
Term
extensor digitorum brevis
Definition
I=Middle phalanges of toes 2-4
A=Extends toes 2-4
N=Deep fibular
Term
superficial layer of the dorsal foot
Definition
Abductor hallucis
Flexor digitorum brevis
Abductor digiti minimi
Term
second layer
Definition
quadratus plantae
Term
third layer
Definition
flexor halluces brevis
flexor digiti minimi
Term
what allows us to move
Definition
movement
Term
the bone that it inserts onto is what its going to move
Ex. radial tuberosity moves the radius
Definition
origin
Term
muscle that inserts directly onto tuberosity
Definition
insertion
Term
compresses abdomen/laterally flexes.. gives us the ability to understand and apply
Definition
action
Term
every muscle has a nerve some have more than one
Definition
innervation
Term
movement includes
Definition
visceral and body movement,
ex. air through lungs
ex. food through our bodies
Term
a rigid structure that moves around a fixed point (fulcrum)
Definition
lever
Term
levers are acted on by two different points which are?
Definition
EFFORT which is the force that causes the movement and the LOAD is what opposes the movement (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction)
Term
what is the force that causes movement
Definition
effort
Term
what opposes the movement
Definition
load
Term
three types of levers
Definition
1 class: not very common; fixed point (fulcrum) is between effort and load Ex. your head sitting on C1 (vertebral column)
2 class: fairly uncommon; load is between the fixed point/fulcrum and the effort Ex. standing on your tiptoes
3 class: MOST COMMON; effort is between the fulcrum/fixed point and the load Ex. Flexors of our elbow
Term
the opposing muscle
Definition
antagonist
Term
prime mover
Definition
supinator
Term
is the pronator pro or antagonist
Definition
antagonist
ex. terry
Term
example of an opposing pair
Definition
supinate/pronate
Term
muscles that stabilize intermediate joints
Definition
synergist
Term
muscles that stabilize the origin of the agonist (prime mover) so that the agonist can work more efficiently
Definition
fixator
Term
what four things are muscles classified by?
Definition
direction of muscle fibers, size of muscle, shape of muscle, and action of muscle
Term
direction: abdomis
Definition
midline
Term
direction: oblique
Definition
angle
Term
size of muscle; maximus
Definition
largest
Term
size of muscle; medius
Definition
middle
Term
size of muscle; minimus
Definition
smallest
Term
size of muscle; longus
Definition
means long
Term
size of muscle; brevis
Definition
shorter
Term
size of muscle; longissimus
Definition
widest
Term
size of muscle; magnus
Definition
large
Term
size of muscle; vastis
Definition
great
Term
size of muscle; major and minor
Definition
major and minor
Term
shape of muscle; deltoid
Definition
triangular
Term
shape of muscle; trapezius
Definition
trapezoid
Term
shape of muscle; seratus
Definition
saw tooth (cerated knife)
Term
shape of muscle; rhomboids
Definition
diamond shaped
Term
shape of muscle; orbicularous
Definition
circular
Term
shape of muscle; pectinate
Definition
cone like
Term
shape of muscle; periformous
Definition
pear shaped
Term
shape of muscle; platys
Definition
flat
Term
shape of muscle; quadratus
Definition
square
Term
shape of muscle; gracilis
Definition
slender
Term
action of the muscle; flexor/extensor
ab/adduction
pronator/supinator
Definition
already know
Term
action of the muscle; leviter
Definition
elevates with superior movement
Term
action of the muscle; depression
Definition
inferior movement
Term
action of the muscle; sphincter
Definition
decreases the size of an opening
Term
action of the muscle; tensor
Definition
makes a body part tense or rigid
Term
action of the muscle; rotator
Definition
moves bone around a longitudinal axis
Term
action of the muscle; superficialous/profundus
Definition
superficial
underneath superficial (ex. hands and feet)
Term
what does rectus mean and whats an example?
Definition
down the middle, linea alba
Term
what is vertebral flexion
Definition
bowing forward
Term
deltoid can do everything except what?
Definition
adduct
Term
in anatomical position the long head is more ?
Definition
lateral
Term
which muscle runs down your arm?
Definition
muscular coetaneous
Term
the triceps is innervated by which nerve
extends forearm and humerus?
Definition
radial nerve
Term
pronator teres and supinator are what?
Definition
agonist vs antagonist
Term
anterior side is flexors or extensors?
Definition
flexor
Term
which one only moves the pinky fingeR?
Definition
extensor digiti minimi
Term
which nerve goes under the piriformis?
Definition
sciatic nerve
Term
what does lateral flexion of the femur and flexion of the vertebrae?
Definition
psoas major
Term
runners tend to get inflammed?
Definition
IT bands
Term
tensors are on lateral or medial side?
Definition
lateral
Term
what does the tensor fascae latae do?
Definition
Flexion(anatomical and back)/abduction(to the side) of the femur (bending knee)
Term
what does the adductor longus do?
