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KIN 216 Exam 4
Study Guide Note Cards
231
Anatomy
Undergraduate 3
11/18/2012

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Term
Exocrine glands
Definition
- HAVE ducts
- Secrete onto body surface or into cavity
- Secretions travel directly onto target
- Secretions are usually fluids, lubricants, enzymes
- Ex. Sweat, salivary, mucous
Term
Endocrine System
Definition
- series of ductless glands that secrete hormones
Term
endocrinology
Definition
study of hormones and endocrine glands
Term
Endocrine glands
Definition
- Ductless
- Secrete hormones
- Function is regulation, homeostasis
- Hormones dumped right into bloodstream, act on target cells
Term
Pure Endocrine Organs
Definition
- Pituitary gland, pineal gland, thyroid gland, parathyroid glands, and adrenal gland
Term
Endocrine organs that belong to other body systems
Definition
pancreas, thymus, gonads, and hypothalamus
Term
Hormones
Definition
- Classes: Amino acids (protein) or steroid (lipid)
- Action: circulate through bloodstream and affect only the target cells (have receptors); hormones themselves are just triggers
- Control of secretion
o Humoral stimuli = respond to changing levels of ions/nutrients in blood (ex. Parathyroid gland)
o Neural stimuli = respond to nervous system (ex. Adrenal medulla)
o Hormonal stimuli = respond to hormones from other glands (ex. Hypothalamus)
o Feedback loops: negative (more hormone secreted if levels drop); positive (more hormone secreted if levels increases
Term
Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis)
Definition
- 9 major hormones, from 2 different portions- all are protein hormones
- Is a small, round structure
- Hangs on stalk below hypothalamus; stalk is called infundibulum
- Is 2 separate glands, anterior (adenohypophysis) and posterior (neurohypophysis)
Term
Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis
Definition
- Location: ventral portion under hypothalamus
- Secretions: hormones that regulate growth and secretion of other glands, tissues (called TROPIC hormones, or stimulating hormones); GH, FSH, LH, TSH, ACTH, prolactin
- Target(s): other endocrine glands (thyroid, adrenal, gonads)
- Effect(s): generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, maturation
- Adenohypophysis is controlled by hypothalamus, which secretes peptide hormones (releasing factors) that signal the hormone release (inhibiting factors can also be released)
Term
Growth Hormone (somatotropin)
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis ) regulates growth of all body cells, promotes cell division
Term
melanocyte stimulating hormone
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) causes darkening of skin by stimulating melanin
Term
follicle stimulating hormone
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) in females regulates monthly development of follicle and egg and secretion of estrogen in males stimulates testes and creates sperm
Term
luteinizing hormone
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) working together with FSH, in females helps bring about ovulation & formation of progesterone in males stimulates testosterone development and secretion
Term
Adrenocorticotropic hormone
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) promotes function of adrenal cortex
Term
Prolactin
Definition
(Pituitary Gland: Adenohypophysis) secreted in males and females, but functions more in females after birth in milk production
Term
Pituitary Gland Neurohypophysis
Definition
- Location: dorsal; is considered part of the brain- has nervous tissue
- Secretions:: ADH (antidiuretic hormone or vasopressin), oxytocin
- Targets/effects: (ADH) kidney = helps to retain water (decrease urine flow) blood vessel = constricts (increase BP) (Oxytocin) uterus = contractions, delivery breast = lactation
Term
Thyroid Gland
Definition
- Location: in the anterior neck, inferior to the larynx – just below adam’s apple; wraps around front of trachea, has 2 lobes connected by the isthmus – and many blood vessels around it
- Secretions: (releases TSH, which signals TH): Thyroid hormone and calcitonin
- Targets: almost all body tissues
- Effects: increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis
Term
Parathyroid Glands
Definition
- Location: 4 tiny glands, @ top and bottom of posterior surface of each lobe of the thyroid gland (superior and inferior pair on each lateral lobe of thyroid)
- Secretion: parathyroid hormone (PTH), protein hormone made by chief cells
- Targets/effects;
o Bone: increase calcium release (increases osteoclast activity – opposite effect of calcitonin)
o Small intestine: increases Ca absorption (by activating vitamin D)
o Kidneys: decreases Ca excretion
o Net Effect: increases Ca in bloodstream, decreases amount in bones
Term
Adrenal Glands
Definition
located superior to kidneys; adrenal cortex, adrenal medulla, pineal gland, pancreas
Term
Adrenal Cortex
Definition
(Adrenal Glands)

- Bulk of gland, controlled by ACTH from anterior pituitary
- Secretes over 30 hormones called corticosteroids (or corticoids for short)
- Location: cortex
- Secretions: mineralocorticoids (aldosterone) and glucocorticoids (steroid hormone; cortisol)
- Targets/effects: cortisol targets liver, muscles (increases glucose metabolism), aldosterone targets kidney (increases sodium retention, water follows – thus increases blood volume)
Term
Adrenal Medulla
Definition