Definition
flex/adduct
Term
what extends the leg?
Definition
rectus femoris
Term
study of muscle tissue
Definition
myology
Term
muscular tissue accounts for how much of bodies total mass?
Definition
45%
Term
explain what muscles are used for in our bodies
Definition
Most of the work generated by the body; not only walking and moving our arms but even moving our heads, speaking, typing on a computer, and other life functions are using muscles
Term
four functions of muscles
Definition
body movements, body stability, storing and moving substances, and producing heat
Term
muscular tissue contracts in order for us to maintain body position for posture
Definition
body stability
Term
can be found in blood, lymph, urine, air, food
Definition
storing and moving substances
Term
electrical excitability
Definition
something muscle tissue shares with neurons. Impulses that are produced in response to specific stimuli. (internal or external stimuli) you can propagate an impulse, that is sending the signal
Term
contractibility
Definition
ability to contract, ability for skeletal muscle to shorten generating force
Term
extensibility
Definition
ability for muscular tissue to stretch, it can stretch up to a certain point without being damaged (when we go beyond motion it can be damaged)
Term
elasticity
Definition
Ability for it to go back to original size and length after being stretched
Term
conductivity
Definition
(goes with EE) you have to have a stimulus and then once the signal starts its going to spread across the tissue, once it propagates it becomes conductivity, it is sending the actual signal itself.
Term
what are parallel rows of collagen fibers that connect muscle to a bone?
Definition
tendons
Term
what are the three different layers?
Definition
Fibers- surrounded by the endomysium (separates individual muscle fibers, Fasiciles- surrounded by a perimysium, Muscle itself- surrounded by epimysium
Term
what consists of a body connected by tendons to the skeleton
Definition
skeletal muscle bundle
Term
what is a tendon an extension of?
Definition
three connective tissue layers that surrounds the different organizational levels of a skeletal muscle (e.g., triceps)
Term
muscle fibers
Definition
length varies. Multinucleated. They are formed in the EMBRYO (you cant make more muscle cells, you can only make what you have bigger)
Term
hypertrophy
Definition
increasing the cell size (muscle growth after being born)
Term
hyperplasia
Definition
increasing the cell numbers
Term
atrophy
Definition
the decrease in size or wasting away of muscle to loss of myofibrils within the myofibers (can be caused a couple of ways; permanent injury, birth with CP, disuse atrophy is because the muscle fibers themselves are not getting any flow of nerve impulses or nerve impulse has been reduced; Disuse atrophy can be reversed, irreversible atrophy is called DENERVATION-anything from MS to spinal cord injuries)
Term
sarcolemna
Definition
plasma membrane of a muscle fiber
Term
t tubules (transverse tubules)
Definition
these are extensions of the sarcolemma that tunnel their way throughout the muscle fiber; they are open to the outside and filled with interstitial fluid. They are the part that is going to carry the action potential into the cell
Term
sarcoplasm
Definition
cytoplasm of the skeletal muscle fiber
Term
myofilaments make up
Definition
myofibrils
Term
myofibrils make up
Definition
myofibers
Term
myofibrils are 50x smaller than the diameter of a regular what?
Definition
muscle fiber
Term
what are myofibrils separated by?
Definition
sarcoplasmic reticulum (similar to ER in non muscle cells)
Term
thick and think filaments
Definition
myofibrils
Term
sarcoplasmic reticulum
Definition
stores calcium until it is needed. Once it is released into the sarcoplasm it starts the electrical excitation and the conductivity takes place to spread the activity across the entire muscle fiber.
Term
what does the SR store?
Definition
Ca++ until needed
Term
what are myofibrils made up of ?
Definition
thick filaments and thin filaments which in turn are made of protein
Term
what causes the striated appearance of muscle cells?
Definition
The pattern of overlap of thick & thin filaments consists of zones and bands which cause the striated appearance of skeletal muscle
Term
what is the sliding theory?
Definition
when muscle contracts, filaments are sliding over each other like our fingers are going through middle of each other
A bands over I bands, they arent changing length
Term
myofibrils are built from three kinds of protein
Definition
contractile, regulatory, and structural
Term
contractile protein of myofibrils
Definition
to generate force during the contraction. Myosin (thick filaments) and actin (thin filaments) are contractile proteins
Term
regulatory proteins of myofibrils
Definition
to regulate the contraction (turn it on or off) troponin and tropomyosin
Term
structural proteins of myofibrils
Definition
keep the thick and thin filaments in their proper alignment. Allow the skeletal muscle to maintain its properties of elasticity and extensibility
Term
what is a major component of thick filaments?
Definition
myosin
Term
what is the major component of thin filaments?
Definition
actin
Term
what are the three key structural proteins?
Definition
titin, myomesin, and dystrophin
Term
what are the compartments in which the filaments are arranged ?
Definition
sarcomeres
Term
what kind of disc of the jagged line?
Definition
Z disc
Term
z-z disc is a what?