(Adrenal Gland)

- Controlled by sympathetic nervous system
- Location: inside portion of gland
- Secretion: epinephrine and norepinephrine (catecholamines)
- Target: all sympathetic target organs
- Effects: reinforces sympathetic mass activation, hormonal effect lasts longer (10 times longer) – fight or flight response
Term
Pineal Gland
Definition
(Adrenal Gland)
- - Shaped like a pine cone
- Function not well understood in humans
- Location: roof of 3rd ventricle, dorsal to thalamus, dorsal/superior to midbrain (basically is straight back from the eyes)
- Secretion: melatonin (NOT melanin)
- Target: hypothalamus
- Effect: helps regulate circadian rhythms, sleep (increases secretion in dark
Term
Pancreas
Definition
(Adrenal Gland)

- Is BOTH an endocrine and an exocrine gland
- Location: posterior abdominal wall, middle-left side (stomach is superior to it, transverse colon is inferior to it, kidneys are dorsal to it)
- Secretions (protein hormones):
o Pancreatic islets (islets of Langerhans) are responsible for endocrine function – 2 cell types (alpha, beta)
o Glucagon: helps to release fuel into bloodstream- comes from alpha islet cells
o Insulin: helps to store glucose/fuel (decreases amount in bloodstream)- comes from beta islet cells
• THUS insulin is released in a HYPERglycemic state and has a HYPOglycemic effect
- Targets/effects: glucagon signals liver to release glucose from stored glycogen; insulin signals liver to store glucose as glycogen
Term
Thymus
Definition
- Location: farther down trachea from thyroid, rests on top of pericardial sac in mediastinum (base of neck) – in front of aorta, behind sternum
- Secretion: thymic hormone (thymosin, thymopoietin) – peptide hormone
- Target: lymphoid tissues (especially nodes)
- Effect: increase lymphocyte production, especially T cells – helps maintain immunity – gland is much larger in children, regresses in size after puberty
Term
Gonads: Ovaries
Definition
- Location: scrotum
- Secretion: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
- Not purely endocrine – produces sperm
- Targets/Effects: most body tissues – growth and development, sex drive
Term
Gonads: Testes
Definition
- Location: scrotum
- Secretion: androgens (steroids; primarily testosterone)
- Not purely endocrine – produces sperm
- Targets/Effects: most body tissues – growth and development, sex drive
Term
Heart
Definition
(gland)
- ANP (atrial natriuretic peptide): decreases excess blood volume, higher BP, and high sodium concentration – stimulates kidney to increase salt secretion
Term
GI Tract (stomach, intestines)
Definition
(gland)

- Gastrin- released by stomach – stimulates HCl
- Secretin – released by small intestine – stimulates water & bicarbonate secretion in pancreatic juice
- CCK (cholecystokinin) – released by small intestine – stimulates gallbladder, pancreatic juices
- GIP (gastroinhibitory peptide) – released by small intestine – inhibits gastric emptying, acid secretion
- Targets/Effects: secretions and activity of GI Tract
Term
Placenta
Definition
influences pregnancy
Term
Kidneys
Definition
- Secrete erythropoietin
- Target/Effect: red bone marrow, stimulates RBC production
Term
Skin
Definition
- Precursor to vitamin D is produced by modified cholesterol molecules after exposure to UV light (vitamin D is fully activated by liver)), signals calcium absorption from small intestine (needed for bones)
Term
Gigantism
Definition
Endocrine System Disorders in Pituitary; tumor causes hypersecretion of GH in children (extreme tallness)
Term
Acromegaly
Definition
Endocrine System Disorders in Pituitary; excessive GH secretion after epiphyseal plates fuse (blood sugar is high)
Term
Graves Disease
Definition
Endocrine System Disorder in Thyroid; oversecretion of thyroid hormone (elevated metabolic rate, rapid HR, sweating)
Term
Hypothyroidism
Definition
Endocrine System Disorders in Thyroid; hyopsecretion of thyroid hormone (low metabolic rate, weight gain, lethargy)
Term
Goiter
Definition
Endocrine System Disorders in Thyroid; enlarged thyroid gland due to lack of iodine
Term
Diabetes Mellitus: Type I
Definition
Endocrine System Disorders in Pancreas; insufficient insulin
Term
Diabetes Mellitus: Type II
Definition
endocrine system disorder in pancreas inability of cells to react to insulin (blood sugar is high), "adult onset" reduced insulin sensitivity
Term
Circulatory System
Definition
- Cardiovascular System: Blood, heart, blood vessels
- Lymphatic System
Term
Blood
Definition
- Circulation is started by pumping from heart
- Leaves the heart via arteries; returns via veins
- Arteries branch into capillaries
- Carries respiratory gases and nutrients
- Approx. 8& of body’s mass (5-6 L in males, 4-5 in females)
Term
Blood Composition; Plasma
Definition
- Fluid matrix ~55-60%
- 90% water and contains many different kind of molecules (ex. Sodium, urea, oxygen)
- 3 main types of proteins, which help to make plasma more viscous than water (made by liver)
- Albumin, Globulins, Fibrinogens
Term
Albumin
Definition
type of protein in blood plasma that contributes to oncotic pressure; helps keep water portion of plasma from leaking out of capillaries; most abundant and smallest plasma protein
Term
Globulins
Definition
type of protein in blood plasma; include antibodies and blood proteins that transport substances (including lipids)
Term
Fibrinogen
Definition
type of protein in blood plasma that helps with blood clot
Term
Blood Composition; Formed Elements
Definition
- ~40-45%
- Erythrocytes (red blood cells); constitute the bulk of formed elements
- Thrombocytes (platelets)
- Note: erythrocytes (no nucleus, organelles) and platelets (fragments) aren’t considered true cells
Term
Blood Composition: Hematocrit (Hct)
Definition
- Percentage of blood volume that is erythrocytes
- Higher in males than females, related to testosterone
- Males have about 42-52% (average 47)
- Females have about 37-47% (average 42)
- Decreased hematocrit is thinner blood (more plasma)
Term
Viscosity
Definition
- Thickness of a fluid (viscosity of water = 1, plasma = 1.5 – 2)
- Plasma is thicker than water due to proteins
- Whole blood viscosity -= 3-4
- Dehydration does not affect # of cells but will decrease plasma (thus increasing Hct and viscosity)
- When blood stands, coagulation takes place (formed elements and fibrinogen become a clot), leaving serum = plasma with clotting factors removed
Term
Erythrocytes
Definition
- Known as red blood cells (RBCs)
- Small cells that transport oxygen
- Biconcave disc
- Have a plasma membrane but no organelles and no nucleus (expelled prior to leaving bone marrow)
- Cytoplasm contains hemoglobin: oxygen carrying protein
o Each hemoglobin (Hb) molecule has 4 amino acid chains; each chain has an iron atom for binding oxygen
o Red color of blood comes from oxidation of iron atoms
- Pick up oxygen in lungs and distribute to body
- Are anaerobic (don’t use any oxygen they carry)
- Life span = 100-120 days
Term
Leukocytes
Definition
- White blood cells (WBCs)
- Spherical in shape
- Fight disease (outside the bloodstream)
- Are complete cells with organelles, nuclei
- Diapedesis: WBCs squeeze between endothelial cells in capillary walls
- Are produced and stored in bone marrow, released continuously
- Leukocytosis: > 11,000 cells per cubic mm
- 5 types, classified on presence of granules NLMEB (most abundant to least abundant)
o Granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
o Agranulocytes: lymphocytes and monocytes
Term
Granulocytes
Definition
- Larger and live less time than RBCs
- Have granules and lobes
- Polymorphonuclear: many shapes/sizes of nuclei
- Phagocytic
Term
Granulocytes: Neutrophils
Definition
- Granulocyte
- Most abundant type of leukocyte
- Many lobes in nuclei
- Granules are membrane sacs filled with digestive enzymes
- Consume and destroy bacteria; first line of defense in infection
- Pus: dead neutrophils, other leukocytes, tissue debris, and dead bacteria
Granulocytes: Eosinophils
Term
Granulocytes: Eosinophils
Definition
- granulocytes

- Rare (1-4% of all WBCs), found in walls of digestive tube
- Contain digestive enzymes (not for bacteria)
- Allergic reaction (consume allergens, degrade histamine, stop reaction) and parasitic infection (granules release enzymes that attack parasites)
Term
Granulocytes: Basophils
Definition
- granulocytes
- - Rarest WBCs
- Granules contain histamine, molecules that mediate inflammation
- Role is similar to mast cells; however, mast cells act early and basophils act later
Term
Agranulocytes: Lymphocytes
Definition
- Agranulocytes
- - Most important cells of immune system
- Classified as small, medium, large
- Many are present in lymphoid CT (immunity)
- Each acts against specific foreign molecule
o Antigen: any molecule inducing response from leukocyte
o T cells: cytotoxic: (aka killer, CD8*T lymphocyte) cells attack directly, bind to them, punch holes in membrane, cause cell death; Work on “alien” cells that have nucleus, organelles
o B cells: are plasma cells that secrete antibodies, which bind to antigens and “flag” them for phagocytosis; Work on bacteria and toxins
o Natural killer cells: Rapid attack before entire immune response is generated
Term
Agranulocytes: Monocytes
Definition
- Agranulocyte
- Largest leukocytes
- Transform into macrophages in CT
Term
Complete Blood Count (CBC)
Definition
quantifies blood cell types; measures Hct, Hb, concentrations of RBCs, WBCs, platelets
- CBC with differential examines structure abnormalities
Term
Thromobocytes (Platelets)
Definition
- Disc-shaped fragments with plasma membrane
- Plug tears in vessel walls to slow down bleeding; release signals for more platelets, constriction of vessel, and inflammation
- Release thromboplastin, which helps clotting begin (fibrinogen also contributes fibrin)
- Clot = mass containing fibrin, platelets, and trapped blood cells
- Embolus = thrombus breaks of vessel wall
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
formation of blood cells; continues through life
Term
Red bone marrow
Definition
generates blood cells
- at birth all marrow is red

o In adults, red marrow is located in axial skeleton, girdles, proximal epiphyses of humerus and femur
o Some cells in red marrow are mesenchymal stem cells (give rise to fat cells, osteoblasts, chondrocytes, fibroblasts, and muscle cells)
Term
yellow bone marrow
Definition
contains fat cells
o In adults, is located in all other regions of long bones
Term
Reticular CT
Definition
Basic framework of bone marrow
Term
Lymphoid stem cells
Definition
give rise to lymphocytes
Term
myeloid stem cells
Definition
give rise to all other blood cells
Term
Polycythemia
Definition
Blood disorder: RBC
excess RBCs in blood, makes blood too viscous (needs dilution)
Term
Anemia
Definition
- blood disorder: RBC
RBC or Hb levels are low; caused by blood loss, iron deficiency, etc.