Definition
sarcomere
Term
A band
Definition
dark band
stands for anistrophic
Term
I band
Definition
lighter thinner tighter band
isotrophic
Term
what is the M line
Definition
band of protein and those hold the thick filaments in place (H zone is the middle of a sarcomere not to get confused with M line)
Term
Myosin and Actin ?
Tropomyosin and troponin?
contractile or regulatory?
Definition
MA- contractile
TT- regulatory
Term
what happens when myosin pulls on the thin filaments and it starts pulling the thin filaments?
Definition
the thin filaments slider over the thick ones pulling the Z disc closer together making the muscle fibers shorten thereby making muscles shorten (called the myosin cross bridge)
Term
how many nerves to most muscles recieve?
Definition
one

although some can recieve multiple
Term
somatic motor neurons
Definition
individual cells that innervate skeletal muscle fibers
Term
neuromuscular junction (NMJ)
Definition
point of near contact of that nerve of somatic motor neurons and muscle it is innervating
Term
motor unit
Definition
somatic muscle neuron plus all of the muscle fibers that it innervates
Term
four steps of Ach
Definition
Ach released from synaptic vesicle
ACh Bind to a receptor (traveling through the transverse tubules and calcium being released)
Release of sodium then muscle action potential is generated (calcium being realeased into sarcoplasmic reticulum, when it makes thick/thin filaments slide over each other starting contraction shortening sarcomeres)
this is when the ACh is broken down (use as much as it needs then muscle contraction ceases)
Term
nerve impulses cross the NMJ from where?
Definition
the somatic neuron to the sarcolemma
Term
muscle impulses move inside the muscle fiber via the ??
Definition
T tubules
Term
couples electrical excitation to contraction
Definition
Ca++
Term
what happens when AP's are no longer sent by the somatic motor neuron?
Definition
ACh release stops
and it ends the generation of muscle APs
Term
when the sliding filament mechanism happens are they changing length?
Definition
no! one is simply sliding over the other
Term
what is vascular tone
Definition
circulatory system has a system that maintains tone
Term
how we maintain posture
Definition
Weak and involuntary contractions of muscle units (even at rest) to maintain muscle tone we have to alternation contraction and relaxation (also imp for posture)
Term
even at rest we exhibit muscle tone, two example
Definition
isotonic contraction and isometric contraction
Term
isotonic contraction
Definition
when your going to have tension developed by the muscle making muscle remain constant. Tension is constant but length of muscle changes. (resistance in moving chair is constant but muscle length changes)
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
muscles stay the same length and don’t change (holding a book in my hand, muscle length is the same and resistant is the same)
Term
tension developed by the muscle remains almost constant while the muscle changes its length (concentric/eccentric isotonic contraction
Definition
isotonic contraction
Term
isometric contraction
Definition
the tension generated is not enough to exceed the resistance of the object to be moved and the muscles does not change in length
Term
what color are healthy muscles?
Definition
pink to red
Term
what does it mean if a muscle is pale white?
Definition
the muscle has atrophy
Term
skeltal muscle fibers vary in their content of
Definition
myoglobin (an o2 binding protein)
red muscle fibers;high (more use)
white; low (less use)
Term
slow oxidative
Definition
excel in long distance runners and swimmers
Term
fast oxidative-glycolytic
Definition
excel in activities with intense activities (weight lifting/sprinting)
Term
what does the classification of slow or fast oxidative tell us?
Definition
HOW fast is ATP being broken down, how fast they fatigue

how well you will do in sports
although you can train muscle groups to be more of one than the other
Term
are big muscle people adding new muscle cells?
Definition
no you are born with the muscle cells that you will always have
Term
relative ratio of FG and SO fibers is
Definition
genetically determined and helps account for individual differences in physical performance {reasoning doping is so critical is because it gives him an advantage because he is changing his genetically predisposed ratio to pump more and more red blood cells}
Term
cardiac muscle cells
Definition
striated, involuntary, branched, and uninucleate
intercellular connections points
and have autorhythmicity
Term
why do cardiac muscular cells have autoryhthmicity?
Definition
because of intercalated discs
Term
smooth muscle tissue
Definition
involuntary, non striated, uninucleate, and tapered cells
there are two types
Term
what are the two types of smooth muscle?
Definition
single unit smooth muscle
multi unit smooth muscle
Term
single unit smooth muscle
Definition
most common, autorythmic cells are linked by gap junctions (walls of small blood vessels and visceral organs)
Term
multiunit smooth muscle
Definition
less common, contraction of it requires neuronal stimulation (say in large arteries or respiratory airways; when I require my lungs to do more {RUNNNING} it is neuronal stimulation;
Term
between the ages of 30 and 50 how much muscle is lost?
what about by 80?
Definition
estimated 10% of muscle mass is lost; another 40% is lost by age 80
Depends on the individual but statistically that is normal.
Term
three types of muscular tissue
Definition
skeletal cardiac and smooth
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