Term
Sickle Cell Disease
Definition
blood disorder RBC
- defect in Hb causes it to crystallize if O2 low or dehydrated, causing shape of RBS to distort (in turn causes problems)
Term
Leukemia
Definition
- blood disorder: WBC
- cancer, uncontrolled leukocyte formation; cancer cells take over bone marrow, ruin normal blood cell production
Term
Lymphoblastic
Definition
immature lymph cells
Term
Myeloblastic
Definition
immature cells from myeloid line
Term
Acute
Definition
rapid development
Term
Chronic
Definition
slowly developing
Term
Thrombocytopenia
Definition
- blood disorder; platelet
- low platelets in blood; can result from cancer treatment (chemotherapy), bone marrow damage, etc.
Spleen is the organ that destroys platelets and other blood cells
Term
The heart
Definition
is a muscular double pump with 2 functions; pulmonary circuit and systemic circuit
Term
Pulmonary circuit
Definition
right side receives oxygen poor blood from body and pumps it to lungs
• Blood vessels that carry blood to and from the lungs
Term
Systemic circuit
Definition
left side receives oxygen rich blood from lungs and pumps it to body
• Vessels that transport blood to and from body tissues
Term
Atria
Definition
receiving chambers of heart (2)
Term
Ventricles
Definition
pumping chamber of heart (2)
Term
Location of Heart
Definition
- Weighs <1 pound
- Thorax, posterior to sternum, superior surface of diaphragm
- Specifically located in the mediastinum (region between the lungs/pleural cavities)
- Oblique position
- Apex (point) is left of the midline and anterior to the rest of the heart
- Base is broad posterior surface
Term
pericardium
Definition
(structure of heart) 3 layered sac that encloses the heart
Term
Fibrous pericardium
Definition
outer layer of pericardium (dense CT)
Term
Serous pericardium
Definition
deeper 2 layers of pericardium
Term
Parietal layer of serous pericardium
Definition
adheres to surface of fibrous pericardium
Term
Visceral layer of serous pericardium
Definition
aka epicardium; lies on heart; considered part of heart wall
Term
Epicardium
Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- superficial layer (aka visceral layer of serous pericardium), serous membrane
Term
Myocardium
Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- cardiac muscle contracts, cells are arranged in circular/spiral networks called bundles
Term
Endocardium
Definition
(layer of heart wall)
- sheet of endothelium resting on thin CT layer, lines the chambers and covers the valves
Term
Atria (atrium)
Definition
o Blood comes into heart via atria
o Walls are thinner than ventricles
o Contract and push blood into ventricles simultaneously
- 2 of them
o Separated by interatrial septum (not permeable)
Term
Ventricles
Definition
- 2 of them
o Are thicker (especially left side)
o Separated by interventricular septum
Term
Right Atrium
Definition
blood going to ___ ____ to right ventricle

- Receives systemic oxygen poor blood via three veins: superior vena cava, inferior vena cava, and coronary sinus
- Right auricle (external): Flap that projects to the left
- 2 portions of internal atrium:
o Posterior part= has smooth walls
o Anterior part= has pectinate muscles
o Separated by crista terminalis = C shaped ridge important for locating sites where veins enter
Term
Tricuspid valve
Definition
- right atrium opens to right ventricle via _______
AKA right atrioventricular AV valve
Term
Right Ventricle
Definition
- Receives blood from right atrium and pumps it to lungs via pulmonary trunk then arteries
- Forms most of anterior surface of heart (external)
- Internal structures: trabeculea carneae, papillary muscles, chordae tendineae, valves between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk
Term
Trabeculae carneae
Definition
muscle ridges
Term
Papillary muscles
Definition
cone-shaped muscles that project from wall
Term
Chordae tendineae
Definition
project superiorly from papillary mucles to valve flaps of tricuspid valve
Term
pulmonary semilunar valve
Definition
valve between right ventricle and pulmonary trunk AKA pulmonary valve
Term
Left Atrium
Definition
- Makes up most of base, receives oxygen rich blood from lungs via pulmonary veins (2 on right and 2 left)
- Auricle is external on anterior side
- Pectinate muscles line auricle only; rest of inside is smooth
- Opens into left ventricle via mitral (bicuspid) valve (left atrioventricular (AV) valve)
Term
Left Ventricle
Definition
- Forms apex of heart, pumps blood systemically
- Similar to right ventricle, with trabeculae carneae, papillary muscles and chordae tendineae
- Sends blood to body via aortic semilunar valve (aortic valve)
Term
Valves of Heart
Definition
function is to prevent backflow of blood; AV valve and semilunar vavles
Term
AV valve
Definition
- atrioventricular Valve

- Between atria and ventricles (there are 2)
- Right side valve is known as tricuspid or right AV
- Left side is known as bicuspid, left AV, or mitral (miter is the hat that bishops wear – valve looks like one)
Term
Semilunar Valves
Definition
- both have 2 cusps
- - Between ventricles and vessels leaving the heart (arteries)
- Right side is between right ventricle and pulmonary artery (called right semilunar or pulmonary valve)
- Left side is between left ventricle and aorta (called left semilunar or aortic valve)
Term
Systole
Definition
contraction
Term
Diastole
Definition
relaxation
Term
Heartbeat
Definition
atrial contraction followed by ventricle contraction
Term
Lub-dup
Definition
sound is made by valves when they close
Term
Lub
Definition
closing of AV valves at beginning of ventricular systole
Term
Dup
Definition
closing of semilunar valves at end of ventricular systole
Term
Fibrous Skeleton
Definition
- Made of dense CT
- Prevents valves from opening too far
- Muscle insertion for cardiac bundles
- Blocks spread of electrical impulses directly from atria to ventricles
Term
Electrical Conduction
Definition
- Measured by electrocardiogram (EKG or ECG)
- Remember that cardiac cells have ability to contract on their own – but signals usually starts with the peacemaker
- Overview of the conduction pathway: SA node, intermodal pathway, AV node, Atrioventricular bundle, left/right bundle branches, Purkinje fibers
Term
SA Node
Definition
- sinoatrial
- - Considered the peacemaker, beats 70-80 bpm
- Located in superior/posterior wall of right atrium
- Produces signal that spreads electrical impulse across both atria
- Valves are open
Term
Internodal pathway
Definition
some impulses spread through this area on the way to AV node
Term
AV node
Definition
- atrioventricular
- - Located at inferior aspect of interatrial septum
- Delays impulse so that atria contract first and ventricles finish filling
Term
Atrioventricular bundle
Definition
- Bundle of His
- located in interventricular septum
Term
Left/Right bundle branches
Definition
- Branches from atrioventricular bundle, take signal to apex of heart
Term
Purkinje fibers
Definition
(subendocardial branches)
- Approach apex and turn into ventricular walls, located in between endocardium and myocardium
- Are special cells (Purkinje myocytes) that maximize signal conduction
Term
Electrical Conduction
Definition
- Vagus nerve acts on parasympathetic innervations to SA and AV nodes – also coronary vessels
- Sympathetic system also affects SA and AV nodes (and cardiac muscle) via cervical/upper thoracic spinal nerves
Term
Blood Supply To and From Heart
Definition
- Blood inside chambers doesn’t supply heart muscle itself
- Right and left coronary arteries branch off of aorta to serve heart
- Left coronary artery branches into anterior interventricular artery and circumflex artery – supplies left atrium and ventricles
- Right coronary artery branches into marginal artery and posterior interventricular artery – supplies right atrium and almost all of right ventricle
- Cardiac veins return deoxygenated blood (coronary sinus is largest)
o Great cardiac vein, middle cardiac vein, and small cardiac vein drain into coronary sinus
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease; fatty deposits accumulate in body’s arteries
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease; hardening/loss of elasticity of the arteries for any reason (NOT the same as atherosclerosis)
Term
Coronary artery disease
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease; arteries supplying the heart are blocked or narrowed (consequence of atherosclerosis)
Term
Angina pectoris
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease;
: chest pain due to low oxygen supply to heart muscles
Term
Myocardial infarction
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease; heart attack; complete or prolonged coronary artery blockage (cardiac muscle cells die due to lack of oxygen)
Term
(Silent) ischemia
Definition
Coronary Artery Disease; : heart blood flow is interrupted, but there is no pain involved
Term
Heart Failure
Definition
weakening of the heart
Term
congestive heart failure
Definition
: heart enlarges and pumping efficiency decreases
Term
Arrhythmia
Definition
Conduction system disorders; variation from normal rhythm of heartbeat
Term
Fibrillation
Definition
conduction system of heart is disturbed
- conduction system disorder
Term
Atrial Fibrillation or Ventricular fibrillation
Definition
-type of fibrillation
conduction system disorder
Term
Blood vessels
Definition
- make up piping for blood flow thru out the body
- runs thru organs and tissues to supply nutrients and pick up wastes
- Major types are arteries, capillaries, and veins
- Arteries branch as they leave the heart, and veins come together as they carry blood to the heart
Term
Structure of Vessel Walls
Definition
- Lumen, Tunica Intima, Tunica Media, Tunica Externa
Term
Tunica Intima
Definition
o Endothelium – simple squamous epithelium
o Subendothelial layer- loose CT (vessels > 1mm)
- structure of vessel wall
Term
Tunica Media
Definition
o Smooth muscle (contraction = constriction)
o Elastin & collagen (assist with elasticity
- structure of vessel wall
Term
Tunica Externa
Definition
o Connective tissue (lots of collagen and elastic fibers)
o Protection and strength
- structure of vessel wall
Term
Arteries
Definition
Type of Vessels
- Carry blood AWAY from heart
- High pressure and flow vessels
- Deeper location than veins
- More smooth muscle than veins
- Types: Elastic, Muscular, Arterioles, Metarterioles
Term
Elastic Arteries
Definition
• Largest arteries near the heart
• Lots of elastin
• Recoils in order to help keep flow continuous at capillaries (dampens pulsatile flow)
Term
Muscular Arteries
Definition
• Supply organs, parts of organs, and groups of organs
• Have thickest tunica media
• Have internal and external elastic lamina
• Smooth muscle in tunica media regulates flow
• Contraction of smooth muscle = vasoconstriction
• Relaxation of smooth muscle = vasodilatation
Term
Arterioles
Definition
• Smallest arteries
• Tunica media only has 1-2 layers of smooth muscle
• Diameter regulated by:
• Local factors (ex. Nitric oxide, prostaglandins, adenosine)
• Sympathetic NS activity (epinephrine, norephinephrine)
Term
Capillaries
Definition
- Smallest vessels
- Composed of single layer of endothelial cells
- Site of gas and nutrient exchange
o All tissues nutrients for wastes
o Lungs: exchange gases (and oxidative tissues)
o Intestine: exchange digested nutrients
o Endocrine glands: release hormones
o Kidney: removes wastes
Term
Capillary Bed
Definition
o Network of body’s smallest vessels
o Metarterioles
• Intermediate between arteriole and capillary
• Pre-capillary sphincters control flow
o True capillary
• Gas and nutrient exchange
o Thoroughfare channel
• Intermediate between venule and capillary
Term
Capillary Permeability
Definition
- Endothelial cells are held together by tight junctions (and some desmosomes)
o Tight junctions do not surround entire perimeter of endothelial cells – leave gaps where small molecules can enter and leave
o Continuous capillaries: do not have pores
o Fenestrated capillaries: have pores that span the endothelial cells
- Diffusion through endothelial cell membranes and fenestrations are 2 of 4 routes or permeability
Term
Veins
Definition
- Take blood toward the heart
- Low pressure vessels
- More superficial location than arteries
- Less smooth muscle than arteries
- Thinner walls than arteries
- Types: Venules and Veins
Term
Aids for Venous Return
Definition
- Valves: blood flow toward heart pushes cusps apart, and backflow pushes cusps together
- Body movement: simply moving the body (ex. Swinging a limb) moves blood
- Muscular Pumps: skeletal muscles press against veins
- Venous Vasoconstriction: possible, but not the same as in arteries
Term
Anastomoses
Definition
- Where vessels unite or interconnect
- Arterial anastomoses provide collateral channels
- Venous anastomoses more abundant
Term
Vasa Vasorum
Definition
- Little vessels (tiny arteries, capillaries, veins) that supply larger arteries and veins with nutrients
- Feeds outer half of vessel – located in tunica externa
- Luminal blood feeds inner half
- Small vessels get full supply from luminal blood
Term
Pulmonary Trunk
Definition
- pulmonary circuit
- artery that takes blood to the lungs, branches in to right and left pulmonary arteries
- - Each pulmonary artery branches into lobar arteries, which branch smaller and smaller until they are capillaries
Term
Pulmonary Veins
Definition
- pulmonary circuit
- (4 or them, 2 from each lung) bring blood back to the heart
Term
Arteries
Definition
- - Aorta: ascending: R and L coronary arteries
- Arch
o Brachiocephalic trunk
• Right common carotid and right subclavian
o Left common carotid
o Left subclavian
- Descending
o Thoracic Aorta
o Abdominal Aorta
• Right Common Iliac
• Left Common Iliac
Term
Upper Limb
Definition
Subclavian, Axillary, Brachial, Radial, Ulnar, Palmar Arches
Term
Subclavian
Definition
Upper limb
- underlies clavicle
Term
Axillary
Definition
upper limb
supplies breast, shoulder, scapular areas
Term
Radial
Definition
upper limb
supplies medial forearm
Term
Ulnar
Definition
upper limb
supplies medial forearm
Term
Palmar Arches
Definition
upper limb
-superficial and deep
-supplies hand
Term
Lower Limb
Definition
- common iliac arteries, External Iliac Artery, femorall iliac artery, popliteal artery, anterior tibal artery, posterior tibal artery
Term
External Iliac Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
goes to lower limbs
Term
Internal Iliac Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies pelvic region
Term
Femoral Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies thigh muscles
Term
Popliteal Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies knee
Term
Anterior Tibial Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies crural region
Term
Posterior Tibal Artery
Definition
arteries of lower limb
supplies sural region
Term
Difference in Artery and Vein Distribution
Definition
o 1 artery leaves LV, 3 veins enter RA
o Arteries are deep, veins are mostly superficial
o Usually have several parallel veins rather than 1 large vein
o 2 unusual venous drainage areas in body:
• Dural Sinuses
• Hepatic Portal System
Term
Systemic Veins
Definition
superior vena cava, Brachiocephalic Veins, internal jugular, subclavian, external jugular, coronary sinus, inferior vena cava, common iliac veins
Term
superior vena cava
Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from body regions superior to diaphragm (except heart)
formed by L and R Brachiocephalic Veins
Term
Brachiocephalic Veins
Definition
systemic veins
formed by internal jugular and subclavian
Term
internal jugular
Definition
systemic veins
receives blood fro dural sinuses
Term
subclavian
Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from upper limb
Term
external jugular
Definition
systemic veins
receives blood from scalp and parts of face
Term
coronary sinus
Definition
systemic veins
drains blood that supplies heart muscles
Term
inferior vena cava
Definition
systemic veins
returns blood from all areas inferior to diaphragm
formed by union of common iliac veins
Term
common iliac veins
Definition
systemic veins
returns blood from lower limbs
Term
Upper Limb Veins
Definition
- Palmar Arches (Deep and Superficial)
o Receive blood from hand
- Radial Vein
- Ulnar Vein
- Brachial Vein
- Axillary Vein
- Cephalic Vein
o Joins axillary vein
- Basilic Vein
o Joins brachial vein at start of axillary vein
- Subclavian Vein
Term
Veins of Lower Limbs
Definition
- Anterior Tibial Vein
o From dorsalis pedis
- Posterior Tibial Vein
o From plantar arch
- Popliteal Vein
- Femoral Vein
- External Iliac Vein
- Internal Iliac Vein
- Common Iliac Vein
o Empties into inferior vena cava
- Great Saphenous Vein
o Empties into femoral vein from medial lower leg
Term
Hemorrhoids
Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Blood pooling in veins of anal canal
Term
Deep vein thrombosis
Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Clot formation in vein of lower extremity which travels and blocks flow in another vessel
Term
Varicose Veins
Definition
blood vessel disorder

o Faulty venous valves cause blood pooling
o Common in obesity and pregnancy
Term
Aneurysm
Definition
blood vessel disorder

o Saclike widening of a vessel increasing risk of rupture
o Very dangerous in brain
Term
Arteriosclerosis
Definition
blood vessel disorder
o Pathological thickening and loss of elasticity
two types
Term
Medial Arteriosclerosis
Definition
blood vessel disorder; type of Arteriosclerosis

• Occurs with age
• Smooth muscle & elastin replaced with fibrous tissue
Term
Atherosclerosis
Definition
blood vessel disorder; type of Arteriosclerosis

• Occurs in Tunica Intima
• Initially caused by entrance LDL into intimal layer which eventually causes plaque formation
• Eventually thrombosis forms and can block arteries
• Best prevention is low-fat diet and exercise
Term
Atrial Systole
Definition
- Phase 1
Blood under low pressure flows into the left and right atria from the pulmonary vein (left) and vena cava (right).
As atria fill pressure against atrioventricular valves pushes them open and blood starts leaking into the ventricles.
The atria walls the contract forcing more blood into the ventricles.
Term
Ventricular systole
Definition
- Phase 2
Term
Diastole
Definition
- Phase 3
Atria and ventricles relax during diastole. Elastic recoil lowers pressure in the atria and ventricles.
Blood under higher pressure in the arteries is drawn back towards the ventricles, closing the semi-lunar valves and preventing further backflow.
The coronary arteries fill during diastole. Low pressure in the atria helps draw blood into the heart from the veins.
Term
Erythrocytes contain hemoglobin which has four amino acid chains and one iron atom per chain that binds to oxygen. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Left atrium forms the apex of the heart. T/F
Definition
False
Term
Leukocytes are complete cells that contain organelles and nuclei. T/F
Definition
True
Term
Tunica externa contains the smooth muscle T/F
Definition
False
Term
Pancreas is a pure endocrine organ T/F
Definition
False
Term
Melanocyte stimulating hormone stimulates secretion of hormones from the adrenal cortex T/F
Definition
False
Term
Calcitonin retains calcium, and is secreted by the thyroid gland T/F
Definition
True
Term
The left and right atria are separated by the interventricular septum T/F
Definition
False
Term
Crista terminalis are muscle ridges on the walls of the heart ventricles T/F
Definition
False
Term
Pulmonary semilunar valve is located between the left ventricle and aorta T/F
Definition
False
Term
A thoroughfare channel is an intermediate vessel between arteriole and capillary T/F
Definition
False
Term
The left subclavian artery branches off of brachiocephalic trunk T/F
Definition
False
Term
The external iliac artery supplies the blood to the pelvic region T/F
Definition
False
Term
The heart valve through which blood travels as it enters into the right ventricle is the....
Definition
Tricuspid
Term
Which of the following hormones is released by the neurohypophysis?....
Definition
ADH
Term
Which of the following is the correct order of anatomical structures encountered by oxygenated blood entering the heart from the pulmonary circulation? ...
Definition
Right atrium, tricuspid valve, right ventricle, aortic valve
Term
_____ delays cardiac impulse so the ventricles fill completely
Definition
AV node
Term
The right ventricle of the heart pumps blood into which vessel?...
Definition
Pulmonary trunk
Term
_____ is a stress hormone secreted by adrenal cortex and targets liver
Definition
Cortisol
Term
delays cardiac impulse so the ventricles fill completely
Definition
AV node
Term
Hematocrit is the percentage of the blood volume that is....
Definition
erthrocytes
Term
The _________________________ is the middle layer of the heart.
Definition
Myocardium
Term
The auricles are...
Definition
Earlike flaps on the surface of the atria
Term
___________ is located on the top of pericardial sac in the mediastinum.
Definition
thymus gland
Term
Which is secreted by GI tract?
Definition
gastrin
Term
Adrenal medulla secretes which of the following....
Definition
NE and EPI (all of above)
Term
Which of the following is NOT found in blood plasma
Definition
Hemoglobin
Term
______drains blood that supplies the heart
Definition
Coronary sinus
Term
Eosinophils.....
Definition
React to allergic reactions and parasitic infections
Term
The thoracic aorta continues from the....
Definition
Descending aorta
Term
insulin is released in ____state and his ____ effect
Definition
hyperglycemic; hypoglycemic
Term
The right ventricle pumps blood into which vessel? ....
Definition
pulmonary trunk
Term
this gland responds to humoral stimuli ...
Definition
parathyroid
Term
Which of the following is the least abundant type of leukocyte?....
Definition
eosinophils
Term
This disorder is caused by inability of cells to react to insulin when blood sugar is high....
Definition
Diabetes Mellitus Type II
Term
During ventricular systole, blood is ...
Definition
Forced from the ventricles into the aorta and pulmonary trunk
Term
Which of the following is a branch off of the left coronary artery?...
Definition
Circumflex artery
Term
Trabeculae carneae are found in the ...
Definition
R and L ventricle
Term
_______________ is made of dense connective tissue, and anchors valve cusps preventing them from opening too far.
Definition
Fibrous skeleton
Term
Parasympathetic system ________________ heart rate, _______________ saliva secretion, and ________________ sweat secretion....
Definition
Decrease, Increase, doesn't effect
Term
Globulins in blood plasma...
Definition
Transport lipid substances in blood
Term
Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue?...
Definition
Tunica media
Term
What is the clinical term for variation of normal heart rhythm?...
Definition
Arrhythmia
Term
Ananeurysm is ...
Definition
a sac like widening or outpocketing of an artery
Term
What prevents backflow of blood in veins...
Definition
valves
Term
which artery supplies lateral forearm...
Definition
radial
Term
Which of the following vessels does NOT carry oxygenated blood?...
Definition
left pulmonary vein
Term
Which of the following is NOT produced by the gonads?
Definition
secretin
Term
Which vessels have internal and external elastic lamina?...
Definition
Muscular arteries
Term
1. _____________________________ is the process of formation of blood cells.
2. Name one agranulocyte and describe what it does.
3. Describe the thyroid gland including location, list two hormones secreted, and describe their trgaets/effects.
4. List all three layers of the heart wall.
5. List two hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary, and list their targets/effects.
6. _________________________ is accumulation of fatty deposits in the arterial walls resulting in narrowed or blocked vessels.
7. _____________________________ are special cells that maximize cardiac impulse conduction through the apex of the heart, and the ventricular walls.
8. Explain the structure and location of pericardial cavity.
9. ________________________ are little vessels that supply larger arteries and veins with nutrients.
10. __________________________ empties into femoral vein from medial lower leg.
Definition
Hematopoiesis 2. monocyte: largest leukocytes; transforms into macrophages in CT 3. Located in the anterior necl, secretes thyroid hormone and calcitonin Targets: almost all body tissues and Effects: increase metabolic rate, stimulate protein synthesis 4. Epicardium, myocardium, endocardium 5. follicle stimulating hormone and thyroid stimulating hormone. Targets other endocrine glands Effects: generally stimulates tissue growth and gland secretion, essential for growth, development, and maturation 6. atherosclerosis 7. Purkinje fibers 8. Lies between the two layers of the serous pericardium, it contains serous fluid 9. vasa vasorum 10. great saphenous vein
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